New Generation Survival Ration: A Brief Report (1991)

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SUMMARY OF CONCLUSION: 1. Tne all-purpose survival ration should t2 based on the several important nutritional and physiological relatiozships wnich we have detectea and described quantitatively among: p=*siological fimction; environmental temperature; calorie balance; wate> balance; daiiy work load; balarce of specific nutrients; osmotic balance; ratio of protein/ carochydrate/fat; and ketosis. 2. Regardless of temperature, work load, c> water intake, one ans the same regimen ranked next to the adejuate 30:.-Caiorie diet in minimizing ageterioration and protecting the castawaey's sur-ival potentiat as much as an:. survival ration can be expected to do. 3. It is this regimen whicn the all-purpos: survival ration shoud aoproximate within practical limits: 2000 Calcr_es per day; tmree auzrts of water in hot environments, never less than ci2 quart; caloric distribution of 15% from protein, 52% from cert:cydrate, and 23% froc fat; optimai osmotic intake of 0.7 osmols per aay fr=z protein vius mineréis; no evosenic effect. l}, Limitaticn of water; decrease of célori:3; marx2eda deviation in protein/carcohydrate/fat ratios; marked deviati:s of osmotic intake either above o> below optimal; marzeda ketosis -- all itz2s2 will be essociates with measuracle, sometimes dangerous, ciinical or futctional ueterioratior, esveciaiiy in how weather. Manuscript submitted in September 1557 for pubiicetion as a WaDC Technical Report WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 iv

Section Section Section Ae 3. Cos D. Section I. II. TABLE OF CONTE. ~ General Considerations . . .« « « « © « « « « e General Pian of Research .....-«+2ee-. alI. Physiclogical and Clinical Nutrition of the All-Purpose Survival Ration... ..«.«-. Mecessity for a Survival Ration ..... «ee « liecessity for Aaeguate Water Intake ...... - Reality of a Single All-Puspose Survival Regimen . Nutritional Physiology of Survival Retions ... . i. 2. ~ iV. Section V. Function depends on calorie balence and water balance Calorie resuirements depend on environmental terperature and daily wort: load .....-«-«e-«e co « Deviation from "normel" protein-carbohydrate-fat ratios predisposes to functional difficulties . .....s.-e. Calories usable for work depenc on total inteke, specific dynamic action, ana environmental tempe reture e e e @ e e e e e e @ @ @ e e Function depencs on caloric pDaizince and water celance .. Water resuirements depend on environmental temperature and daily work ioad. . . . « « « « «© «© © «© © © © © © Water balance depends on intake of water and inzake of osmcticelly active material .... «+. . Water intake in part comes fror metabolic water .... . Belance of specific nutrients dsvends on actual intake of the particular nutrient e=i on total calorie baiance e e e e e e e e e e e e e e @ e e e e Ketosis depends cn calorie bale-ce and on intake of carbchydrate . « « 2 6 «© «© © eo © © © © ew ew ww ew Ketogenicity Ccepends or: envirorzental temperature and calorie balance ...«.« +c .«ce-«-« ec cee e Tne Composition of the All-Purp:se Survival Ration Biblicgrephy of Revorts, Publicazions and Theses... WADC TR 53-494, Part 4 Vv Page h h O r 0 . G . Gr ox ~) — ! ~) c o m oO m s 14 1)

Numoe> ana Title LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table I. Exverimental Nutrient Mixtures ......e«.e-. Taole II. ilan-Days of Subsistence on Nutrient Regimens Studied e © «© e@ @ @ Tacle III. Observations--Survivel Ration Study ..... Figure I. Factors Related to Celories.......e.ee-e Fisure II. Factors Related to Water Balance .. . Figure III. Factors Related to Svecific Nutrient Balance and Ketosis . WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 vi Page w e UW b E

SECTION I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS As a@ result of five years' intensive research on the survival ration problem, it is now possible to conclude that one and the same survival ration can and should be used for any environment, whether hot, temperate, or cold; for any daily work load, whether heavy or light; and for any water intake, whether adequate or inadequate.- Iibrief, the all-purpose survival ration problem for healthy young men hes been solved for practical purposes. This final report will present our general conclusions and the general considerations upon which they are based. Details of all phases of the research are to be found in WADC TR 53-484 (Part 1. ~ Temperate Conditions; Part 2. Conditions of Moderate Cold; Part 3. Conditions of Moist Heat). The terms os reference within which the research was conducted were quite specific. The castaway may be exposed to any environment, cold, temperate, or hot. He may have unlimited water, or he may be severely limited in water. He may have to walk long distances to escape and evade, or he may have to sit by his plane awaiting rescue. He will have in his survival kit multiple vitanin pills which, if taken each day, will prevent vitarin deficiency. His survival ration will be strictly that: small in celorie content, not planned for indefinite survival. Finally, he will either be rescued or abandoned within two weeks. Our whole experimental design was based on these considerations. A word of warning is required. These present conclusions are for the healthy, young, uninjured castaway. The ilJ or injured castaway is quite another problem. For him, practically nothing is known about survival requirements. A whole new research program would be required, under good conditions for clinical research in a hospital, in order to establish the physiological and clinical nutritional considerations which would be paramount in his survival. SECTION II GENERAL PLAN OF RESEARCH The general question to be answered was, “Is there an all-purpose survival ration?" The answer to this one question requires answers to four others: (1) Is a survival ration required at all, or is starvation good enough? (2) Do different environments require different survival rations? 3) Do different daily work loads require different survival rations? 4) Do different intakes of water require different survival rations? To answer these questions required the systematic application of all possible techniques of modern clinical and human environmental investigation on a large scale. Statistically defensible answers had to be reached by the simultaneous study of the effects in man of many separate variables, any WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 1

one of which could be altered indepentently of the others. ‘These variables were: starvation, as compared with some food; different calorie intakes; different daily work loads (hard or light); different intakes of water (unlimited or restricted to one canteen per day) ; . different percentages of protein, carbohydrate, and fat in the regimen; and different environments (hot, temperate, cold). Three major studies were conductez. In 1953, 12 volunteer s“udents lived under temperate conditions and performed moderate daily work. In 1954, 100 volunteer airmen sinulated s=rvival in the winter cold at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. In 1955, 100 volunteer airmen simulated survival in the summer heat at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. Experimental design and experimental measurements were essentially the same in all three studies, so that statistically valid comparisons could te made between subjects in any one study, and between regimens in all three studies. Experimental contingencies required some differences in time of study and water intake in these three studies. A pre-period of two weeks was folicwed by an experimental period of two weeks. There ensued a recovery per.od of two weeks. During pre-periods and recovery periods all si-jects were subsisting on the same adequate regimen, with unlimited fluids, and identical caily work loads. During experimental weeks, one or the ccher of the experimental regimens of Table I were imposed on different gr-ups of subjects, with insignificant variation from study to study. All possible combinatior.s of the following variables were studied simultaneously: water (unlimited or 910 ml/day) ; total calories (starvation, 1000, 2000, 3000 Cal/day); proportion of calories from protein, carbohydrate, and fat (pure carbohydrate, low protein-low carbohydrate-high fat, moderate protein-noderate carbohydrate-moderate fat, high protein-low carbohydrate-high fat); daily work load (hard work, light work). In all periods, subjects were ucder constant control and medical observation. All food intake was contrciled and measured. All excreta (urine, feces) were collected daily for subsequent analysis and calculation of nutrient balances. In all, a total c? 8698 subject-deys was the basis for our conclusions (Table II}. All feasible techniques of clinical, physiological, nutritional, and biochemical investigation were employed <o answer quantitatively the major question -- What changes in organ and system function, and the efficiency of the body as a whole, were attributable to the combined eSfects of regimen, daily work, and temperature? Physicians obtained daily information on complaints related to regimen, work load, and environment. Complete physical examinations were performed percodically by these physicians to detect clinically significant signs. Latoratory measurements were made periodically on organ and system functicr, nutritional balance, and biochemical changes in blood and urine. These various aspects of the methods of study are listed in Table III for the summer study. Essentially the same observations were made in the other two investigations. Final evaluation of the results was based on statistical analysis of quantitative data, on Clinical evaluation.of the findings, and on the incidence of frank disorders which required the inmediate ati:ention of a physician to prevent serious, even fatal, disability. Two stevistical controls were invaluable WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 2

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TABLE I Man-days of subsistence on nutrient regimens studied Nutritional Temperate Cold Hot regimen * . Moderate | Hard \|Moderate| Hord | Moderate | Hord PRE 336 --— } 1394 —-—— 1367 -—— ST O U 37 ——- 30 33 45 } =e L 40 -—-— 3 | 48 30 -36 O/|00/0 U 26 -——— 28 28 18 17 1000 L 26 _-—- 28 28 18 I8 O/100/0 U 26 _--—— 28 24 24 (8 2000 L 28 -—— 28 . 28 l2 18 2/20/78 U 14 _—-—— 2s . 28 9 16 1000 L 14 ——— 28 28 18 18 2/20/78 U iq | --- 34 | 24 1g 16 2000 L 9 -—- 28 28 18 18 15/52/33 U 24 -—— 28 28 18 18 1000 L 24 -—— 28 28 18 9 15/52/33 U 36 -—-— 28 28 18 17 2000 L 15 _-—— 28 28 18 || 15/52/33 =U 65 -—— 28 28 i8 18 3000 L 47 -—— 28 28 8 18 30/0/70 U 14 oo 28 28 9 18 1000 L C -—— 28 28 18 14 30/0/70 =U 14 -—— 28 28 18 18 2000 L 14 -—— 28 28 1 | 18 Ccntrol Uj} ---—— | -—-- 84 84 99 —_—— REC 340 --— 1428 _-—— I20l _-—— Total 1170 4138 3390 8698 * “Moderate” and “Hard” designate degree of activity. WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 4

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in final ranking of regimens: the worst possible survival regimen, starvation with limited water; and the ideal ration, unlimited water and unlimited fresh and frozen foods. All experimental regimens fell between these two extremes, but some were almost as deleterious as starvation, othexs much better. It is on the basis of these final rankings that we have concluded that an all-purpose, all-environment survival ration is not only theoretically feasible but also practically desirable. We shall answer in SectionIII a series of auestions which emphasize the fundamental scientific features of the composition of the all-purpose survival ration. ~ SECTION IIl PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE ALL-PURPOSE SURVIVAL RATION A. Is a survival ration necessary at ell? Is some food better than no fooa? Tne answer is yes, decideciy. Even small amounts of food are oeneficiai in slowing down the deterioration and ultimate collapse which are cneracteristic of total starvation. B. Is water supply an important problem? Tne answer is yes, emphatically. Continued dehydration leads sooner or later to incapacity, and in the heat to heat stroke (a very serious Gisease). Abundant supplies of water prevent these characteristic effects or dehydration. C. Granted that some food and water are necessary for the survival of the Castaway, will the same survival ration suffice for all environments and all daily work loads? Or should there be specific survival rations for specific situations? One and the same survival ration will suffice for ali environments and all daily work loads. Indeed, a conclusion of major practical importance is involved in the answer to these questions. No low calorie survival ration can prevent deterioration entirely, but the best can minimize deterioration. In temperate, hot, and cold conditions, regardless of work load, regardless of water intake, the same particular combination of protein, carbohydrate, and fat has proved best in this respect. Wide deviations toward more protein, more carbohydrate, or more fat invariably have resulted in measurably enhanced deterioration of the subjects. Therefore, the all-purpose survival ration not only is theoretically feasible, but also is practically highly desirable in minimizing deterioration. D. What are the physiological, nutritional, and clinical considerations in survival which establish the requirements of the all-purpose survival ration? These considerations are best expressed in a form which brings out WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 6

the mutual interrelationships among the important variables of calorie balance, water balance, osmotic balance, environmental temperature, and composition of the regimen in terms of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. We have chose: line charts (alignment charts, D‘Ocagne nomograms) as best suited for the purpose (Figures I, II, and III). In each case, a straight line laid between the left line and the right line will intersect the middie line, <hus illustrating the combined effects of the left and right variables on <ne variable under consideration. These alignment charts have been cozr:tructed from our own data, supplemented by date from the past scientif.c literature. Only one is calculated theoretically, that for metabolic water. The rest are all fitted empirically to actual data, and should be regarded as descriptions of events, not absolutely mathematical expressions. 1. Function depends on calorie balance and water balance (Figure I A). There comes & point in deterioration at whic e castaway becomes » 8O ill that prospt medical attention is needed to prevent serious, even fatal, incavecity. Continued severe calorie depleticn together with severe water depletion wil result in deterioration and end in total incapacity. 2. Cal:rie requirements devend uoon envirormentel teriperature and daily work l:ed (Figure IB). Energy reouirements are the resultant of two main faccors. sncreased daily work load increases calorie expenditure to accomplis: the muscular effort. ecreased averege environmental temperature .n which the castaway must live increases calorie requirements because of tvo main effects. First, body temperature must be maintained, and in the c:id this requires combustion of fuel for its accomplishment. Second, in c:ld weather more clothes are worn than in hot weather. Extra weight requires increased energy for movement; "hobbling effect" of heavy clothes requires increased energy to accomplish any particular movement. The sum tote. of cold weather effects is to increase calorie requirements above those cor warm environments. Basal metabolic rate does not enter the argument, fcr effects of cold on it are neither striking nor universally accepted by scientific observers. 3. szation from "nornal" protein-carbohydrate-fat ratios predisposes to fumctione: difficulties (Figure I C). In hot, temperate, or cold environments, functional deterioration is accentuated by wide deviation from "norma?" protein-carbohydrate-fat ratios in the survival regimen. The actual sites of deterioration are different, sometimes kidney, sometimes liver, somezimes brain, sometimes heart. Especially in hot weather these different dsteriorations may become dangerous to health or even life by resulting i= heat exhaustion or heat stroke. The "normal mixture” seems to minimize tissue breakdown by the body when it does not have enough calories. 4, Celories usable for physical work depend upon total intake, specific dysamic action, and environmental temperature (Figure ID). Total calories are partly dissipated as heat, and partly used for muscular work. Specific dysamic action is that fraction of total calories dissipated as WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 T

heat. In cold environments, below the zone of thermal nevcrality (75° - 85° F), this heat cannot be used at all and is wast=d. In hot environments a regimen of high specific dynamic action (ttzt is, high in protein such as meat bar) is wasteful of calories otherwis: available for muscular work for escape and evasion. 5. Function depends on calorie balance and weter balence (Figure II A). It needs to be emphasized that the ill effects of calorie ce2pletion and water depletion can reinforce each other to the point of total deterioration enc serious illness. Among subjects who were severely dervarated, we had to treat several cases of total cessation of sweatirg, whica could fead repicly to heat stroke, a very dangerous condition. €. Water requirement depends on environmental temper:cure and deily wor; load (Figure II B). Increased aaily work loaa increas2s water recuirement because of increased loss of water in sweat. Increased average environmental tempereture increases water reyjuiremext by ix:creasing rate of sweating for any given wor]: rate. In hot envirorzments v-th hard work, en intaxze of three quarts of water a day is needed to preve=t cessation of sweating, and ultimate heat stroke. For light work, two c.zrts will be neeaoa. For cold environments one to two quarts will suffice, although water rez:usrements do increase as the temperature drops vbe_:w freezing. The colder it becomes, the more water is lost througn the _=@€s. 7. Water balance depends on intake of water and intak: of osmotically active material (Figure II C). Water oalance 15 not dependent just on total water intake alone, but is also affected critically by osmotic balance (1.e., excretion of urea and minerals). If too litzte osmotically active material is ingested, water cannot be retained becauss the kidney cannot function efficiently. If too large an amount of osmctically active material is ingested, excessive water must be excreted by tte kidney to dispose of the excess osmols. Especially in limited water regimens, too little osmotic intake accentuates dehydration. High protein provides too much Samotic intake (meat bar); pure carbohydrate, too little (sugar or candy). : 8. Water intake in part comes from metabolic weter (Fisure II D). Some of the water requirement is met by metabolic water, whico is water produced by the body's burning protein, carbohydrate, or fat. Grams of water are calculated as follows: 0.41 x gm of protein + 0.€ x gm of carbohydrate + 1.07 x @m of fat. Stated in another way, grems of water may be calculated as follows: 103 per 1000 Cal of protein + 150 per 1000 Cal of carbohydrate + 119 per 1000 Cal of fat. The alignmer- chart permits rapid calculation of total metabolic water to be derived fro any nutrient mixture. From this particular standpoint 1000 Cal of carbohydrate yields the most metabolic water, 1000 Cal of protein the least. 9. Balance of specific nutrients depends on actual intzeke of the particular nutrient and on total calorie balance (Figure TIT aA, BY. Line WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 8

charts are given for nitrogen and phosphorus. Similar results are found for sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorus. During continuous negative calorie balance, the body is forced to destroy its own tissues steadily. It cannot retain the nutrients in food mless there is at the same time a substantial intake of total calories. ‘These findings are the basis of the universal "catabolic reaction" of the castaway. Also, they emphasize the fundamental point that no calorically inadequate regimen will support normal nutrition indefinitely. Therefore, no survival ration (which by definition is calorically inadsquste for complete balance) can be expected to provide fully adequate nutrition. 10. Ketosis depends on calorie balance and on intake of carbchydrate (Figure III C). Ketosis should be prevented by the survival retion because a high concentration of ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, beta hydroxyoutyrate) is injurious to brain function and markedly impairs acid-base balance. Ketosis is prevented by adeyuate total ca:cries in which is included a reasonable amount of carbohydrate. Ketosis is rroduces by inadequate calories (as in starvation or partial starvation) cr a ver; low intake of carbohydrate (as with meat bar). li. Ketogenicity derends on environmental temperature eri calorie balance (Figure Ill D). Even for @ non-ketogenic regimen, enc esrecialiy for ketogenic regimens, tempereture, total calorie balance, ei caroonycrate intake control the potential ketogenicity. One ind tne seus regimen (e.g., meat bar) may be highly ketogenic in cold weat:er end mucr. iess sc in warm weather. Greatest ketogenicity is exhibited curing large calorie deficits (as in starvatior) in cold weather. WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 9

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— SAIIMO IVD NIS3LOYd 009 OO€ O OS OSI! = = a - 0 29-l€ fy O — G - — S I Oo A e n i - 4 O ] Le o-7 mr oO! SP aewefacsose SA a OOO! > > Zz. 5 Z9v - IE FO0b-SOb - Sib 00st = = SYNVLNI 0 C L a > 2- By o e 0002-] =H S I L O W S O Z s0 ~ AU F- 0002 299 -1¢9 L0 9-S09~-SI9 oosz-] Mm O O Co, Mm ~ m (SWuDJD) 000¢— ” ° O S S 2 . S = 00s YIWM OIOSVLSW 5 RL, OS GK = OOO i v ‘OHD L O Y d W O Y S Y S L V M O D I N O S V L A W CG S A V L N I S I L O W S O *3NVLNI Y S L V M 'D © O {SOY — — 0 ' | = O g - - a - o o o ¢ - © Db a o ¢ + — 4 = O me Oo m) guoz v C o m O p t = AD S i - - F 7 joojuyd mM = w o o D = o - oO) c —]0002- ,,, O H i j o D J> = } p> Pe) < H i f o O d 0 9 + 5 ™ o i - e —a — x m m a b 4 Pp a v Cer Cc 5 S u0!j04 | 0001- & SH S — S o — O 8 + m u Mm S O - F < -0}19339G m > b “ol F > Y paoy — < —OF L o o a o L ‘yowsON J o & “<< QVO1 M Y O M ‘ S Y N L V Y A d W S L S O N V I V G A I Y O I V O ‘ N O I L O N N S V WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 — A O N V IVE Y S L V M OL G3SLV1SY S Y O L O V S IY 3YyNndls

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SECTION IV THE COPOSITION OF THE ALL-PURPOSE SURVIVAL RATION The purpose cf the survival ration is to support the survival potential of the cestaway long enough to permit him to escape or evade capture. However, no one should ask the impossible. Sooner c> later, continued undernutrition and malnutrition will cause deterioré-ion, illness, or even death, especially in extremes of heat or cold. The best that any survival ration caz.do-is to mininize deterioration, thus protecting the castawey's survival potential. We have established the fundemental physiological, nutritional, and clinical bases for the ell-purvose, all-environment survival ration. It should possess the following cheracteristics, every one of which is important and established by corvincing experimental evidence: 1. Neximum feasible calorie content provided by a balancei mixture of first-class protain, carpohydrate, and feat. The goal shoulc be 2000 Calories per man pe> day, of which protein snould provide 15 percent of calories, carbohydrate 52 percent of calories, and fat 33 percez=t of . calories. 2. Water allovence as liberal as possipvle, with a goal of three quarts per man per day for hot weather, and no less than one quirt per mar per day under any circumstances. . 3. An optimal osmotic intaxe, neither too large nor too szall. The goal should be 7:0 milliosmols per dey, provided by the sur of protein and minerals. 4, Within limits set by the recommended proportions of prc*ein, carbohydrate, and fa:, minimal ketogenicity, minimal specific dyzamic action, and maximal water of oxidation. Working within tne framework of these physiological, nutritional, and clinical requirerents, food technologists should be able to sackage in stable and usable form the all-purpose survival ration. We end this repart, summarizing five years of intensive study, on a note of warning. ‘The castaway's survival potential can be provected by a survival ration, based on sound physiological and clinical yrinciples. An illeadvised survivzl ration, not so founded, is going to be hernful to the castaway. Undsz> some circumstances, an unsound survival ration may actually produce ceterioration faster than will starvation, especially when water is limited. It is for this reason that we recommend strongly against the use of either meat bar or pure carbohydrate. Both of these regimens have intrins:cally undesirable effects on the castaway's organic functioning and total efficiency, in contrast to the minimal effects associated with the “rormal mixture." This regimen we do recommend as being best for a surv-val ration for all environments, for all werk loads, and for all amounts of water, whether adequate or inadequate. WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 14

l. SECTION V BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS, AND THESES A. WADC TECHNICAL REPORTS Sargent, F., II, Sargent, V. W., Johnson, R. E., and Stolpe, S. G.: The Physiological Basis for Various Constituents in Survival Rations. Part I. The Efficiency of Young Men under Temperate Conditions. WADC Technical Report 53-454, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, (June) 1954. 526 p. Sargent, F., II, Sargent, V. W., Johnson, R. E., and Stolpe, S. G.: The Physiological Basis for Various Constituents in Survival Rations. Part II. The Efficiency of Young Men under Conditions of Moderate Cold. Vol. I and II. WADC Technical Report 53-454, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, (May) 1955. 706 p. sargent, F., II, Sargent, V. W., and Johnson, R. E.: The Physiological Basis for Various Constituents in Survival Rations. Part III. The Efficiency of Young Men under Conditions of Moist Heat. Vol. I and II. WADC Technical Report 53-404, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, (June) 1957. In Press. B. PUBLICATIONS Boyd, W. A., and Sargent, F., II: Effect of Diet and Chronic Dehydration on Resting Metabolism and Metabolism of Passive Exercise in Man. Am. J. Physiol., 183:599 (Dec.) 1955. Johnson, R. E.: Physiological Alterations in Organic Function. (In "Methods for Evaluation of Nutritional Adequacy and Status". H. Spector, hi. S. Peterson, and T. E. Friedemann, eds.). Wational Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D. C., (Dec.) 1954. ppe 222-23'/. Johnson, R. E., Adams, R. A., and Sargent, F., II: Sweat Osmolarity: A Study of the Contributing Osmols. Am. J. Physiol., 187:609 (Dec.) 1956. Johnson, R. E., Pandazi, A. A., and Sargent, F., II: Rapid Homogenization and Aliyuotting of Specimens in Metabolic Studies. Lab. Investigation, 4:2A88-292 (July-Aug.) 1955. Johnson, R. E., Sargent, F., II, Nielsen, T. W., and Lichton, I. J.: Osmotic Concentrating Ability: Measure of Renal Function in Man. «am. J. Physiol., 183:932 (Dec.) 1955. Johnson, R. E., Sargent, F., II, Sargent, V. W., and Evans, R. D.: WADC TR 53-484, Part 4& 15

10. 13. 14, 15. 16. Interrelations in Man among, Jiitrogen Balances, Caloric Intake, and Protein Intake. Fed. Proc., 13:462-463 (Mar.) 1954. Marotta, S. F., and Stolpe, S. G.: Human Urinary Steroid Excretion as Modified by Diet and Sodium Chloride. Fed. Proc., 16:@4 (Mar.) 195. Meltzer, E., Sargent, F., II, and Andersen, K. L.: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Increased by Dietary Stress. Fed. Proc., 13:99 (Mar.) 1954. Pandazi, A. A., Boyd, W. A., and Johnson, R. E.: Body Water in Man as Related to Osmotic Load. Am. J. Physiol., 179:v61-6v2 (Dec.) 1954. Sargent, F., II: Chronic Dehydration as a Source of Error in Estimating Body Fat by Skinfold Thickness Method. Fed. Proc., 13:126 (Mar.) 1954. Sargent, F., II, and Johnson, R. E.: Solute Load and the Renal Osmotic Parameters of Chronically Dehydrated Men. J. Clin. Investigation, 33:962 (June) 1954. Sargent, F., II, and Johnson, R. E.: The Effects of Diet on Kenal Function in Healthy Men. Am. J. Clin. Nutrition, 4:460-481 (Sept.-Oct. ) 1956. Sargent, F., II, and Johnson, R. E.: Simple Tests of Renal Function in Health and Disease. II. Simple Tests of Renal Function: Healthy Subjects. A.M.A. Arch. Int. Med., 99:190-193 (Feb.) 1957. Sargent, F., II, Johnson, R. E., Huntley, R. A., Kosnmala, R., and Hanley, H. H.: Experimental Production of Anhydrosis and Hypohidrosis by Diet and Dehydration. J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 29:938-939 (Dec.) 1956. | Sargent, F., II, Johnson, R. E., Pandazi, A. A., Lichton, I. J., and Nielsen, T. W.: A Physiological Explanation for Results of Water Loading Tests. J. Clin. Investigation, 34:961 (June) 1955. Wogan, G. N., Johnson, R. E., and Sargent, F., Il: Interdependence among Body Water, Water Diuresis, and Osmotic Load in Man. Fed. Proc., 16:494 (Mar.) 1957. (Read by title) C. THESES FOR MASTER OF SCIENCE Name Title Year Adams, Ross W., Jr. The Total Osmolarity of Eccrine 1957 Sweat of Human Males as Related WADC TR 93-484, Part 4& 16

to Chemical Composition 2. Economou, Peter G. The Influence of Increased 1955 Fluid Intake on the Urinary l/-Ketosteroid Levels in Humans 3. Huntley, Richard A. Heat Tolerance of Men Subsisting 1956 on Restricted Food and Water 4, Kosmala, Richard L. Clinical Observations on Young 1957 Men Subjected to Undernutrition, Dehydration, and Moist Heat 5« Marotta, Sabath F. A Comparative Study of Various 195 3 Hydrolytic Procedures for the Estimation of Total Urinary Neutral 17-Ketosteroids 6. Meltzer, Norman The Extraction and Estimation 1953 of Ketosteroid-Like Materials in Feces D. ‘THESES FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Name Title Year l. Boyd, William A. Effect of Diet and Chronic Lyy4 Dehydration on Resting: Metabolism and Metabolism of Passive Exercise in Man 2. Howell, Barbara J. The Effect of Temperature and 1957 Acid-Base Bulance on the Erythro- cyte Sedimentation Rate in Man 3. Marotta, Sabath F. Human Urinary Steroid Excretion 1957 as Modified by Diet and Sodiun Chloride 4, Pandazi, Andrew A. Estimation of Total Body Water 1954 and State of Hydration in Man 9- Wogan, Gerald N. Osmotic Balance, Chronic Dehy- 1957 dration and Water Diuresis in Han WADC TR 53-484, Part 4 17