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Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions (2025)

Chapter: Appendix B: Measure Inventory

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
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Appendix B

Measure Inventory

This appendix includes the measures by outcome domain as cataloged by the committee early in its evidence-gathering phase. These measures were identified through a review of which measures are typically used in the published literature, as well as committee judgment. This list is not comprehensive; instead, it is intended to give a sense of the large range of measures available and exemplifies the need for standardization in the field. Some of these measures are used primarily for diagnostic purposes. The committee did not perform an in-depth analysis of all of these measures, but it did review the overall availability and make a high-level overview of the quality of measures by outcome or domain.

Cognition

  • Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-COG)
  • Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT)
  • Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale II (BDS-2)
  • Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)
  • General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GP-COG)
  • Mini COG
  • Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
  • Reading Span Test (RST)
  • Symbol Digits Modalities Test (SDMT)
  • Trail Making Test (TMT)
  • Verbal Fluency Test (VFT)
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×

Hearing-Related Psychosocial Health (also see Quality of Life measures below)

  • Communication Profile for Hearing Impaired (CPHI)
  • Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults - Screening Version (HHIA-S)
  • Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA)
  • Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly - Screening Version (HHIE-S)
  • Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE)
  • Revised Hearing Handicap Inventory - Screening Version (RHHI-S)
  • Revised Hearing Handicap Inventory (RHHI)

Listening Effort and Fatigue

  • Behavioral
    • Cognitive spare capacity
    • False alarm rate
    • Hit rate
    • Lapse of attention
    • Listening span
    • Reaction times
    • Running memory
    • Word recall
  • Physiological
    • Electrophysiological
      • Biventricular pacing (BVP)
      • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
      • Facial electromyography (fEMG)
      • Heart rate variability (HRV)
      • Peripheral vasoconstriction
      • Pupillometry
      • Skin conductance
    • Functional imaging
      • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
    • Hormonal
      • Alpha amylase
      • Chromogranin A
      • Cortisol
  • Self-report
    • Amsterdam Checklist
    • Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) questionnaire
    • Effort Assessment Scale
    • Fatigue Assessment Scale
    • Fatigue Scale
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
    • LE Scale
    • NASA Task Load Index (modified and various forms)
    • Need for Recovery
    • Perceived Listening Effort
    • Profile of Mood States (POMS)
    • SSQ qualities subscale
    • Subjective Mental Effort
    • Visual Analog Scale – Effort
    • Visual Analog Scale – Fatigue

Mental/Behavioral Health

  • Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 5 (CESD-5)
  • General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)
  • Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
  • Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)
  • Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
  • Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPIQ)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
  • Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
  • Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ)
  • State Trait Anxiety Index (STAI)

Participation Restrictions

  • Committee elected not to inventory measures based on elimination of outcome domain from consideration for core outcome set and paucity of specific measures.

Physical Health

  • Committee elected not to inventory measures based on elimination of outcome domain from consideration for core outcome set and paucity of specific measures.

Physiological Response to Sound

  • Acoustic Reflex
  • Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)
  • Measures of Central Auditory Function (MLR, P300, P600)
  • Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE, TEOAE)
  • Tympanometry

Social Connection

  • Berkman-Syme Social Network Index
  • Campaign to End Loneliness Measurement Scale
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
  • Cornwell Perceived Isolation Scale
  • De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale
  • Duke Social Support Index
  • Lubben Social Network Scale
  • Social Disconnectedness and Perceived Isolation Scales
  • Social Participation Restrictions Questionnaire (SPaRQ)
  • Steptoe Social Isolation Index
  • UCLA Loneliness Scale

Social-Economic Impacts

  • Committee elected not to inventory measures based on elimination of outcome domain from consideration for core outcome set and paucity of specific measures.

Sound Localization

  • Everyday Sounds Localization Test
  • Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing (SSQ49)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 12-items (SSQ12)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 15-items (SSQ15)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 17-items (SSQ17)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 5-item Screener (SSQ5)
  • York Binaural Hearing-Related Quality of Life (YBHRQL) Questionnaire

Speech Communication

  • Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB)/Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Profile (APHAP)
  • Acceptable Noise Level (ANL)
  • Articulation Index (AI)
  • Audible Contrast Threshold (ACT)
  • AzBio Sentence Test
  • Bamford-Kowal-Bench Speech-in-Noise (BKB-SIN)
  • Central Institute for the Deaf Word List (CID W-22)
  • Client-Oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI)
  • Connected Speech Test (CST)
  • Coordinate Response Measure (CRM)
  • Digits-in-Noise (DIN)
  • Extended Speech Intelligibility Index (ESII)
  • Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP)
  • Hearing in Noise Test (HINT)
  • International Outcome Inventory-Hearing Aids (IOI-HA)
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
  • Maryland Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant (CNC) Test
  • Modified Speech Transmission Index (mSTI)
  • Northwestern University Auditory No. 6 (NU-6) Test
  • Phonetically Balanced 50-Word List (PB-50)
  • Phonetically Balanced Word List for Kindergarten Children (PBK)
  • Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (PHAB)/Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP)
  • Quick Sentences-in-Noise (QuickSIN)
  • Revised Speech Perception in Noise (R-SPIN)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing (SSQ49)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 12-items (SSQ12)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 15-items (SSQ15)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 17-items (SSQ17)
  • Speech and Spatial Qualities of Hearing 5-item Screener (SSQ5)
  • Speech Intelligibility Index (SII)
  • Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR)
  • Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN)
  • Speech Recognition in Noise Test (SPRINT)
  • Speech Recognition Sensitivity Model
  • Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT)
  • Speech Transmission Index (STI)
  • Words-in-Noise (WIN) Test

Quality of Life

  • 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12)
  • European Quality of Life 5-Dimension (EQ-5D)
  • Health and Activities Limitation Index (HALex)
  • Health Utilities Index 2 and 3 (HUI2, HUI3)
  • Health Utility Index (HUI)
  • Impact of Hearing Loss Inventory Tool (IHEAR-IT)
  • Medical Outcomes Study SF-36
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29 (PROMIS-29)
  • PROMIS 29+2
  • PROMIS Overall Life Satisfaction Short Form
  • Scale of the Subjective Well-Being of Older Adults With Hearing Loss (SWB-HL)
  • Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36)
  • Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire for Veterans (SF-36 V)
  • Short Form 6-Dimension (SF-6D)
  • WHO Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS)
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
Page 218
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
Page 219
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
Page 220
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
Page 221
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Measure Inventory." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29104.
×
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As people get older, they become more likely to have hearing difficulties in certain situations; for example, having conversations in public settings where there is naturally more noise. This can sometimes lead to isolation, depression, or even fatigue from the effort needed to communicate with others. Clinicians and researchers often do not use standardized outcome measures for hearing interventions that reflect patients' perceptions of real-life improvements.

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a committee of experts to identify a core set of outcomes and corresponding measures that researchers and clinicians should use each time they assess the effectiveness of hearing aids and other treatments in addressing hearing difficulties. The resulting report, Measuring Meaningful Outcomes for Adult Hearing Health Interventions, presents those outcomes and measures, as well as recommendations for promoting their use within the hearing health community.

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