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The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition (1997)

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5778.
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References Abraham, A. S., M. Sonnenblick, M. Eini, O. Shemesh, and A. P. Batt. 1980. The effect of chromium on established atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:2294- 2298. Abraham, A. S., M. Sonnenblick, and M. Eini. 1982a. The action of chromium on serum lipids and on atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 42:185-195. Abraham, A. S., M. Sonnenblick, and M. Eini. 1982b. The effect of chromium on cholesterol- induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 41:371-379. Abraham, A. S., B. A. Brooks, and U. Eylath. 1991. Chromium and cholesterol-induced atheroscle- rosis in rabbits. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 35:203-207. Alcedo, J. A., and K. E. Wetterhahn. 1990. Chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 31 :85-108. Alexander, J. 1993. Toxicity versus essentiality of chromium. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health l9(S 1): 126-127. Al-Sabti, K., M. Franko, B. Andrijanic, S. Knez, and P. Stegnar. 1994. Chromium-induced micro- nuclei in fish. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14:333-336. Amoikon, E. K., J. M. Fernandez, L. L. Southern, D. L. Thompson Jr., T. L. Ward, and B. M. Olcott. 1995. Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites, and growth hormone in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1123-1130. Anderson, R. A. 1987. Pp. 225-244 in Chromium in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutri- tion, Vol. 1, 5th Ed., W. Mertz, ed. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Anderson, R. A. 1988. Recent advances in the role of chromium in human health and diseases. Pp. 189-197 in Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, A.S. Prasad, ed. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. Anderson, R. A. 1994. Stress effects on chromium nutrition of humans and farm animals. Pp. 267- 274 in Biotechnology in the Feed Industry: Proceedings of Alltech's 10th Annual Sym- posium. Leicestershire, UK: Nottingham University Press. Anderson, R. A. 1995. Chromium, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism. J. Adv. Med. 8:37. Anderson, R. A., and M. M. Polansky. 1981. Dietary chromium deficiency effect on sperm count and fertility in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 3:1-5. 70

REFERENCES 71 Anderson, R. A., J. H. Brantner, and M. M. Polansky. 1978. An improved assay for biologically active chromium in food samples and in animal tissues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26: 1219- 1221. Anderson, R. A., M. M. Polansky, N. A. Bryden, E. E. Roginski, K. Y. Patterson, C. Veillon, and W. Glinsman. 1982. Urinary chromium excretion of human subjects: Effects of chromium supplementation and glucose loading. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36:1184-1193. Anderson, R. A., N. A. Bryden, M. M. Polansky, and M. P. Richards. 1989. Chromium supplemen- tation of turkeys: Effects on tissue chromium. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37:131-134. Anderson, R. A., N. A. Bryden, M. M. Polansky, and S. Reiser. 1990. Urinary chromium excretion and insulinogenic properties of carbohydrates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:864-868. Anderson, R., N. Cheng, N. Bryden, M. Polansky, N. Cheng, J. Chi, and J. Feng. 1996a. Beneficial effects of chromium for people with type II diabetes. Diabetes 45: 124A. Anderson, R. A., N. A. Bryden, M. M. Polansky, and K. Gautschi. 1996b. Dietary chromium effects on tissue chromium concentrations and chromium absorption in rats. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 9:11-17. Ani, M., and A. A. Moshtaghie. 1992. The effect of chromium on parameters related to iron metabolism. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 32:57-64. Baker, D. H., and B. A. Molitoris. 1975. Lack of response to supplemental tin, vanadium, chro- mium, and nickel when added to a purified crystalline amino acid diet for chicks. Poult. Sci. 54:925-927. Benabdeljelil, K., and L. S. Jensen. 1989. Effects of distillers' dried grains with solubles and dietary magnesium, vanadium, and chromium on hen performance and egg quality. Nutr. Rep. Int. 39:451-459. Benabdeljelil, K., and L. S. Jensen. 1990. Effectiveness of ascorbic acid and chromium in counteract- ing the negative effects of dietary vanadium on interior egg quality. Poult. Sci. 69:781-786. Berrio, L. F., L. L. Southern, J. M. Fernandez, D. L. Thompson, Jr., and T. L. Ward. 1995. Effect of dietary chromium tripicolinate on insulin binding in isolated pig fat cells and erythrocyte ghosts. FASEB J. 9:A449 (Abstr.). Besong, S., J. Jackson, S. Trammell, and D. Amaral-Phillips. 1996. Effect of supplemental chro- mium picolinate on liver triglycerides, blood metabolites, milk yield, and milk composi- tion in early-lactation cows. J. Dairy Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):97 (Abstr.). Boge, G., P. N'Diaye, H. Roche, and G. Perse. 1988. Effets du chrome hexavalent a des concentra- tions non letales sur ltenzymologie de l'intestin de Salmo gairdneri et de Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces). J. Physiol. 83:57-63. Boleman, S. L., S. J. Boleman, T. D. Bidner, L. L. Southern, T. L. Ward, J. E. Pontif, and M. M. Pike. 1995. Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, body composition, and tissue accretion in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2033-2042. Borel, J. S., and R. A. Anderson. 1984. Chromium. Pp. 175-199 in Biochemistry of the Essential Ultratrace Elements, E. Frieden, ed. New York: Plenum Press. Britton, R. A., G. A. McLaren, and D. Jett. 1968. Influence of cane molasses on NPN utilization and fiber digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 27:1510 (Abstr.). Bunting, L. D., J. M. Fernandez, D. L. Thompson, Jr., and L. L. Southern. 1994. Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing Holstein calves. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1591-1599. Bureau, D. P., J. B. Kirkland, and C. Y. Cho. 1995. The effects of dietary chromium supplementa- tion on performance, carcass yield, and blood glucose of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed two practical diets. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (Suppl 1):194. Burton, J. L. 1995. Supplemental chromium: Its benefits to the bovine immune system. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 53:117. Burton, J. L., B. A. Mallard, and D. N. Mowat. 1993. Effects of supplemental chromium on immune responses of peripaturient and early-lactation dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1532-1539.

72 THE ROLE OF CHROMIUM IN ANIMAL NUTRITION Burton, J. L., B. A. Mallard, and D. N. Mowat. 1994. Effects of supplemental chromium on antibody responses of newly weaned feedlot calves to immunization with infectious bo- vine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 virus. Can. J. Vet. Res. 58:148-151. Burton, J. L., B. J. Nonnecke, P. L. Dubeski, T. H. Elsasser, and B. A. Mallard. 1996. Effects of supplemental chromium on production of cytokines by mitogen-stimulated bovine pe- ripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Dairy Sci. 79:2237-2246. Chang, X., and D. N. Mowat. 1992. Supplemental chromium for stressed and growing feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci. 70:559-565. Chang, X., D. N. Mowat, and G. A. Spiers. 1992. Carcass characteristics and tissue-mineral con- tents of steers fed supplemental chromium. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72:663-669. Chang, X., B. A. Mallard, and D. Mowat. 1994. Proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of feeder calves in response to chromium. Nutr. Res. 14:851-864. Chang, X., D. N. Mowat, and B. A. Mallard. 1995. Supplemental chromium and niacin for stressed feeder calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75:351-358. Chang, G. X., B. A. Mallard, D. N. Mowat, and G. F. Gallo. 1996. Effect of supplemental chro- mium on antibody responses of newly arrived feeder calves to vaccines and ovalbumin. Can. J. Vet. Res. 60:140-144. Chen, N. S. C., A. Tsai, and I. A. Dyer. 1973. Effect of chelating agents on chromium absorption in rats. J. Nutr. 103:1182-1186. Crow, S. D., and M. D. Newcomb. 1997. Effect of dietary chromium additions along with varying protein levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):79 (Abstr.). Crow, S. D., M. D. Newcomb, and P. Ruth. 1997. Effect of dietary chromium addition on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):79 (Abstr.). Cupo, M. A., and W. E. Donaldson. 1987. Chromium and vanadium effects on glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis in the chick. Poult. Sci. 66:120-126. DeFlora, S., and K. E. Wetterhahn. 1989. Mechanisms of chromium metabolism and genotoxicity. Life Chem. Rep. 7:169. DePew, C. L., L. D. Bunting, and J. M. Fernandez. 1995. Blood metabolite responses in preweaning Holstein calves given chromium picolinate. J. Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):276 (Abstr.). DePew, C. L., L. D. Bunting, D. L. Thompson, Jr., and D. T. Grant. 1996. Chromium picolinate does not alter intake or lipid metabolism in lambs fed standard or high-fat diets. J. Dairy Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):140 (Abstr.). Doisy, R. J., D. H. P. Streeten, J. M. Freiberg, and A. J. Schneider. 1976. Chromium metabolism in man and biological effects. Pp. 79-104 in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, Vol. II, A.S. Prasad, ed. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company. Evans, G. W., and L. Meyer. 1992. Chromium picolinate increases longevity. Age 15:134. Evans, G. W., and L. K. Meyer. 1994. Life span is increased in rats supplemented with a chromium- pyridine-2 carboxylate complex. Adv. Sci. Res. 1:19. Evock-Clover, C. M., and N. C. Steele. 1994. Effects of dietary chromium picolinate (CrPic) with or without recombinant porcine somatotropin (rPST) administration on growth perfor- mance and carcass composition of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72 (Suppl. 1):159 (Abstr). Evock-Clover, C. M., M. M. Polansky, R. A. Anderson, and N. C. Steele. 1993. Dietary chromium supplementation with or without somatotropin treatment alters hormones and metabolites in growing pigs without affecting growth performance. J. Nutr. 123:1504-1512. Fagin, J. A., K. Ikerjiri, and S. R. Levin. 1987. Insulinotropic effects of vanadate. Diabetes 36: 1448-1452. Flatt, P. R., L. Juntti-Berggren, P. O. Berggren, B. J. Gould, and S. K. Swanston-Flatt. 1989. Effects of dietary inorganic trivalent chromium (Cr3+) on the development of glucose homeosta- sis in rats. Diabetes Metab. 15:93-97.

REFERENCES 73 Govindaraju, K., T. Ramasami, and D. Ramaswamy. 1989. Chromium (III)-insulin derivatives and their implication in glucose metabolism. J. Inorg. Biochem. 35:137-147. Hafez, Y. S., and F. H. Kratzer. 1976. The effect of diet on toxicity of vanadium. Poult. Sci. 55:918-922. Harper, A. F., and E. T. Kornegay. 1996. Supplemental dietary chromium and fish meal for pigs from weaning to slaughter weight. J. Anim. Sci. 74 (Suppl. 1):194 (Abstr). Harper, A. F., M. D. Lindemann, and E. T. Kornegay. 1995. Effect of supplemental dietary chro- miumon growth performance of weanling swine. J. Anim. Sci.73 (Suppl. 1):194 (Abstr.). Harris, J. E., S. D. Crow, and M. D. Newcomb. 1995. Effect of chromium picolinate on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed adequate and low protein diets. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (Suppl. 1):194 (Abstr.). Hertz, Y., Z. Mader, B. Hepher, and A. Gertler. 1989. Glucose metabolism in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): The effects of cobalt and chromium. Aquaculture 76:255. Hill, C. H., and G. Matrone. 1970. Chemical parameters in the study of in viva and in vitro interactions of transition elements. Fed. Proc. 29:1474-1481. Holdsworth, E. S., and E. Neville. 1990. Effects of extracts of high- and low-chromium brewer's yeast on metabolism of glucose by hepatocytes from rats fed on high- or low-chromium diets. Br. J. Nutr. 63:623-630. Hunt, C. D., and B. J. Stoecker. 1996. Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints, and paradigms for boron, chromium, and fluoride dietary recommendations. J. Nutr. 126:2441S-2451S. Jain, K. K., A. Sinha, P. P. Srivastara, and D. K. Berendra. 1994. Chromium: An efficient growth enhancer in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. J. Aquaculture Tropics 9:49. Jeejeebhoy, K. N., R. C. Chu, E. B. Marliss, G. R. Greenberg, and A. Bruce-Robertson. 1977. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supple- mentation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30:531-538. Jennette, K. W. 1979. Chromate metabolism in liver microsomes. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1:55. Jensen, L. S., and D. V. Maurice. 1980. Dietary chromium and interior egg quality. Poult. Sci. 59:341-346. Jensen, L. S., D. V. Maurice, and M. W. Murray. 1978a. Evidence for a new biological function of chromium. Fed. Proc. 37:404. Jensen, L. S., C. H. Chang, and S. P. Wilson. 1978b. Interior egg quality: Improvement by distillers' feeds and trace elements. Poult. Sci. 57:648-654. Johansson, A., A. Wiernik, C. Jarstrand, and P. Cammer. 1986. Rabbit alveolar macrophages after inhalation of hexa- and trivalent chromium. Environ. Res. 39:372-385. Kegley, E. B., and J. W. Spears. 1995. Immune response, glucose metabolism, and performance of stressed feeder calves fed inorganic or organic chromium. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2721-2726. Kegley, E. B., J. W. Spears, and T. T. Brown Jr. 1996. Immune response and disease resistance of calves fed chromium nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1278-1283. Kegley, E. B., J. W. Spears, and T. T. Brown. 1997. Effect of shipping and chromium supplementa- tion on performance, immune response, and disease resistance in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 75: 1956-1964. Kim, Y. H., I. K. Han, I. S. Shin, B. J. Chae, and T. H. Kang. 1996a. Effect of dietary excessive chromium picolinate on growth performance, nutrient utilizability and serum traits in broiler chicks. Asian-Australian J. Anim. Sci. 9:349-354. Kim, Y. H., I. K. Han, Y. J. Choi, I. S. Shin, B. J. Chae, and T. H. Kang. 1996b. Effects of dietary levels of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass quality, and serum traits in broiler chicks. Asian-Australian J. Anim. Sci. 9:341-347. Kim, J. D., I. K. Han, B. J. Chae, J. H. Lee, J. H. Park, and C. J. Yang. 1997. Effects of dietary chromium picolinate on performance, egg quality, serum traits, and mortality rate of brown layers. Asian-Australian J. Anim. Sci. 10:1.

74 THE ROLE OF CHROMIUM IN ANIMAL NUTRITION Kitchalong, L., J. M. Fernandez, L. D. Bunting, L. L. Southern, and T. D. Bidner. 1995. Influence of chromium tripicolinate on glucose metabolism and nutrient partitioning in growing lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2694-2705. Kornegay, E. T., Z. Wang, C. M. Wood, and M. D. Lindemann. 1997. Supplemental chromium picolinate influences nitrogen balance, dry matter digestibility, and carcass traits in grow- ing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1319. Kuhnert, P. M., B. R. Kuhnert, and R. M. Stokes. 1976. The effect of in viva chromium exposure on Na/K- and Mg-ATPase activity in several tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bull. Environ. Contam. Tox. 15:383-390. Lefavi, R. G., G. D. Wilson, R. E. Keith, R. A. Anderson, D. L. Blessing, C. G. Hames, and J. L. McMillan. 1993. Lipid-lowering effect of a dietary chromium (III)-nicotinic acid com- plex in male athletes. Nutr. Res. 13:239-249. LeMieux, F. M., L. L. Southern, and T. D. Bidner. 1996. Interactive effects of chromium tripicolinate, zinc oxide, and (or) betaine on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 74 (Suppl. 1):184 (Abstr.). Liarn, T. F., S. Chen, Y. Horng, and C. Y. Hu. 1993. The effects of adding chromium picolinate on the growth performance, serum traits, liver ATP-citrate lyase, fructose- 1,6-diphosphatase activities, and carcass characteristics of broilers. Taiwan J. Vet. Med. Anim. Hush. 62:1. Lien, T. F., S. Y. Chen, C. L. Chen, and C. P. Wu. 1993. The effects of various levels of chromium picolinate on growth performances and serum traits of pigs. J. Chinese Soc. Anim. Sci. 22:349. Lien, T. F., S. Chen, S. Shiau, D. P. Froman, and C. Y. Hu. 1996a. Chromium picolinate reduces laying hen serum and egg yolk cholesterol. Professional Anim. Scientist 12:77. Lien, T. F., S. Y. Chen, C. P. Wu, C. L. Chen, and C. Y. Hu. 1996b. Effects of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride on growth performance and serum traits of growing-finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 74 (Suppl. 1):185 (Abstr.). Lindemann, M. D., and K. W. Purser. 1997. Evaluation of dietary chromium supplementation for growing-finishing pigs in a commercial setting. J. Anim. Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):67 (Abstr.). Lindemann, M. D., A. F. Harper, and E. T. Kornegay. 1995a. Further assessment of the effects of supplementation of chromium from chromium picolinate on fecundity in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (Suppl. 1):185 (Abstr.). Lindemann, M. D., C. M. Wood, A. F. Harper, E. T. Kornegay, and R. A. Anderson. 1995b. Dietary chromium picolinate additions improve gain:feed and carcass characteristics in growing- finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows. J. Anim. Sci. 73:457-465. Mathison, G. W., and D. F. Engstrom. 1995. Chromium and protein supplements for growing finishing beef steers fed barley-based diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75:549. McClary, D. G., J. L. Sartin, R. J. Kemppainen, and J. C. W. Williams. 1988. Insulin and growth hormone responses to glucose infusion in mature and first lactation dairy cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:1702-1704. Mertz, W. 1992. Chromium history and nutritional importance. Biol. Trace Elements Res. 32:3- 8. Mertz, W. 1993a. Chromiumin human nutrition: A review. J. Nutr. 123:626-633. Mertz, W. 1993b. Essential trace metals: New definitions based on new paradigms. Nutr. Rev. 51 :287-295. Mertz, W., and E. E. Roginski. 1969. Effect of chromium (III) supplementation on growth and survival under stress in rats fed low-protein diets. J. Nutr. 97:531-536. Mertz, W., and E. E. Roginski. 1975. Some biological properties of chromium (Cr)-nicotinic acid (NA) complexes. Fed. Proc. 34:922 (Abstr.). Mertz, W., E. E. Roginski, and H. A. Schroeder. 1965. Some aspects of glucose metabolism of chromium-deficient rats raised in the strictly controlled environment. J. Nutr. 86:107. Mertz, W., E. W. Toepfer, E. E. Roginski, and M. M. Polansky. 1974. Present knowledge of the role of chromium. Fed. Proc. 33 :2275-2280.

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The American feed industry manufactures tons of dietary supplements and additives each year for inclusion in the diets of food-producing animals. Some scientists have suggested that chromium should be a key ingredient in nutritional supplements. Controversy exists, however, over whether chromium sources should be approved as feed additives and whether enough data exist to establish dietary requirements. Chromium use has been suggested to have positive impacts on farm profitability, and many animal health benefits have been attributed to chromium supplementation, including increased longevity; enhanced reproduction; decreased incidence of metabolic disorders, stress effects, and disease; reduced need for antibiotic usage; improved immune response; and lean carcass quality.

This book addresses recent research on chromium in animal diets; metabolic interactions between chromium and other nutrients; assessments of form and species interactions; supplementation effects; bioavailability of chromium forms and sources; and effects of diet composition, stressors, and animal physiological status on chromium utilization. It also provides recommendations on the essentiality of dietary chromium in domestic animal species and guidelines for use of dietary chromium.

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