Index
A
Abortion counseling and birth control, 257, 398, 409-410.
See also Teen pregnancy prevention
Absenteeism and tardiness, 24, 35, 67, 73, 160, 174, 189, 193, 397-398
Academic performance
grade retention/repeated grades, 24
health services and, 193, 396-398
parental involvement and, 25
physical activity/education and, 68, 85, 90-91
poverty and, 24
psychosocial environment and, 65-66
Accelerated schools, 385
Access to health care
health insurance and, 27-28
professional training in adolescent health care and, 28
psychosocial interventions and, 67
school health services and, 7, 15, 158, 196, 217-218, 226, 298, 365 -366, 394
transportation, convenience, and cultural issues, 28
Adolescent and School Health Initiative, 242
Adolescent females, 434-435
Adolescent Parenting Program, 378
Advanced Nurse Education, 436-437
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 427
Advocates for Youth, 190-191, 389-390
After-school programs, 37-38, 121
AIDS/HIV prevention, 16, 49, 69, 100, 106-107, 112-115, 119, 207, 242, 248, 403, 436-437, 458
AIDS Prevention Education Curricula, 106-107
Alcohol and drug abuse, 20, 21, 23, 72
Alcohol and drug abuse prevention, 16, 157
access to care for, 28
cost-effectiveness, 122
funding for, 250
health education and guidance, 46, 47, 69, 100, 101, 112-115, 122, 129, 130, 283-284, 314-317, 320-323, 422, 424
model programs, 378
outcomes of interventions, 103, 393-394
physical activity/education and, 68, 85
professional development/training, 118
Student Assistance Programs, 174, 372-373, 394
temperance movement and, 336-337
Alternative schools, 396
American Academy of Pediatrics, 59, 64 n.6, 154, 161-162 n.3, 163, 166, 216, 217 n.7, 219, 221, 241, 463-464, 469, 471
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and
Dance, 59 n.5
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 70n.9, 129, 130-131
American Association of School Administrators, 40, 245
American Cancer Society, 124, 136, 207, 246
American Child Health Association, 43
American College Health Association, 59 n.5
American Dental Association, 241
American Heart Association, 86-87
American Medical Association, 18, 39, 44, 47, 222-223, 241, 245, 298
American Nurses Association, 44-45, 48, 163, 241
American Occupational Therapy Association, 168
American Physical Therapy Association, 168
American Public Health Association, 44-45, 48, 59 n.5
American Red Cross, 207
American School Counselor Association, 154, 162 n.3, 171
American School Food Service Association, 154, 162 n.3
American School Health Association, 44, 45, 48, 59 n.5, 63 n.6, 154 , 222-223
American Speech, Language, and Hearing Association, 168-169
Americans with Disabilities Act, 64
ASSIST grant program, 251
Association for the Advancement of Health Education, 44, 59, 108, 109
Association of State and Territorial Directors of Public Health Education
, 59 n.5
Audiologists, 169
B
Baltimore, Maryland, 43, 182-183, 191, 298, 386, 390, 394, 397
Behaviors, problem. See also Health behavior change
and adolescent mortality and morbidity, 1, 4, 20-21, 22, 139
CDC priority areas, 20, 101, 132, 141
clusters of, 13, 21, 120, 286-287, 290, 310
and dropout rates, 21
environmental factors in, 5, 117, 120, 127, 140, 272, 279, 357
expectancy values and, 310
family structure and, 26-27
perceived norms and, 260, 310, 359-361
poverty and, 24
survey, 20-21
Beyond Rhetoric,46
Big Brother/Big Sister organization, 385
Blacks
family structure, 26
poverty, 23
Boards of Cooperative Educational Services, 251-252
Boys Clubs of America, 184, 381
Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 18, 299-300
Brookline Project, 189
Brown University, 387
Bureau of Education, 38-39
Bureau of the Census, 20
C
California, 398
comprehensive multicomponent programs, 383-384
Family Resource Centers, 185, 379, 405-406
full-service schools, 387
Healthy Start program, 193, 207, 298, 393-394, 395, 396, 397, 404
school-based health centers, 161, 191, 196, 242 n.3, 374, 400, 403 , 406
School-Community Health Project, 43
Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, The, 39
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 112, 114, 118, 218-219
Cardiovascular Heart Healthy Eating and Exercise, 104-105
Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 67, 245
Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children, 23
Case management, 165, 174, 184, 380-381, 398
Cattaragus County Studies, 43
Causes of death, 22-23
Center for Mental Health Services Research Project, 434
Center for Reproductive Health Policy Research, 395
Center for School Mental Health Assistance, 184
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1
Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, 250
definition of health education, 99
Division of Adolescent and School Health, 46, 54, 64 n.6, 75 n.11, 103, 108, 155, 242, 244, 247-248, 251, 403, 456
funding for school health services, 207, 250
Guidelines for School and Community Health Programs to Promote Physical Activity Among Youth , 4, 64 n.6, 97-98, 139
health education evaluation guidelines, 280
physical education recommendations, 97-98
SHPPS study, 4, 5, 69, 71, 85, 92, 110-116, 132, 135, 138-139, 140 , 141, 153, 155, 163, 182, 297, 373
social morbidity findings, 20, 101, 139, 141
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 20-21
Child abuse evaluations and follow-up, 155, 156, 378
Child/Adolescent Planning and System Development Program, 434-435
Child and Adolescent Health Policy Centers, 243 n.4
Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), 89, 179
Child Health Organization, 38
Children's Aid Society, 387, 397
Children's Defense Fund, 245
Children's Health Charter, 299, 300
Christmas Seal drive, 36
Cities in Schools, 184, 380-381
Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation, 458, 462
Clearinghouses, for family support programs, 380
Clinics, see School-based health centers
Closer Look, A, 71, 155, 157, 163, 218 n.8
Coalition of Essential Schools, 386-387
Coalition of National Health Organizations, 59
Collaborative Study of Children with Special Needs, 187, 189
Colorado, 191-192, 243 n.4, 374, 391, 393
Comer School Development Program, 383, 404
Commission of the European Communities, 58
COMMIT trial, 324-325
Committee for Economic Development, 181
Committee on War Time Problems of Children, 38
Communicable disease control, 34, 35, 127
Communities in Schools, 195
Community
definition, 313
health instruction, 112, 114, 118
programs, 14, 51, 316-318, 323-324
Community and Migrant Health Centers, 243, 434-435
Community Health Center Program, 45
Community participation in CSHPs
components, 63, 313, 318-322, 324-326, 353-354
coordinating council, 10-11, 63, 165, 173-174, 240
effectiveness, 74, 121, 313, 318-322, 324-326, 328-329
extended services, 181, 184, 185, 225, 369
goals and objectives, 51, 63, 353
health education, 7, 51, 74, 75, 121, 137, 223-224, 306-311, 313, 316-326
health services, 165, 172, 173, 187, 217, 225-226, 464, 467
historical examples, 37-38, 40, 41, 42, 43
importance of, 41
infrastructure building, 252-253, 259-260, 264-265, 266, 461-462
issues, 326-328
mental health services, 71
physical education, 98
policy and administration, 63, 353
practical considerations, 308-309
rationale for, 308-311
research and evaluation, 63, 74, 329
school linkages for, 67, 165, 172, 173, 187, 217, 225-226, 464, 467
strategic prevention concept, 311-313
theoretical considerations, 309-311
Community Partnership Demonstration Grant Program, 432-433
Competitive sports, 4, 88, 94, 139
Comprehensive School Health Program, 436-437
Comprehensive school health programs (CSHPs). See also individual components
Allensworth model, 56-57
charge to the committee, 2, 17
community participation in, 15, 55-56, 63, 74, 297-298
components, 14-15
definitions, 2, 28, 51-60, 301, 355
effects of, 121, 273, 281, 284-285
eight-component model, 3, 52-54, 64 n.6
family-school-community (Nader) model, 55-56
goals and desired outcomes, 2, 16-17, 50-51, 242, 271, 338-339
guidelines, 337-355
infrastructure, see Infrastructure building for CSHP
integration of elements of, 60, 74-76, 165, 310-311
international models, 58-59
issues and questions, 29, 402-411
key elements, 2-3, 63-76, 446-447
organization, 382-384
principles, 445
rationale for, 271, 296-297, 308-311, 444-445
school-based versus community-based, 407-408
three-component model, 3, 52, 53
types of services, 452
Conferences, 44-45, 47, 246, 261.
See also specific conferences
Confidentiality of student records, 8-9, 191, 204-206, 227, 256, 390, 419
Conflict resolution, nonviolent, 100, 112, 114, 118, 250, 378, 393 -394
Connecticut
dental services, 375-376
Family Resource Centers, 185, 379
school-based health centers, 374, 407
School Development Plan, 386
school health services model, 199, 202-203, 463-473
vision screening, 35
Consumer health instruction, 112, 114, 118
Controversies
birth control and abortion counseling, 257, 398, 409-410
funding, 207
historical, 49
management of, 11, 257-259, 409-411
in school health services, 7, 11, 158, 398, 409-410
Cooperative learning, 67
Coordinated Services Project, 242
Coordination of health programs. See also Community participation in CSHPs advisory and coordinating councils , 66, 138-139, 241, 252-254, 263 , 297-298, 386
family services, 73
federal interagency, 238-241, 242
historical efforts, 39
psychosocial environment, 67
research, 240
school-based health centers, 398
Cost-effectiveness
health education, 5, 122-123, 140, 327
health services, 400
Council of Chief State School Officers, 47, 108, 240, 245
Council of Europe, 58
Council of Great City Schools, 241
Counseling. See also School guidance counselors; Vocational counseling
mental health, 3, 49, 155, 156, 157, 169, 171-172, 184, 192, 391
Creating an Agenda for School-Based Health Promotion: A Review of Selected Reports , 245
Crisis medical situations, 218-219
Critical Populations Program, Adolescent Track, 432-433
Curriculum
AIDS/HIV instruction, 49
''back to the basics" movement, 46
crowding issue, 141
dissemination of effective programs, 103, 108, 242, 244
health education, 4, 40, 41, 45, 49, 52, 53, 58, 69, 72, 100-101, 103-108, 110-115, 132-133, 139, 258, 284, 288, 342
How to Live with 10-15 Year Olds, 462
implementation of effective programs, 132-133
nutrition, 72
physical education, 37, 52, 68, 84, 85, 88-92, 95, 98, 139, 347-348
substance abuse prevention, 101
D
Danforth Foundation, 382
Death and dying, instruction, 112, 114, 118
Definitions and terminology, 452-453
Committee's definition, 2, 60-62
community, 313
comprehensive school health program, 355
extended services, 181
health education, 99
need for definition, 51-52
previous definitions, 52-60
primary care and primary health care, 154 n.1
school-based health centers, 373
School Health Coordinating Council, 355
school health services, 153
Delaware, 191, 374, 390-391, 395
Delivery of health services
funding for, 248
models/guidelines, 202-203, 417, 419, 447
primary care in schools, 45, 187
Dentists and dental services
controversies, 49
demand for, 365-366
health education, 112, 114, 118
poverty and, 24
in school-based health centers, 473
standards, 467
types of services, 71, 167-168, 375-376
Denver, Colorado, 191-192, 391, 393
Dietary behaviors, 112-115, 119
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 177-178, 243, 460
Diffusion of innovation theory, 310
Disease prevention, 112, 114, 119
District school health advisory councils, 252-253, 297-296
Driver training, 41
Drop-Out Prevention Initiative, 195
Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Dummer Grammar School, 33
E
Eagle Forum, 409
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Program, 24, 207, 209, 219, 221, 243-244, 402-403, 432-433
Early Intervention Group, 378
Eat Smart School Nutrition Program, 179
Education. See also Health education; Physical education
elements of, 3
importance of, 18-20
Education Audiology Association, 169
Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 45, 214
Education of the Handicapped Act, 168, 187
Educational Service Agencies, 188
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 45, 48 n.4, 73 n.10, 170, 172, 173, 207, 241-242, 248, 250, 436-437
Elementary school
extended services, 386
health education in, 5-6, 7, 110-112, 115, 140, 141-142
nutrition, 179
physical education, 93
professional development and qualifications, 141
pupil personnel teams, 371
Emergency Medical Services for Children, 218-219
Employee Assistance Programs, 174
Employment, see Youth employment
Environment, see School environment
Environmental health, 112, 114, 119
European Network of Health Promoting Schools, 58
Evaluation of programs, see Research and evaluation
Extended services. See also Dentists and dental services; School-based health centers
basis for, 181
case management, 165, 174, 184, 380-381, 398
Cities in Schools, 184, 380-381
community role, 7, 181, 184, 185, 225, 369, 381
comprehensive multicomponent programs, 382-384
coordination of, 374
definition, 181
effectiveness, 366
Family Resource Centers, 185, 379-380, 398
full-service schools, 3, 59, 185-186, 204, 365, 380, 387-389
funding, 181, 185, 371, 378, 379, 380, 382, 389
goals, 367
mental health centers, 184, 376-379, 391, 394, 395
organization of, 366-389
parental permission for services, 465-467
personnel/staffing, 173-174, 367, 368, 370-372, 377-378, 465
pupil personnel teams, 173-174, 370-372
regional approaches, 186, 188, 203
research and evaluation, 227
school reorganization, 66, 385-387
standards, 465-466
student assistance programs, 174, 372-373, 378, 394
success factors, 399-400
teen parent programs, 384-385
user characteristics, 365-366
youth service centers, school-based, 184-185, 382, 393, 395
Extracurricular activities, 98, 121
F
Family and Community Endeavors, 382
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, 205
Family Planning Program (Title X), 183, 374, 432-433
Family Preservation Act, 48 n.4
Family Resource Centers, 185, 379-380, 388, 398, 403-404, 405
Family Resources Coalition, 380
Family services, elements of, 73-74
Family structure. See also Single-parent households
and health and welfare of children, 18
and school health programs, 16, 25-27
traditional, 26
wages and earnings and, 26
Family support teams, 66-67, 386, 397
Federal Interagency Committee on School Health, 238-240
Federal programs, infrastructure building, 241-245
First aid, 71, 112, 114, 119, 155
Florida
Family Resource Centers, 185, 379, 380
full-service schools, 207, 403-404
Funding for School Services Act, 199, 203-204, 251
school-based health centers, 242 n.3, 374, 391, 392-393, 397, 398-399, 403, 406, 408
School Enrollment-Based Health Insurance concept, 210-211, 298-299
Supplemental School Health Program, 371-372, 392-393
Focus on Youth, 194
Food Labeling Education Program, 436-437
Framingham, Massachusetts, 43
Full-service schools, 3, 59, 185-186, 204, 207, 380, 387-389, 403-404, 406, 407
Funding of school health services
categorical, 203-204, 244-245, 264, 406
controversial, 207
coordination of, 10, 188, 239, 248-251
for coordination of services, 73 n.10
by excise taxes and penalties, 9, 216, 251
extended services, 181, 185, 203-204, 378-379, 380, 382, 389
federal, 179, 207, 213, 239, 430-442
Great Society and, 46
health insurance, school-based, 9, 210-212
infrastructure building, 241-245, 248-251, 262-264
Medicaid, 9, 208-209, 212, 213, 214, 219, 221, 402-403
mental health or pupil services, 169, 170, 173, 378, 379
multisource, 188
nonprofit intermediary for contracting services, 213-215
nutrition and foodservice, 175, 177, 179-180, 243
overview, 206-208
pooled-fund approach, 213, 263
private foundations, 208
recommendations, 9, 10, 227, 450
research and evaluation, 262-263
school-based health centers, 46, 183, 212-213, 243, 250, 374, 398, 402-405
sources, 9, 183, 207-208, 249, 250, 264, 298-299, 402-405
in standard benefit packages, 9, 216
state and local, 179-180, 207-208, 213, 239, 248, 249
surcharge on health care payers, 215
training and professional development, 248, 250
G
Gallup Organization, 124
Girls Clubs of America, 381
Go for Health, 104-105
Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 48 n.4, 73 n.10, 238
Golden Anniversary Conference on Children and Youth, 44
Great Society programs, 45, 46
Guidelines
health education, 64 n.6
mental health center, 377
nutrition, 64 n.6
physical activity, 4, 64 n.6, 97
professional training and education, 44-45
tobacco prevention programs, 64 n.6
Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS)
abuse (emotional, physical, sexual), 426
alcohol and drug abuse, 422, 424
barriers to implementation, 222
clinical applications, 47, 428
confidentiality of adolescent care, 419
delivery of health services, 417, 419
depression/suicide risk, 426
frequency of preventive services, 417-419
health guidance, 47, 417, 418, 419-422
immunizations, 417, 418, 427-428
injury prevention, 421
learning or school problems, 427
nutrition/diet-related, 421, 422-424
overview, 416-419
parental involvement, 419, 420
physical activity, 421
physical assessment, 418, 423-424
primary care providers, 222-223, 298
recommendations, 222
sexual behavior and responsibility, 421-422, 424-426
sociocultural sensitivity, 419
tests, 418
tobacco use, 424
topics/health conditions addressed by, 417
traditional approaches contrasted with, 428-429
Guidelines for Comprehensive School Health Programs, 63-64 n.6
Guidelines for Developing and Implementing School-Based Early Periodic Screening, Detection and Treatment Services , 458-459
Guidelines for Health Supervision, 469
Guidelines for School and Community Health Programs to Promote Physical Activity Among Youth , 4, 64 n.6, 97, 139
Guidelines for School Settings, 464
H
Head Start, 45, 48 n.4, 170, 175, 380
Health
aides, 163
centers, see School-based health centers
defined, 1 n.1, 16 n.1, 45, 354
examination surveys, 167-168
guidance, 419-422
information, access to, 16
insurance, 27-28, 67, 160, 161, 165, 210-211, 214, 216, 241, 247, 298, 365
literacy, 4, 102, 137, 138, 139-140
records and medical information, 155, 156
services, see School health services
Health Appraisal of School Children, 40
Health behavior change. See also Social learning theory
expectations and, 359-361, 362-363
goals and, 361-363
health education and, 5, 103-107, 109-110, 116, 117, 120-121, 122-123, 140, 281, 313-322, 341-342, 356-363
hours of instruction and, 103, 109-110, 115, 135, 140
individual characteristics and, 117, 120
measuring, 271-272
models used in health education programs, 356-363
as outcome measure, 278-279
parental involvement and, 120
peer involvement in prevention and, 120
school-based health centers and, 7, 190, 191-192, 226, 366, 390-391
self-efficacy and, 120, 357-359, 362-363
skils and, 13, 117, 120, 362-363
teacher/professional qualifications and, 103, 118-119, 140
Health Care Financing Administration, 208
Health care services, see Access to Health care; Extended services; School-based health centers; School health services
Health education
alternative approaches, 6, 103, 110, 141
barriers to, 309
and behavior change, 5, 103-107, 109-110, 116, 117, 120-121, 122-123 , 140, 281, 283-284, 286-287, 341-342, 356-363
booster sessions, 103, 110, 141, 283-284, 285, 287, 309
cardiovascular, 316-317, 320-321
community role, 121, 137, 223-224, 306-311, 313, 316-326
controversies, 69
cost-effectiveness, 5, 122-123, 140, 327
current practice, 110-116, 140, 141
curriculum, 4, 40, 41, 45, 49, 52, 53, 58, 69, 72, 99, 100-101, 103 -108, 110-115, 132-133, 139, 258, 284, 288, 309, 342
effectiveness, 116-124, 136, 140, 284-285, 316-323
environment for, 135
exemptions from, 112
funding for, 248
GAPS recommendations, 47, 417, 418, 419-422
goals and objectives, 3, 4, 39-40, 47, 52, 69, 81, 99-100, 101-110 , 112, 136, 140, 341
grade level and, 5-6, 7, 110-112, 115-116, 140-141
health services and, 166, 182, 215, 218-219, 223-224, 373, 417, 418 , 419-422
hours of instruction, 103, 109-110, 115, 140, 141, 281-282, 283-284
infrastructure, 457-458
infusion/integration approach, 13, 40, 68, 69-70, 74-75, 98, 111, 112-116, 125-131, 136-137, 138, 176, 180-181
instructional elements, 45, 46, 99, 100-101, 117, 120, 121-122, 126 , 127, 132-133, 141, 285-286, 342
interagency collaboration, 247
issues, 326-328
legislation, 41
literature review, 306
local education agency role, 137
media role, 121, 309, 318-323, 325
models, 307-308
national action plan, 135, 136, 140
national organizations' role, 138
National Science Education Standards and, 129-130
needs, 132-135
outcomes, 103, 116-117, 287-288, 341-342
parental involvement, 101, 117, 120, 318-323, 325, 420
peer-based, 286
performance assessment, 102-103, 108, 141, 240
physical fitness, 98, 112-115, 125, 126, 128, 134, 320-321, 421
policy and administrative support, 135, 239-240, 325, 341
priorities, 4, 101, 138, 139, 140, 141
professional development and qualifications, 5, 6-7, 103, 108-109, 115-116, 117, 118-119, 121, 133-134, 137, 138, 140, 141-142, 343, 457-458
public perceptions of, 123-124, 140
requirements for graduation, 5, 6, 110-112, 140, 141
research and evaluation, 5, 103-107, 116-124, 132, 135, 280-288, 312
risk-factor specific vs. problem behavior intervention, 286-287
role in CSHPs, 99-139
in school-based health centers, 182, 373, 470, 472-473
Science for All Americans standards, 130-131
sexuality and reproductive, 49, 69, 100, 112-115, 119, 130, 166, 286, 314-315, 318-319, 421
SHPPS findings and recommendations, 110-116, 135, 138-139, 140, 141
sociocultural issues, 117, 121
standards, 4, 5-6, 48, 101-103, 108, 109, 129-131, 132, 135, 136-138 , 139-140, 141, 238-239, 466-467
state education and health agencies, 137
strategic prevention concept, 311-313
teaching/learning materials, 342-343
theoretical framework, 116, 117, 120, 309-310, 356-363
Health Insurance Association of America, 67-68
Health promotion
effectiveness of programs, 314-315, 320-321
objectives, 46-47
for staff, 3, 53, 67-68, 352-353, 461
Health status
and academic achievement, 19, 51
nutrition and, 72-73
physical education and, 4, 68-69, 81-82, 83, 84, 139
school-based health centers and, 7
Health Supervision and Medical Inspection of Schools, 39
Health: You've Got to Be Taught, 123
Healthy Kids Corporation, 299
Healthy Kids: Nutrition Objectives for School Meals, 175
Healthy People 2000 initiative, 22, 39-40, 46-47, 67-68, 83-84, 85 , 99, 102, 112-115, 177-178, 215 n.6, 271
Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities, 48, 243, 280, 434-435
Healthy Start program, 193, 207, 298, 393-394, 395, 396, 397
Hearty Heart, 104-105
High Risk Youth Demonstration Grant Program, 432-433
High schools, see Secondary schools
Hillsdale County Elementary Success Program, 195
Hispanics
family structure, 26
poverty, 23
History of school health programs, 1
lessons learned from, 48-50
1960s to present, 45-48
1700s through early 1900s, 33-38, 82
World War I to 1960s, 38-45
HIV/AIDS Higher Education Consortia, 458
HIV Education Program, 100, 436-437
Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, 383, 404
Home economics, 69, 70, 72, 125, 126, 128, 129
Honeywell Corporation, 384-385
How to Fund Public Health Activities, 215
How to Live with 10-15 Year Olds, 462
Human Genome Project, 127
Human growth and development, 69, 112, 114, 119
Human Services Reauthorization Act, 48 n.4
Human sexuality, 49, 69, 100, 112-115, 119, 130, 166, 409, 421
I
Illinois, 35, 56, 58, 194, 374, 380
Immunizations, 34, 155, 157, 160, 396, 398, 427-428
Improving America's Schools Act, 48 n.4, 73 n.10
Indian Health Service Clinical Services, 432-433
Individualized Education Plans, 50, 155, 156, 168, 177
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 168, 170, 172, 173, 187, 207, 210, 242, 244, 248, 436-437
Infant mortality rates, 18
Infrastructure building for CSHPs
advisory and coordinating councils, 247, 252-254, 259-260, 263, 264-265, 297-298
barriers to, 11, 256-259, 298-299, 448
CDC/DASH models, 247-248
collaboration in, 256, 259, 260-261, 298
communications, 250, 263, 298, 448
community or district level, 10-11, 252-253, 259-260, 264-265, 266 , 461-462
community support mobilization, 252, 259-260
controversy management, 11, 257-259
district school health coordinator, 253
extension service, 10, 251-252, 263, 264
federal programs, 241-245, 451
funding streams, 10, 241-245, 248-251, 262-264, 298-299, 450
health education, 457-458
health services, 247, 253-254, 265-268, 458-459
interagency collaboration, 9-11, 247, 256, 263
Interagency Committee on School Health, 9-10, 47, 238-240, 262
interdisciplinary teams, 254-256, 257, 265, 267-268, 298, 457
local level, 252-261
mental health and pupil services, 460
models, 456-462
National Coordinating Committee on School Health, 9, 10, 240-241, 262
national level, 9-10, 238-246, 262-263, 266
objectives, 246
nutrition and foodservices, 460-461
personnel training needs, 11, 249, 256-257, 265, 267-268, 449-450
physical education, 459
recommendations, 9-11, 261-268
research and evaluation, 262-263
school environment, 460
school level, 11, 253-254, 265-268, 460
state level, 10, 239, 246-252, 263-264, 266, 451
teacher and staff wellness, 461
technical assistance, 251-252, 263, 264
and turf battles, 259, 406-407
Injury prevention and control, 100, 112-115, 119, 218-219, 320-321 , 421
Institute of Medicine
Committee on Comprehensive School Health Programs in Grades K-12, 154 n.1
Committee on the Future of Primary Care, 154 n.1
Instruction
duration, sequence, and timing of, 103, 109-110, 115, 135, 140, 141 , 283-284
health education, 45, 46, 52, 98, 99, 100-101, 103, 109-110, 115, 117, 120, 121-122, 126, 127, 132-133, 135, 140, 141, 283-284, 342
social skills, 132-133
Instructional materials, 342-343
Interagency Committee on School Health, 9-10, 47, 238-240, 262
Interdisciplinary teams, 171, 254-256
International models of CSHPs, 58-59
Inwood House, 372-373
J
Jackson-Hinds Comprehensive Health Center (Mississippi), 374
Johns Hopkins University, 66, 196, 243 n.4, 386
Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology, 59-60
Joint Committee on National Health Education Standards, 101-102, 129, 131
Jump Rope for Heart, 94
Junior high, see Middle school
Just Say No clubs, 378
K
Kentucky, 185, 379, 382, 403, 406, 408
Kiwanis Club, 376
Know Your Body, 104-105, 132, 281, 282
L
Language arts, 69, 70, 125, 126, 127, 128-129
Latchkey children, 26-27
Legislation, 41, 45, 48 n.4, 73 n.10, 100-101, 157, 179, 379.
See also specific statutes
Lehigh University College of Education, 381
Life Skills Training, 284-285
Local community
extended service providers, 369
funding sources, 207-208
health education role, 137
infrastructure building, 252-261
process evaluation, 12
Locust Point Demonstration, 43
Low-income families. See also Poverty
children in, 23
health problems in, 160-161
utilization of extended services, 265-266
M
Making the Grade, 183, 212, 213, 246, 404
Managed care, 10, 207-208, 211, 213, 214-215, 241, 247, 298-299, 374, 403, 404-405
March of Dimes, 207
Maryland, 43, 182-183, 191, 368, 386, 390, 394
Massachusetts, 34, 35, 82, 251, 374, 376
Maternal and child health agencies, 40, 207, 458, 459
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 47, 48, 217 n.7, 243
Maternal and Child Health State Block Grants, 183, 213, 243, 244, 250, 374, 402, 434-435
Mathematics, 69, 70, 75, 126, 127, 128-129
and access to health care, 160
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Program, 24, 207, 209, 219, 221, 243-244, 402-403, 432-433
eligibility screening, 459
nutrition-related funding, 177
for school health services, 160, 183, 207, 208-209, 212, 213, 214, 243-244, 374, 389, 402-403, 459
Memphis City Schools Mental Health Center, 377-378
Mental health and pupil services. See also Mental health centers
community health linkages, 71, 172, 173-174
counseling, 3, 49, 155, 156, 157, 169, 171-172, 184, 192, 248, 297 , 391, 460
demand for, 365-366
direct services to students, 349-350
goals, objectives and outcomes, 3, 71, 349
guidelines, 349-350
infrastructure building, 460
mechanisms for providing, 173-174
outcomes, 394
policy and administrative support, 349
poverty and, 160
problem identification and resolution, 222
professional development, 119, 170, 171, 173, 350
psychological, 3, 8, 155, 156, 169-171, 297, 460
in school-based clinics, 464, 469-470, 472
social morbidities and, 71-72
social services, 3, 71, 169, 172-173, 222, 460, 472
standards, 170, 173, 464, 469-470, 472
student assistance programs, 174, 372-373
team approach, 66, 67, 171, 173-174, 370-372, 386
Mental health centers, 184, 376-379
Metropolitan Life Foundation, 123
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 43, 283
Michigan, 242 n.3, 374, 395, 407
Mid-Century White House Conference on Children and Youth, 44
Middle school
health education, 5-6, 110-112, 140, 283-284
psychosocial interventions, 67, 460
school health services programs, 201
substance abuse prevention, 283-284
Milbank Memorial Fund, 43
Minimum Health Requirements for Rural Schools, 39
Minnesota, 192-193, 242 n.3, 384-385
Missouri, 195, 199, 201, 382, 396, 397
Modern Health Crusaders, 36
Motor vehicles
driver training, 41
and mortality, 23
and risky behaviors, 20
N
Nashville, Tennessee, 380, 398
Nation at Risk, A, 46
National Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education, 5, 135, 136, 140, 246, 262
National Adolescent Health Information Center, 243 n.4
National Adolescent Health Resource Center, 217 n.7, 243 n.4
National Alliance of Pupil Services Organizations, 173, 370
National Assembly for School-Based Health Care, 48, 374
National Assessment for Educational Progress, 240
National Association of:
Community Health Centers, 242
Elementary School Principals, 241
School Nurses, 48, 153-154, 161 n.3, 162, 163, 241, 464, 465, 471
School Psychologists, 154, 162 n.3, 170
Secondary School Principals, 241
Social Workers, 154, 162 n.3, 172-173, 464, 469-470, 472
State Boards of Education, 47, 245
National Cancer Institute, 251
National Center for:
Education in Maternal and Child Health, 243 n.4
Health Statistics, 168
Leadership Enhancement of Adolescent Programs, 243 n.4
Partnership Development, 381
National Cholesterol Education program, 158
National Commission on Children, 46, 245
National Commission on the Role of the School and the Community in Improving Adolescent Health, 444
National Committee on School Health Policies, 40
National Conference for Cooperation in Health Education, 40
National Congress of Parents and Teachers, 36
National Coordinating Committee on School Health, 9, 10, 47, 238, 240-241, 262, 430-431
National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, 44, 108, 109
National Education Association (NEA), 36, 39, 40, 241
National Education Goals, 4, 19-20, 47, 89-90, 101, 102, 139, 238
National Food Service Management Institute, 177
National Health and Education Consortium, 183
National Health Education Standards, 4, 5-6, 48, 101-103, 108, 109 , 129-131, 132, 135, 136-138, 139-140, 141, 176, 240, 246, 262
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 179, 422
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 372
National Institute of Dental Research, 168
National Nursing Coalition for School Health, 48, 163
National organizations. See also individual organizations
extended services from, 369
health education role, 138
infrastructure building, 238-246, 262-263, 266
National Parent Teachers Association, 241
National School-Based Oral Health/Dental Sealant Resource Center, 243 n.4
National School Boards Association, 47, 109-110, 167, 241, 245-246 , 253, 376
National School Health Bill, 42
National School Health Leadership Conference, 244
National School Health Project, School-Based Adolescent Health Care , 246
National School Lunch Act, 41, 175, 177, 179
National School Lunch Program, 25, 175, 211, 438-439
National Science Education Standards, 129-130
National Standards for Physical Education, 4, 48, 83, 85, 97, 139
National State School Nurse Consultants Association, 48
National Tuberculosis Association, 36, 43
NEA-AMA Joint Committee on Health Problems in Schools, 39, 40, 166
New Beginnings (San Diego), 383-384, 405-406
New Futures School, Inc. (Albuquerque), 384
New Jersey, 175, 378-379, 403, 404
New Vistas High School (Minneapolis), 384-385
New York City
Drop-Out Prevention Initiative, 195
full-service schools, 387-388, 408
Health Day, 41
medical inspection of schools, 34-36, 41
school health services, 37, 396
Teen Choice program, 372-373
New York State, 36, 193, 242 n.3, 372, 374, 396, 400
North Carolina, 185, 371, 379, 410, 462
Nurse Practitioner/Nurse-Midwifery, 436-437
Nurses and nurse practitioners
burdens and responsibilities, 165, 407
evaluation of activities, 189, 400
historical role in schools, 35, 42, 45, 366
issues related to, 164-165, 222-223, 406
as primary care providers, 222-223
qualifications and professional training, 153-154, 163, 164, 345-346
services provided by, 45, 71, 75, 153, 162-163, 386, 388, 400, 406
staffing patterns, 163-164
Nursing Special Projects Grant Program, 438-439
Nutrition and foodservice. See also Dietary behaviors
breakfast program, 41, 45, 73, 175, 243, 438-439
counseling, 155, 156, 158, 176-177
education, 69, 72, 74-75, 112-115, 119, 129, 130, 176, 180-181, 243 , 421
funding, 175, 177, 179-180, 243
goals and objectives, 3, 52-53, 351
guidelines, 350-352
and health status, 72
infrastructure building, 460-461
integrated approach, 74-75, 129, 247
issues related to, 20, 23, 177-181
lunch programs, 25, 37, 41, 49, 175, 178, 179, 211, 243, 244, 438 439
perceptions of nutrition, 180
personnel, 177
policy and administrative support, 179, 350-351
professional development/training, 119, 177, 181, 352
profit-making, 180
research, 73
and risky behaviors, 21
screening related to, 158, 176-177
services provided, 174-177, 351-352
Snack Program, 243
Special Milk Program, 243
for special-needs children, 177
standards, 48, 154, 177, 178, 180, 239
and student performance, 73, 178
vending machines, special events, and fundraisers, 73, 75, 176, 178 , 460
Nutrition Education and Training Program, 45, 176, 243, 248, 436-437
Nutrition for Life, 106-107
Nutrition in a Changing World, 106-107
O
Obese children, 86-87
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 24
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 64
Occupational therapists, 168
Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress, 47, 64-65
Ohio Research Study, 43
One-Stop-Shopping in a Northeast Nashville Community, 380, 398
Open-air classrooms, 36
Opportunity-to-Learn Standards, 136-138
Outcomes
behavioral change as, 278-279, 313-322
community, 51
desired, 50-51
dose-response relationship, 282-283
effectiveness trials, 187, 273, 276
efficacy testing, 273, 276, 277
evaluation, 11-12, 13, 14, 50-51, 271-272, 273, 275, 276, 287-288
of health education curricula, 103-107, 116, 282-283, 287-288, 313 -322
health-services-related, 14, 189, 394-396
implementation effectiveness trials, 273-274
measures of, 7-8, 12-13, 277, 278-279, 289
null or negative, interpretation of, 12-13
positive, protective factors for, 23
poverty and, 159-161
pregnancy-related, 192-193, 392-393
programmatic and organizational, 51
realistic, 287-288
school-based health centers and, 7-8, 190, 191-193, 366, 392-398
of standards development, 102-103
student, 50
substance abuse-related, 393-394
P
Parental consent for health services, 190, 205, 206, 389, 399, 465-467, 468-470, 471-473
Parental involvement. See also Teen parent programs
and academic achievement, 25
and confidentiality of student records, 205, 206, 419
disadvantaged students, 66
funding for programs, 248
and health and welfare of children, 18
in health services, 185-186, 190
historical examples, 44
in infrastructure building, 258-259
interventions involving, 66, 386, 387
in physical education, 98
Parent to Parent training, 378
Partnership for Prevention, 215
Pawtucket Heart Health Program, 106-107
Peer cluster theory, 310
Peer Mediation Training, 250
Peer Power and ADAM, 106-107
Pennsylvania, 35, 37, 386, 387
Personal health, 112, 114, 119
Physical education
and academic achievement, 68, 85, 90-91
academic rigor and, 90-92
attendance, 21
CDC recommendations, 97-98, 139
community-based programs and facilities, 98
contributions of, 3, 94, 97-98, 139
curriculum, 37, 52, 68, 84, 85, 88-92, 95, 98, 139, 347-348
exemptions from, 85
extracurricular activities, 98
goals and objectives, 4, 47, 52, 68, 81, 82, 83-84, 92-93, 97, 101 , 346-347
grade level and, 68, 85, 88, 93-94, 95
health education and, 98, 112-115, 125, 126, 128, 134, 421
and health services, 98
and health status, 4, 68-69, 81-82, 83, 84, 90-91, 94, 97, 139
history of movement, 37, 41, 82
infrastructure building, 459
intensity of activity, 89, 92-93
legislation, 41
motor skill development, 84, 90-91
nutrition education in, 72
parental involvement, 98
personnel/teachers, 92-94, 96, 98
policy and administrative support, 97-98, 346
professional development/training, 84, 90-91, 93-94, 96, 98, 119, 134, 348
requirements, 68, 85, 88, 94, 95
research evidence on, 81-82, 84-85, 86-91, 139
research needs, 85
role in CSHPs, 81-98
scheduling and environmental factors, 89-90
school-based programs and facilities, 98
strategies to promote physical activity, 94
student outcomes, 68-69, 84, 347
and substance abuse, 85
Physical environmental of schools, 340-341
hazards, 65
legislation, 64-65
structural condition of schools, 24-25
Physical examinations, 36, 43-44, 419
Physical fitness, health-related, 20, 84
Physical therapists, 168
Physicians
historical role in schools, 37-38, 42, 166
issues related to, 166-167
qualifications and professional training, 166, 345
services provided by, 71, 165-166
"snip doctors," 37
social contract, 167
staffing patterns, 164
Pinal County Prevention Partnership (Arizona), 381
Pinkston High School (Dallas), 375
Policy and administrative support, 349, 352
elements of, 2
health services, 225-226, 343-344
nutrition and foodservice, 179, 350-351
physical education, 97-98, 346
Population-based prevention, 157-158
Portland, Oregon, 258
Postponing Sexual Involvement, 106-107
Poverty
and academic achievement, 24
and health care, 24
and health outcomes, 22-25, 159-161, 167-168
measure of students in, 25
and nutrition, 180
rates, 18
and school environment, 24-25
and school health services, 16, 38, 158-161, 167-168
and social morbidities, 24
Pregnancy, see Teen pregnancy
Preschool programs, 66
President's Physical Fitness Test, 459
Primary care
defined, 154
nurses as providers, 222-223
regional approaches to delivery, 186, 188
in school-based health centers, 15, 42, 45, 58, 154, 158, 160-161, 182, 187, 201, 217-218, 222-223, 373, 466, 469, 471-472
Principles and Practices of Student Health, 64 n.6, 219
Principles to Link By, 47 n.3, 261
Professional development, training, and certification
computer network discussion groups, 109
demand for, 5, 116, 118-119, 140
elementary school teachers, 141
health care services, 153-154, 163, 164, 166, 169, 345-346
health education, 5, 6-7, 103, 108-109, 115-116, 117, 118-119, 121 , 133-134, 137, 138, 140, 141-142, 343
infrastructure building, 11, 256-257, 265, 267-268, 449-450, 457-458
interdisciplinary approach, 11, 257, 265, 267-268
issues, 408-409
mental health and pupil services, 66, 170, 171, 184, 350
nurses, 153-154, 163, 164, 345-346
nutrition and foodservice, 119, 177, 181, 352
and outcomes, 103
peer coaching, 109
physical education, 84, 90-91, 93-94, 96, 98, 348
physicians, 166
recommendations, 6-7, 11, 137, 138, 265, 267-268, 449-450
research on, 44
for special-needs services, 169
standards, 108-109
transfer of training, 109
Program facilitators and coordinators, 66
Programs That Work project, 108
Project Pride, 194
Project School Care, 189
Psychologists
issues related to, 170-171
personnel, 170
services provided by, 169-170, 371
Psychosocial environment and academic achievement , 65-66
elements of, 2-3, 65-67, 339-340
School Development Program, 66
Success for All, 66-67
Turning Points, 67
Public education, compulsory, 33-34
Public health, physical education and, 82, 92-93
Public perceptions
of health education, 36, 123-124, 140
of nutrition, 180
of school health services, 410
of school role in integrating services, 445
Pupil personnel teams, 173-174, 370-372
Q
Quality
physical education, 83-84, 85, 88-89
school-based health centers, 190, 196, 389, 391
school health services, 8, 14, 154
Quincy, Florida, 398-399
R
Race/ethnicity and poverty , 23
Ranier Beach High School (Seattle), 396
Recommendations
CDC, 97-98
confidentiality of health records, 227
data collection, 227
extended services, 227
funding, 227
health education, 5-7, 135-142
infrastructure building, 9-11, 261-268
physical education, 97-98, 139
school health services, 8-9, 226-227
SHPPS, 138-139
Recommended Dietary Allowances, 178
Reducing the Risk, 106-107
Regional approaches, 186, 251-252
Reports and publications, influential/landmark, 34, 38-41, 245
Requirements for graduation
health education, 5, 6, 110-112, 140, 141
physical education, 68, 85, 88, 94, 95
Research and evaluation. See also individual projects and studies
basic, 11-12, 13, 272-273, 288, 290
challenges, 12, 75-76, 240, 271-272, 275, 289
components of programs, 12, 14, 285-286, 291
coordination of, 240
dependent variables, defining, 278-279
diffusion-related, 13
dose-response relationship, 275, 281-284
effects of comprehensive programs, 281, 284-285
ethical issues, 277
funding for, 262-263
goals, 51
guidelines/manuals on, 280
Hawthorne effect, 279
health education, 5, 103-107, 108, 110, 116-124, 132, 135, 138, 281 -288, 312
historical context, 43-44
independent variables, defining, 277-278
infrastructure building, 262-263
on integration of program components, 75-76
linking outcome and process evaluations, 275
methodological challenges, 190, 274, 276-280, 389
organization, governance, and financing, 186, 187, 398-400
outcome evaluation, 7-8, 11-12, 50-51, 63, 170, 189, 271-272, 273, 275, 276, 287-288, 290, 392-398
overview, 271-276
physical education, 81-82, 84-85, 86-91, 98, 116-124
process evaluation, 11-12, 247-248, 274, 275, 276, 288, 289, 312
professional education and training, 44
recommendations, 13-14, 289-291, 450-451
reporting bias, 280
researchers, 275-276
school-based health centers, 7-8, 226, 190-199
school health services, basic, 8, 40-41, 186-189
self-reporting biases, 279
student health needs, 186-187
Type III error, 279
types of, 272-276
uses for, 276
utilization studies, 389-392
validity assessment, 277-280
Resource Coordinating Team, 173-174, 370-371
Responsible Students Program, 460
Risks to Students in Schools, 64-65
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 45, 46, 183, 187, 190, 192, 193, 212, 246, 258, 374, 390, 391, 395, 399, 404
Rules of the Health Game, The, 39
S
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities, 172, 174, 183, 207, 242 , 244, 250, 374, 377, 436-437
Safety programs, 41, 165, 218-219
San Antonio, Texas, 383
San Diego, California, 383-384, 405-406
San Fernando, California, 394-395, 396
San Francisco, California, 106-107, 394
San Jose, California, 394
School advisory councils and committees, 66, 138-139, 253-254, 386
School-Based Clinics That Work, 183
School-based health centers. See also Mental health centers
and academic performance/graduation rates, 396-398
and access to care, 7, 196, 226, 298, 366, 394, 403
administration, 467
and behavior change, 7, 190, 191-192, 226, 366, 390-391
case studies, 183
client characteristics, 161, 190-192, 390-392
community health linkages with, 7, 374, 470, 473
confidentiality issue, 191, 390
controversies, 398
cost-benefit studies, 193-196, 389, 400
data collection and management, 198-200
definition, 373
dental services, 473
education role, 182, 373, 470, 472-473
enrollment, 389-390
funding and expenditures for, 46, 183, 212-213, 243, 374, 398, 403
and hospital/emergency room utilization, 193, 196, 366, 394, 400
measures of effectiveness, 7-8, 226, 366
mental health services, 464, 469-470, 472
mobile vans, 182-183, 373-374, 375
organization of, 373-375, 470-471
outcome data, 7-8, 190, 192-195, 392-398, 400
parental consent, 190, 389, 399, 468-470, 471-473
part-time, 467-470
personnel/staffing, 182, 312, 398, 468, 471
primary care in, 15, 42, 45, 58, 154, 158, 160-161, 182, 187, 217 218, 373, 466, 469, 471-472
quality of care, 190, 196, 389, 391
referral and follow-up, 466, 469
research and evaluation, 190-199, 226
services, 71, 167, 182, 183, 203, 374-375
standards of care, 239, 469-470, 471-473
strengths and weaknesses, 196, 197-198
utilization, 161, 190-192, 389-392, 393, 394-396
School Breakfast Program, 45, 175-176, 438-439
School-Community Health Project, 43
School Development Program, 66, 385-386
School Enrollment-Based Health Insurance concept, 210-211
School environment CSHP , 64-68, 339-341
eight-component program, 53
guidelines, 339-341
infrastructure building, 460
issues, 224
physical, 2, 24-25, 34-35, 64-65, 340-341
policy and administrative, 2, 65, 135, 224, 339
poverty and, 24-25
psychosocial, 2-3, 65-67, 339-340
sanitary inspections, 34-35
three-component program, 52, 53
School guidance counselors. See also Vocational counseling
issues related to, 171-172
personnel, 171
services provided by, 75, 169, 171
visiting teachers, 38
School Health Care Online!!!, 199, 200
School Health Challenge, 64 n.6
School Health Coordinating Council, 11, 355
School Health Education Evaluation, 282, 313, 322-323
School Health Education Study (SHES), 4, 45, 100-101, 117
School Health Education Study: A Summary Report, 45
School health extension service, 10, 251-252, 263, 264
School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS), 4, 5, 69, 71, 85, 92, 110-116, 132, 135, 138-139, 140, 141, 153, 155, 163, 182, 247, 252, 297, 373
School Health: Policy and Practice, 64 n.6, 154, 163, 217 n.7, 219 , 464, 465, 471
School health programs. See also Community participation in CSHPs; Comprehensive school health programs; History of school health programs
access to health care and, 27-28
components, 313-316
conferences and collaborative efforts, 44-45
effectiveness, 313-316, 322-323
family structure changes and, 25-27
importance of education and, 15, 18-20
models, 167
nature of, 41-43
poverty and, 22-25
reports and publications influencing, 38-41
research and experimentation, 43-44
social morbidities and, 16, 20-22
School Health Resource Services, 243 n.4
School health services. See also Extended services; School-based health centers; Screening programs
barriers to utilization, 212
basic, 14-15, 161-181, 186-189, 201, 202, 463-465
community linkages, 165, 172, 173, 187, 217, 225-226, 403-404, 464 , 467
components, 7, 71, 153-157, 225, 367
confidentiality of records, 8-9, 204-206, 227
coordination of, 345
crisis medical situations, 218-219
data collection, 8-9, 198-199, 227
definition, 153
delivery of, 15, 45, 186, 187, 188, 202-203, 419
evaluation of programs, 8-9, 187, 224-225
financing, see Funding of school health services
first aid and administration of medicines, 71, 155, 156, 218
goals and objectives, 3, 42, 51, 52, 53, 71, 154, 216-217, 344, 367
health education, 166, 182, 215, 218-219, 223-224, 373
implementation steps, 216-225
infrastructure building, 247, 253-254, 265-268, 458-459
issues of concern, 70-71, 164-165, 166-167, 169
legislation affecting, 157
levels matched with needs, 199, 201-204
medical inspections of schools, 35-36, 41-42
mental health, see Mental health and pupil services
need for, 157-159, 186-187, 225
nurses and nurse practitioners, 162-165, 189, 345-346, 366
nutrition, see Nutrition and Foodservice
organization and governance, 186, 187, 188, 464
parental consent for, 190, 205, 206, 389, 399, 465-467, 468-470, 471-473
personnel/staffing, 40, 71, 186, 187
physical education and, 98
policy and administrative support, 225-226, 343-344
poverty and, 158-161
primary care, 15, 42, 45, 58, 154, 158, 160-161, 163, 182, 201, 217 -218
problem identification and resolution for students, 221-223
professional development/training, 163, 166, 169, 346
rationale for, 401-402
referral and follow-up of students, 40-41, 42, 174, 218 n.8, 221-222
and school environment, 224
for special-needs students, 155, 156, 157, 165, 168-169, 170, 177, 187-188, 189, 209, 210, 214
status of, 401
student services, 344-345
team approach, 43, 121, 165, 188, 221, 247, 254-256
School Health Study, 43
School Mental Health Centers, 243 n.4
School Mental Health Project, 184, 377
School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, 73, 178
School-to-Work Opportunities Act, 48 n.4
Schools for the Future Project, 383, 404
Science
assessment measures, 108
health education in, 13, 69, 70, 125, 126, 127-128, 129-131, 134
national standards, 129-130
nutrition education in, 72, 75
profession qualifications and training, 134
Science for All Americans, 130-131
Screening programs
alcohol and drug, 156, 422, 424
anticipatory guidance, 209, 403
cardiovascular, 156, 316-317, 422-423
child abuse, 426
criteria for effective programs, 220
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Program, 24, 207, 209, 219, 221, 243-244, 402-403, 432-433
eating disorders and obesity, 165, 176-177, 423-424
emotional/mental health, 426
follow-up and referral, 40-41, 42, 176-177, 221-222
GAPS recommendations, 422-427
height and weight, 71, 156, 165, 209, 423
HIV, 425-426
hypertension, 422
implementation, 219-221
issues, 221
learning or school problems, 427
Pap tests, 426
physical fitness, 156
rationale for, 157
recommendations, 219
responsibility for, 42
sexual behavior, 424-425
sexually transmitted diseases, 425
tobacco use, 424
tuberculin skin test, 427
vision and hearing, 71, 155, 156, 165, 189, 209, 221-222
Search Institute, 27
Seattle, Washington, 396
Secondary schools
completion rates, 20
dropouts, 19-20, 21, 195, 380-381
health education, 6, 110-112, 115-116, 182
school-based health centers, 182
Self-efficacy, 68, 357-359, 362-363
Services. See also Nutrition and foodservice; School health services; other specific services
elements of, 3
Settlement-house workers, 38
Sex education, see Human sexuality
Sexual behavior, 20
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 122, 123
health education and, 123, 132
and mortality, 23
Sexually transmitted diseases, prevention, 16, 20, 46, 69, 100, 112 -114, 119, 122, 123, 129, 196, 400
Single-parent households, 18, 26-27
Skills, see social skills
Smallpox, 34
Smoking, see Tobacco use
Social learning theory
and health education, 116, 117, 120, 310
outcome expectations, 359-361, 362-363
self-efficacy, 357-359, 362-363
skills, 362-363
Social morbidities, new, 20-22, 46, 49-50, 72, 101, 139, 158-159, 245, 401-402, 416, 444-445
Social services. See also Social workers
standards, 466
Title XX, 374
Social skills
and behavior change, 13, 117, 120, 131, 285-286, 362-363
communication and decision-making, 133
conflict resolution, nonviolent, 100, 112, 114, 118, 133, 378
curriculum, 66, 122, 132-133, 386
goal-setting, 133
measures of, 13
practice by students, 132-133
resisting social pressures, 133
stress management, 133
Social studies, 69, 70, 75, 125, 126-127, 128-129
Social support theory, 310
Social workers
issues related to, 173
personnel, 172-173
services provided by, 169, 172, 371, 380-381
Society for Public Health Education, Inc., 59 n.5
Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation , 59 n.5
Sociocultural perspectives
in delivery of health services, 419
in health care utilization, 212
South Tama County Partnership Center (Iowa), 379, 397
Southern Council on Collegiate Education for Nursing, 165
Southern Regional Education Board, 165
Solving School Health Problems, 44
Special-education and special-needs students, 37-38, 50, 71, 155, 156, 157, 165, 170, 177, 187-188, 189, 209, 210, 214, 248
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 438-439
Speech, language, and hearing therapists, 168-169
Spiral of silence theory, 310
Sports, see Competitive sports
Sports medicine programs, 166
Standards for Social Work in Health Care Settings, 469-470, 472
Stanford Adolescent Heart Health Program, 106-107
Stanford University, 385
St. Paul, Minnesota, 192-193, 298
State agencies and organizations advisory councils , 247
extended services from, 369
funding sources, 179-180, 207-208, 213
health education role, 137
infrastructure building, 10, 246-252, 263-264, 266
interagency coordinating council, 241, 247
State Collaborative on Assessment and Student Standards project, 108, 240
State Nurse Practice Act, 163
Strategic prevention concept, 311-313
Stress prevention, 314-315
Student Assistance Model, 372
Student assistance programs, 174, 250, 312-313, 372-373, 378, 394
Student Leadership Training, 378
Student outcomes
desired, 50
expectations, 359-361, 362-363
health centers and, 192-193
health education, 341-342
physical education, 347
Student services, 344-345
Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 280
Success for All, 66-67, 386, 397
Suggested School Health Policies, 40
Suicide and suicide prevention, 20, 22, 72, 112, 114, 119, 322-332
Supplemental School Health Program, 371-372, 392-393
T
Teachers and personnel. See also Professional development, training, and certification
burden on, 44
health education, 5, 108-109, 115-116, 133-134, 138
health promotion for, 3, 53, 67-68, 224, 352-353, 461
health status of, 41
physical education, 84, 92-94, 96, 98
training/qualifications, 42, 84, 98
Teaching methods, see Instruction
Team Nutrition program, 243
Technical assistance, 184, 251-252, 263, 264
Teen Health Centers, 214, 395, 407-408
Teen Health Corps, 381
Teen parent programs, 384-385
outcomes of interventions, 192-193, 196, 392-393, 400
prevention, 112, 114, 119, 122, 123, 192-193, 316-319, 322-323, 372 -373, 375
Teenage Health Teaching Modules, 104-105, 132, 282
Television, 27
Temperance movement, 36-37
Tobacco use prevention, 69, 100, 112-115, 119, 122-123, 251, 314-315 , 318-321, 460
safety, 64
Travis County Health Department (Texas), 371
Trois Riveres study (Canada), 90-91
Turner School (Philadelphia), 387
U
University of:
Colorado Health Sciences Center, 155, 162, 243 n.4
Maryland at Baltimore, 184, 243 n.4
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 378-379
Texas Health Sciences Center at Galveston, 214
U.S. Children's Bureau, 43
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 175, 177, 238, 243, 248, 459
U.S. Department of Education Comprehensive School Health Education Program , 117
cooperation with the Department of Health and Human Services, 238
funding for health services, 207, 241
National Diffusion Network, 103, 108, 242
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 21, 207, 208, 217 n.7, 238, 243, 280
U.S. Department of the Interior, 38-39
U.S. General Accounting Office, 19, 24, 175
U.S. Office of Education, 40
U.S. Public Health Service, 21
Bureau of Primary Health Care, 48
Healthy People 2000 initiative, 22, 39-40, 46-47, 67-68, 83-84, 85 , 99, 102, 112-115, 177-178
Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities initiative, 48
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 47, 48
V
Vaccination, see Immunizations
Values and Opinions of Comprehensive School Health Education in U.S. Public Schools,124
Vanderbilt study, 189
Victorian attitudes, 36
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 48 n.4
Vision examinations, 35
Visual and Performing arts, 69, 70, 126
Vocational counseling, 38, 172
Vocational education, 69
Volusia County, Florida, 210-211
W
Walbridge Caring Community (Missouri), 195, 382, 396, 397
War on Poverty, 45
Washington Heights, New York, 387-388
Washington, D.C., 242 n.3
Washington State, 396
West Virginia, 242 n.3, 248, 251, 456-462
Westchester County Student Assistance Model, 372
White House Conference on:
Child Health and Protection, 42, 44
Child Welfare, 44
Children in a Democracy, 44
Food, Nutrition, and Health, 44
W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 43
Workforce 2000 report, 19
World Health Organization, 16 n.1, 58, 154
Y
Yale University Child Study Center, 66, 385-386
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 20-21
Youth Service Centers, school-based, 184-185, 382, 393, 404
Youth Violence Prevention Demonstration Grant Program, 434-435
Z