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Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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REFERENCES CITED

Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. 1996. Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision-Making . Draft Report for Public Review and Comment, June 13, 1996, Washington, DC.

Hanlon, B.M. 1996. Waste Tank Summary Report for Month Ending March 31, 1996. Westinghouse Hanford Company Report WHC-EP-0182-96, Richland, WA.

International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1991. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Annals of the ICRP, vol. 21, no. 1-3, Pergamon Press , New York.

Leja, S.1996. Letter dated May 24 from the State of Washington Department of Ecology to K.M. Thompson, U.S. Department of Energy, Richland. Kennewick, WA.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 1995. Principles and Application of Collective Dose in Radiation Protection . NCRP Report No. 121, Bethesda, MD.

National Research Council. 1994. Letter report to Mr. T.P. Grumbly, Assistant Secretary for Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, U.S. Department of Energy. Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes , Washington, DC.

National Research Council. 1995a. Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards. Committee on Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards , Washington, DC.

Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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National Research Council. 1995b. Committee on Environmental Management Technologies Report for the Period Ending December 31, 1994. Committee on Environmental Management Technologies , Washington, DC.

National Research Council. 1996a. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. Committee on Risk Characterization , Washington, DC.

National Research Council. 1996b. Environmental Management Technology-Development Program at the Department of Energy: 1995 Review. Committee on Environmental Management Technologies, National Academy Press , Washington, DC.

National Research Council. 1996c. The Potential Role of Containment-In-Place in an Integrated Approach to the Hanford Reservation Site Environmental Remediation. Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes , Washington, DC.

Rust Geotech. 1996. Vadose Zone Monitoring Project at the Hanford Tank Farms: Tank Summary Data Report for Tank SX-112. Grand Junction Projects Office Report GJ-HAN-14, Tank SX-112, Grand Junction, CO.

U.S. Department of Energy. 1987. Final Environmental Impact Statement: Disposal of Hanford Defense High-Level, Transuranic and Tank Wastes, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington. Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs Report DOE/EIS-0113, 5 Volumes, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Energy. 1993. Recommendations for the Preparation of Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements. Office of NEPA Oversight, Washington, DC.

Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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U.S. Department of Energy. 1994. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Waste Area Grouping 1 Gunite and Associated Tanks Operable Unit Treatability Study Work Plan. Report DOE/OR/02-1300&D1, Oak Ridge, TN.

U.S. Department of Energy. 1995. System Requirements Review, Hanford Tank Waste Remediation System Final Report. Office of Hanford Waste Management Operations , Richland, WA.

U.S. Department of Energy. 1996a. Charting the Course: The Future Use Report. Office of Environmental Management, Office of Field Management, Report DOE/EM-0283, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Energy. 1996b. Hanford Tanks Initiative: Accelerating Hanford Tank Cleanup. Briefing materials, HTI Team, Richland, WA.

U.S. Department of Energy and Washington State Department of Ecology. 1996. Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Tank Waste Remediation System. Report DOE/EIS-0189D, 5 Volumes, Richland, WA.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Land Use in the CERCLA Remedy Selection Process. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Directive 9335.7-04 , Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Office of Research and Development Report EPA/600/P-92/003C, Washington, DC.

Washington State Department of Ecology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and United States Department of Energy. 1994. Hanford Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order, May 1989--As Amended, September 1990, September 1991, August 1992, and January 1994. Report 89-10 Rev. 3, Richland, WA.

Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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DOE Order 5440.1E. 1992. National Environmental Policy Act Compliance Program.

10 CFR Part 61. 1995. Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended.

10 CFR Part 1021. 1995. National Environmental Policy Act Implementing Procedures. U.S. Department of Energy. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended.

40 CFR Part 268.42. 1995. Land Disposal Restrictions: Treatment Standards as Expressed as Specified Technologies. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended.

40 CFR Part 191. 1995. Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended.

40 CFR Parts 1500-1508. 1995. Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended.

53 FR 12449. 1988. Disposal of Hanford Defense High-Level, Transuranic, and Tank Wastes, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington; Record of Decision. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. April 14.

59 FR 4052. 1994. Notice of Intent to Prepare Hanford Tank Waste Remediation System Environmental Impact Statement, Richland, Washington. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. January 28.

Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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Page 62
Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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Page 63
Suggested Citation:"7 References." National Research Council. 1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5403.
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Page 64
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The Hanford Site (also known as the Hanford Reservation) occupies approximately 1,450 km2 (560 square miles) along the Columbia River in south-central Washington, north of the city of Richland. The site was established by the federal government in 1943 to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. Currently, the mission of the site, under the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is management of wastes generated by the weapons program and remediation of the environment contaminated by that waste. As part of that mission, DOE and the State of Washington Department of Ecology prepared the Hanford Site Tank Waste Remediation System Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS).

The Hanford Tanks is a general review of the DEIS. Its findings and recommendations are the subject of this report. Selection of a disposition plan for these wastes is a decision of national importance, involving potential environmental and health risks, technical challenges, and costs of tens to hundreds of billions of dollars. The last comprehensive analysis of these issues was completed 10 years ago, and several major changes in plans have occurred since. Therefore, the current reevaluation is timely and prudent. This report endorses the decision to prepare this new environmental impact statement, and in particular the decision to evaluate a wide range of alternatives not restricted to those encouraged by current regulatory policies.

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