On-Demand Aviation Services for Mobility, Logistics, Emergency Response, and Humanitarian Use Cases (2024)

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TRANSPORTATION INSIGHTS | 4 SUMMARY OF AN ACRP INSIGHT EVENT July 10–11, 2023 | Washington, DC On-Demand Aviation Services for Mobility, Logistics, Emergency Response, and Humanitarian Use Cases Adam Cohen, Rapporteur University of California, Berkeley Organized by the Airport Cooperative Research Program Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration

ii Transportation Insights 4 ACRP Project 11-08(20-02) ISBN 978-0-309-70972-9 © 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from the National Academies Press. Cover photo: 3-D rendering of an eVTOL and urban rooftop helipad. NOTICE This summary was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This event was organized through TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) and sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. Suggested citation: Transportation Research Board. Transportation Insights 4: On-Demand Aviation Services for Mobility, Logistics, Emergency Response, and Humanitarian Use Cases. Summary of an ACRP Insight Event, July 10–11, 2023. Washington, DC: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2024.

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iv ACRP Insight Event Project Panel Adam Bouchard, Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, Chair Matthew Daus, Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf, LLP Clint Harper, Metis Technology Solutions, Inc. Christopher Hart, Hart Solutions LLC Parimal Kopardekar, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Naashom Marx, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Christopher J. Oswald, Airports Council International–North America (ACI-NA) Yolanka Wulff, Community Air Mobility Initiative Liaison Keri Lyn Lyons, Federal Aviation Administration Transportation Research Board Staff Marci Greenberger, Manager, Airport Cooperative Research Program Matthew J. Griffin, Senior Program Officer Brittany A. Summerlin-Azeez, Program Coordinator Publications Staff for Transportation Insights Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Linda A. Dziobek, Senior Editor Jennifer J. Weeks, Publishing Projects Manager

ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* CHAIR Marianne Csaky LanzaJet VICE CHAIR Kimberly A. Kenville University of North Dakota MEMBERS Balram “B” Bheodari Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport Darryl Daniels Jacobsen Daniels Associates John Dermody Federal Aviation Administration Lance Lyttle Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Chad Makovsky City of Phoenix (AZ) Scott McMahon Morristown Municipal Airport Frank R. Miller Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority Ramon Ricondo Ricondo and Associates, Inc. Steve Sisneros Southwest Airlines Cathryn Stephens Eugene Airport EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Justin Barkowski American Association of Airport Executives Sabrina Johnson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laura Rinaldi McKee Airlines for America Christopher J. Oswald Airports Council International–North America Gregory Pecoraro National Association of State Aviation Officials T.J. Schulz Airport Consultants Council Victoria Sheehan Transportation Research Board SECRETARY Victoria Sheehan Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2024 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS CHAIR: Carol A. Lewis, Professor, Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University, Houston VICE CHAIR: Leslie S. Richards, General Manager, Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), Philadelphia EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Victoria Sheehan, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC MEMBERS Michael F. Ableson, CEO, Arrival Automotive–North America, Detroit, MI James F. Albaugh, President and CEO, The Boeing Company (retired), Scottsdale, AZ Carlos M. Braceras, Executive Director, Utah Department of Transportation, Salt Lake City Douglas C. Ceva, Vice President, Customer Lead Solutions, Prologis, Inc., Jupiter, FL Nancy Daubenberger, Commissioner of Transportation, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul Marie Therese Dominguez, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany Chris T. Hendrickson, Hamerschlag University Professor of Engineering Emeritus, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Randell Iwasaki, President and CEO, Iwasaki Consulting Services, Walnut Creek, CA Ashby Johnson, Executive Director, Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO), Austin, TX Joel M. Jundt, Secretary of Transportation, South Dakota Department of Transportation, Pierre Hani S. Mahmassani, W.A. Patterson Distinguished Chair in Transportation; Director, Transportation Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Scott C. Marler, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames Ricardo Martinez, Adjunct Professor of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA Michael R. McClellan, Vice President, Strategic Planning, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA Russell McMurry, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta Craig E. Philip, Research Professor and Director, VECTOR, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Steward T.A. Pickett, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY Susan A. Shaheen, Professor and Co-director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Michael R. Berube, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Sustainable Transportation, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC Shailen Bhatt, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC Amit Bose, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, Washington, DC Tristan Brown, Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC Ann Carlson, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC Steven Cliff, Executive Officer, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA Nuria I. Fernandez, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, DC LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Germantown, MD William H. Graham, Jr. (Major General, U.S. Army), Deputy Commanding General for Civil and Emergency Operations, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Robert C. Hampshire, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC Eleftheria Kontou, Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, and Chair, TRB Young Members Coordinating Council Sue Lawless, Acting Deputy Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Washington, DC Karl Simon, Director, Transportation and Climate Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Paul P. Skoutelas, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Polly Trottenberg, Deputy Secretary of Transportation and Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC Jim Tymon, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC * Membership as of February 2024.* Membership as of February 2024.

vi Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................ viii Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... x Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Opening Remarks.......................................................................................................... 3 Legislative Perspectives on AAM ................................................................................ 4 Matt Daus, Moderator; Alex Bolton; Behnaz Razavi Day 1 Panel Discussions .............................................................................................. 6 Session 1: Fundamentals of On-Demand Aviation .......................................................... 6 Clint Harper, Moderator; Praveen Raju; Rex Alexander; Edward Espiritu; Scott Cary; Christopher Ash Session 2: System Planning for On-Demand Aviation .................................................... 7 Clint Harper, Moderator; Robin Grace; Paul Damron; Kathryn Purwin; Laura Chace Evening Remarks .......................................................................................................... 8 Peter Irvine, Speaker Safety and Public Perception ..................................................................................... 10 Daniel Friedenzohn, Moderator; Chris Hart; Laura Chace Day 2 Panel Discussions ............................................................................................ 12 Session 1: What Problems is On-Demand Aviation Trying to Solve? ........................... 12 Adam Cohen, Moderator; Justin Towles; Lt. Col. John Tekell; Patrick Rizzi; Carl Dietrich; Ryan Steinbach Session 2: Stakeholder and Community Engagement .................................................. 13 Yolanka Wulff, Moderator; Colleen D'Alessandro; Gaël Le Bris; Sjohnna Knack; Darlene Yaplee Session 3: Scaling Infrastructure for AAM ..................................................................... 14 Chris Oswald, Moderator; Alex Gertsen; Naashom Marx; Scott McMahon Session 4: Security Considerations for AAM ................................................................. 15 Michael Rucinski, Moderator; Greg Bowles; Jens Hennig; John Murphy; Robert DeFrancesco Town Hall Discussion ................................................................................................. 17 Closing Remarks and Key Takeaways ...................................................................... 19 Appendix A: Insight Event Registrants ..................................................................... 21

vii Appendix B: Program Agenda ................................................................................... 23

viii Preface “On-Demand Aviation Services for Mobility, Logistics, Emergency Response, and Humanitarian Use Cases” [ACRP Project 11-08(20-02)], held July 10–11, 2023, at the Keck Center of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Washington, DC, brought together practitioners from airports, advanced air mobility subject matter experts, and representatives from community organizations, state departments of transportation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) among others to discuss the current state of on-demand aviation, public good use cases, and the challenges often associated with new and evolving technologies, including community acceptance, safety, and equitable access. The Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) organized the Insight Event. ACRP convenes Insight Events to provide a forum for dialogue and collaboration among professionals across sectors and industries on emerging topics of significance to airport operators. ACRP is an industry-driven, applied research program that develops near-term, practical solutions to problems faced by airport operators. ACRP is authorized by Congress, sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and managed by TRB, a part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. ACRP Insight Events are forums that foster dialogue among professionals across sectors, institutions, and industries. ACRP Insight Events convene airport industry leaders and subject matter experts in various fields to encourage discussion and promote broader and deeper insight on topics of significance to airport operators. These in-depth, face- to-face gatherings are designed to promote communication and collaboration, foster innovation, and help identify areas of future interest and research, especially for topics of emerging importance. This Insight Event summary, prepared by rapporteur Adam Cohen of the University of California, Berkeley, is a compilation of the presentations and a factual summary of the ensuing discussions at the event. The project panel for the event was solely responsible for organizing “On-Demand Aviation Services for Mobility, Logistics, Emergency Response, and Humanitarian Use Cases,” organizing speakers, and coordinating activities during the event. Additional support was provided by Adam Cohen and Carolyn Gillette, Kyra Hall, and Ted Hogan of Eastern Research Group. The views contained in this Insight Event Summary are those of individual ACRP Insight Event participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all participants, the planning committee, TRB, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This document was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purposes of this independent review are to

ix provide candid and critical comments that will assist TRB in making the published summary as sound as possible and to ensure that the document meets institutional requirements for clarity, objectivity, and responsiveness to the project charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. TRB thanks the following individuals for their review of the summary: Daniel Friedenzohn and Naashom Marx. Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the summary before its release. Responsibility for the final content of this summary rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution.

x Acronyms AAM advanced air mobility ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program CAHM Coalition for Advanced Health Mobility CAMI Community Air Mobility Initiative eVTOL electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft FAA Federal Aviation Administration GAMA General Aviation Manufacturers Association IPP Integration Pilot Program ITSA Intelligent Transportation Society of America MPO metropolitan planning organization NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NREL National Renewable Energy Lab OEM original equipment manufacturer TNC transportation network company TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration UAM urban air mobility UAS uncrewed/unmanned aircraft systems U.S. DOT U.S. Department of Transportation