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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

Index

A

ABLEDATA, 214

Access to care, 71, 179

long-term support services, 182-183

managed care and, 185

primary care, 180-182

recommended research, 190

Access to environment, 149

assistive technology for, 150-151

definition, 3

engineered environments research, 10

goals of enabling process, 3-5

universal design for, 151-152

Accredited programs

occupational therapy, 239

physical therapy, 238

rehabilitation counseling, 237

rehabilitation medicine, 235

rehabilitation nursing, 236

Activities of daily living

causes of limitations in, 47

functional limitations assessment, 103-104

locomotor assessment, 103

long-term support services, 182

prevalence of disabling conditions, 42

Activity limitation

categories of, 81-82

definition, 42

prevalence, 42-43

Acute care, 173, 179, 196

Administration on Developmental Disabilities, 374

ADRR. See Agency on Disability and Rehabilitation Research

Advisory panels, 375-376

Age-related change, 104-105

research needs, 146, 171

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 357-358

Agency on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (ADRR)

administrative structure, 283-286

coordination and linkage activities, 287-288

funding, 286, 287

information management division, 290-291

organization, 287

rationale, 281, 292

recommendations for, 1-2, 21, 282-283, 296

research administration, 286

research divisions, 288-289

technology transfer role, 193-194, 199-200

training and career development division, 289-290

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

Agnosia, 141

American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 333

American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, 333

American Physical Therapy Association, 333

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 333-334

Americans with Disabilities Act, 159-160, 167, 208

Animal companions, 86

Animal research, 10, 81, 83, 94, 98

Aphasia, 141

Apraxia, 141

Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, 245, 353-354

Architectural design, 207-208

for hearing impairment, 135-136

toilet access, 125, 127

universal design, 151-152

Arthritic disorders, 115

Assessment and measurement, 63

burden-of-care measures, 103-104

cognitive functioning, 144

conceptual trends, 102

functional limitations, 101, 102-105, 108, 146

for hearing impairment, 133-134

hearing impairment as obstacle to, 136

individual differences in degree of disability, 79-80

of lifting limitations, 118, 119

of neuromuscular function, 93

outcomes research, 174-179

of speech limitation, 138, 140

terminology and taxonomy, 145, 378-381

tools for, 85

whole person, 102-103, 105, 144, 146

Assistive technology, 150-151, 182, 213-214, 257

ADRR research, 289

education and certification, 237

Association of Academic Physiatrists, 333

Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, 334-335

Ataxia, 103

Atrophy, 96

B

Back pain, 11, 117

Balance, 109-111, 112

Barden-LaFollette Act, 34

Bending and lifting impairments, 117-119

Biological markers, 83

Biological sciences, 82, 83-84

Biomechanics, 92

Bladder control

contextual disability, 124-125

disorders of, 122-123

functional limitations, 123-124

help-seeking behaviors, 123-124

quality of life issues, 124

research goals, 11

research needs, 126-127

secondary conditions related to, 125-126

Bowel control, 127-128

research goals, 11

Built environment, 150-152

Burden of care, 103-104

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 377

Bureau of the Census, 377

C

Cartilage injury/repair, 91

Causes

of cognitive impairment, 140-141

conceptual models, 63-64, 78-79

of disabilities, 2, 43-46

of disability among children, 48-51

of dysphagia, 120-121

of functional limitation, 11

of limitations in activities of daily living, 47

of paralysis, 94-95

primary attributions, 46

of sexual dysfunction, 128

of speech limitations, 138

of visual impairment, 129-130, 131

of work limitations, 46-47, 55

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

budget, 245, 266, 267

Disabilities Prevention Program, 266, 291-292, 358-360

education and training activities, 232-233

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 360-362

rehabilitation research, 14, 266-268

structure and function, 232, 266

Centers for Organization, Delivery, and Financing of Health and Health-Related Services to People with Disabilities, 190

Cerebellar disorders, 110-111

Certification and credentialing

assistive technology, 237

audiology and speech therapy, 239

occupational therapy, 239

orthotic and prosthetic professions, 239-240

rehabilitation counseling, 237

rehabilitation engineers, 236

rehabilitation medicine, 235

rehabilitation nursing, 236-237

Children

activity limitations, 47-49

patterns of disability, 48-51

Chronic conditions, 51, 181

Circulatory disorders, 46, 47

Clinical practice guidelines, 208-209, 216

Cochrane Collaboration, 202

Cognitive functioning

causes of limitation, 140-141

coping patterns, 163-164

as mediator of disability experience, 161-162

memory, 142

research needs, 142-144

technical aids for problems of, 142

types of impairment, 141-142

See also Psychological factors

Compensation programs, 159

Conceptual models, 3

basis for rehabilitation science and engineering, 75-78

development process, 62-63

historical evolution, 63-64, 78-79, 147

person-environment interactions in, 79-80, 147, 148

role of, 62, 65

unidirectionality, 67

See also Modified IOM model

Consumer Assistive Technology Transfer Network, 213-214

Consumer perspective, 171-172, 182-183, 207-208

participatory action research, 210

private rehabilitation organizations, 342-346

research goals, 220

in technology transfer, 215

Control beliefs, 162

Coping, 163-164

Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis, 174-179, 190, 203-204

Cost of disability and rehabilitation, 1, 2, 18, 40, 57-58, 61, 273 -274

advantages of early intervention, 55-56

benefits of functional improvement, 144-145

brain/spinal cord injury, 56-57

cost-effectiveness research, 174-176, 178-179

cost-of-illness methodology for estimating, 57-60

federal health care spending, 41

federal research spending, 14-15, 18, 274-276

financing long-term support services, 183-184

goals of managed care, 184

health care reform efforts, 172

recommendations for research funding, 20-21

research needs, 12-13, 173

subacute care, 176

urinary incontinence, 123

work-related, 57, 58-59

Cultural factors, 73

definition, 154

as determinants of disability, 147-148

in disabling process, 155-157

help-seeking behaviors, 155-156

in intrapsychic processes, 157

social institutions, 157

See also Social environment;

Socioeconomic factors

Current Population Survey, 54-55, 59, 61

D

Department of Agriculture, 193-194, 195-196

Department of Defense, 272

Department of Education, 20-21, 283, 373, 375

See also National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

Department of Energy, 374

Department of Health and Human Services, 21, 245, 272, 281, 283-286, 357-365, 374, 375

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 245, 365-367

Department of Justice, 376

Department of Transportation, 245, 367-369

Department of Veterans Affairs, 14, 41, 370-372

budget, 244, 262, 371

education and training activities, 234

research activities, 233-234, 261-266, 371-372

technology transfer activities, 193, 195, 198, 212

Disability

definition, 5, 25, 101

definition for children, 47-48

scope of research, 11-12

Disabling process

components, 5, 25

conceptual overview, 3, 6-8, 65-67, 147

See also Modified IOM model

cultural factors, 155-157

economic system as factor in, 158-159

family factors, 165

mathematical modeling, 74-75

political system as factor in, 159-160

psychological factors in, 160-165

risk factors, 67

Down's syndrome, 48

Drooling, 121, 122

Dysarthria, 137-138

Dyslexia, 130-131

Dysphagia, 120-121

E

Early intervention, 55-56

Eating

hand/arm impairments, 116

impairments and functional limitations, 120-121

research needs, 122

research trends, 121-122

Economic factors. See Socioeconomic factors

Education and training, 38

accrediting and credentialing systems, 234-240

ADRR responsibilities, 289-290

assistive technology, 237

audiology and speech therapists, 240

clinical research, 203-204, 206-207

design of academic programs, 241-242

in governmental institutions, 226-234

implications of new conceptual model, 80

knowledge sources, 224

mechanisms, 225-226

occupational therapy, 239

orthotic and prosthetic professions, 239

persons with disabilities, 231-232, 290

physical therapy, 238

primary care providers, 181

recommendations for, 190, 242-243

rehabilitation counseling, 237

rehabilitation engineers, 235-236

rehabilitation medicine, 235

rehabilitation nursing, 236-237

for research, 227, 228-231, 242-243, 253

Educational attainment, 55

Enabling factors, 71, 79

physical environment, 148-149

Enabling process

conceptual models, 3, 6-8, 65-67, 220

See also Modified IOM model

definition, 3, 24-25

economic system as factor in, 158-159

family factors, 165

goals, 3-5, 65

political system as factor in, 159-160

team approach, 26-27

Engineered environments

ADRR research, 289

benefits of, 85

effectiveness, 152

research goals, 10

types of, 152

Engineering/physical sciences, 84-85

education of rehabilitation engineers, 236

Environmental factors, 1

built environment, 150-152

in cognitive functioning, 143-144

differences across settings, 79-80, 157

as enabling, 71, 79

in enabling-disabling process, 6-8, 11-12, 65-69, 71-73, 79-80, 148 , 167, 169

hand/arm therapies, 115-116

improving functional capacity, 144-145

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

intrapersonal, 73

in managing incontinence, 124-125, 127

mathematical modeling, 74-75

in measuring degree of disability, 79-80

in models of disability, 63-64

natural environment, 149-150

physical supports for human performance, 148-149

range of, 148

research needs, 78, 167-169

research trends, 165-166

treatment conceptualization, 27

See also Access to environment;

Cultural factors;

Social environment

Epidemiology

activity limitation, 42

among children, 47-51

brain/spinal cord injury, 56, 57

data collection needs, 60, 78

data sources, 41, 52-53, 54, 59, 377

demographic distribution, 42, 55

demographic trends, 12

disability with primary cause, 46

family patterns, 51-52

geographic distribution, 42

influences on research, 171-172

prevalence of disabling conditions, 2, 40, 42-43, 54, 60-61

recommendations for data collection, 61

severity of disabling conditions, 2, 40, 54

types of disabling conditions, 2, 43-46

urinary incontinence, 123

work limitations, 46-47, 54-55, 58

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 376

Exercise, 86

neuromuscular retraining, 110-111

strength training, 100, 108-109

F

Families, 51-52

in enabling-disabling process, 165

quantity and quality of care, 183-184

Federal research

adequacy of, 272-276

agencies and programs, 244-247, 295-298, 352

See also specific agency or program

consolidation of, 280-281 397

coordination of, 276-278

data sources, 377

effectiveness of, 38

evaluation of, methodology for, 327-330

opportunities to, 279-281

oversight, 246

spending, 14-15, 18, 244-245, 274-276

Focus group, 337-342

Food and Drug Administration, 191

Functional Capacity Index, 108

Functional limitations, 51

aging-related changes, 102, 104-105

assessment, 101, 102-105, 108, 146

bending and lifting, 117-119

bladder control, 122-127

bowel control, 127-128

causes of, 11

classification and terminology, 145

clinical taxonomy, 380

cognitive, 140-142

cross-cutting research issues, 102

cultural determinants, 155-157

definition, 5, 25, 101

dimensions of physical capacity, 108

in eating, 120-122

focus of rehabilitation, 101-102

hand/arm manipulation, 113-117

hearing, 132-136

impairment and, 100-102, 105

locomotor, 104, 108-113

mathematical modeling, 74-75

measurement, 100

recommendations for research, 145-146

research needs, 144-145

restoration goals, 3-5

scope of research, 10-11

secondary condition effects, 102, 104-105

sexual, 128-129

speech, 137-140

strength training, 100, 108-109

visual, 129-132

G

Gait analysis, 90, 93

functional limitation, 101, 103

research needs, 111-113

strength training effects, 109, 110

Gender differences, 42

General Services Administration, 375-376

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

Genetics research, 9-10, 83-84

gene therapy, 204

skeletal muscle disease, 95

Geographic factors, 148-149, 159

H

Hand/arm manipulation

arthritic disorders, 115

functional importance, 113

research needs, 116-117

surgical interventions, 113-115

therapeutic interventions, 115

Health services research, 12-13, 86

acute care, 173, 179

chronic disease risk, 181

cost-effectiveness, 174-179

data needs, 188, 190

delivery system, 171

in existing disciplines, 218-220

influences on, 171-172

limitations of, 170-171

long-term needs of persons with disability, 179-184, 205-206

managed care issues, 184-187

primary care delivery, 180-182

priorities, 12-13, 172, 173

recommendations, 189-190

risk adjustment, 187

scope, 12, 172-173

transdisciplinary collaboration for, 188-189

Hearing impairment

among children, 48

certification of therapists for, 240

environmental design for, 135-136

functional limitations, 132-136

interventions, 134-135

prevalence, 43

research needs, 136

research trends, 11

Help-seeking behaviors

cultural factors, 155-156

economic factors, 158

urinary incontinence, 123-124

I

Impairment

aging-related changes, 104-105

balance, 109-111

benefits of research, 97-98

categories of activity limitations, 81-82

clinical taxonomy, 378-379

cognitive, 140-144

cultural determinants, 156

definition, 5, 25

eating, 120-122

elimination function, 122-128

functional limitation and, 100-102, 105

hand/arm, 113-117

hearing, 132-136

lifting capacity, 117-119

locomotor, 108-113

mathematical modeling, 74-75

preclinical studies, 81

prevalence, 42-43

research domains, 9-10, 81, 82-87

research needs, 97, 98

sexual functioning, 128-129

speech, 136-140

strength, 108-109

vision, 129-132

Incontinence. See Bladder control;

Bowel control

Independent living movement, 171-172

Instrumental activities of daily living

causes of limitations in, 47

functional limitations assessment, 103-104

prevalence of disabling conditions, 42

Insurance, 144-145

clinical research and, 205, 216

Interagency Committee on Disability

Research (ICDR), 21, 41, 253, 256, 259-262, 277, 282

L

Learning disability/mental retardation

among children, 48

as main cause of impairment, 46

prevalence, 43

work limitations related to, 47

Lifestyle/behavioral factors, 6-8

Ligament injury/repair, 90-91

Locomotor function, 104, 108-113

Long-term care

access issues, 182-183

delivery issues, 183-184

in managed care systems, 186

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

primary care issues, 180-182

research needs, 12-13, 173, 182-183, 205-206

significance of, 179-180

Longitudinal research, 178, 190

M

Managed care

clinical research reimbursement, 205, 216

delivery systems, 184

effectiveness, 184-186

goal, 184

medical decision-making, 207

recommended research, 190

rehabilitative care trends in, 175-176

research needs, 13, 173, 184-187

risk adjustment/risk management, 187

Mathematical modeling, 74-75

of neuromuscular function, 93

Medicaid, 205

Medical decision-making

clinical research basis, 202-203

consumer rights, 171-172

cost-effectiveness analysis, 174-175

in managed care, 207

practice guidelines for, 208-209

Medical management/treatment

access to, in model of enabling process, 71

acute care, 173, 179

consumer participation, 171-172

cost of disabilities, 57-58, 174, 273-274

federal disability-related spending, 41

long-term support services, 182-183

primary care, 180-182

subacute care, 175-176

transfer of research findings, 38

trends, 175

See also Health services research;

Therapeutic process/technique

Medicare, 205

Medlantic Research Institute, 334

Memory impairment, 142

Mental retardation. See Learning disability/Mental retardation

Mobility and ambulation, 111

Modified environments. See Engineered environments

Modified IOM model

distinguishing features, 64, 67-69

enabling-disabling process in, 6-8, 65-71

historical evolution, 63-64

implications for policy, 80

implications for research, 79-80

implications for training, 80

macrosystems/ mesosystems/ microsystems, 73, 159

mathematical modeling for, 74-75

person-environment interactions in, 72-73, 148

psychological factors in, 73

rationale, 67

recommendations for, 80

representation of disability in, 69-70, 73-74

representation of environment in, 69, 71-72

representation of individual in, 69, 70-71

risk factors, 71

transitional factors, 71

Molecular biology, 9-10, 82, 83-84

Mortality, as public health measure, 2, 24

Muscle repair, 10

historical technical development, 29

Musculoskeletal/tissue disorders, 43, 46, 47

among children, 48

atrophy, 96

clinical taxonomy, 378-379

current understanding and interventions, 87, 89-97

genetically associated, 83-84

healing processes, 90-91

neuromuscular system, 91-93

paralysis, 94-96

soft tissue injury, 90-91

synovial joints, 89-90

tissue grafts, 90-91

Myasthenia gravis, 94

N

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 374

National Cancer Institute, 196, 199

National Center for Health Statistics, 377

National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, 14, 41

budget, 205, 244-245, 253, 362

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

education and training activities, 228-231

opportunities for improving, 291

organization and operations, 227-228

research activities, 228, 253-256, 362-363

structure and function, 251, 252-253

National Disability Statistics and Policy Forum, 60

National Health Interview Survey, 78

design, 41, 42

disability supplement data, 52-53

findings, 42-52

recommendations for, 61, 190

National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) , 34

budget, 15, 151, 244, 256-259, 355

education and training activities, 226-227

origins and development, 36

recommendations for, 1-2, 16-18, 20-21, 282-283, 295-296

research activities, 14, 226, 256-261, 277-278, 355-356

strategies for improving, 279-280, 281-282

structure and function, 41, 151, 226, 256, 354-355

technology transfer activities, 195, 199, 212-214

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 374

National Institutes of Health clinical research funding, 205

disability-related research, 41, 246, 247-252, 276-277

recommendations for, 99, 145, 169

structure and function, 247

technology transfer activities, 199, 211-212

See also National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research

National Rehabilitation Information Center, 214, 356

National Science Foundation

budget, 245, 268

education and training activities, 231-232

rehabilitation research, 14, 268-272, 372-373

structure and operations, 231, 268

Neurological disorders, 46, 47

among children, 48

bladder control, 122-123

clinical taxonomy, 379

hearing impairments related to, 133

neuromuscular injury and repair, 91-93

paralysis, 94-96

See also Spinal cord/brain injuries

Neuroscience research, 10, 83, 87-89, 143

Nursing, 219, 236

O

Occupational therapy

accreditation and certification, 239

historical development, 29, 34, 36

mission, 239

vocational rehabilitation, 36

Office of Disability, Aging, and Long-Term Care Policy, 245, 272, 363-365

Optimism, 164

Orthopedic disorders

among children, 48

as main cause of impairment, 46

prevalence, 43

work limitations related to, 46-47

Orthopedic medicine

historical development of rehabilitation science, 32

research needs, 113

Orthotics

certification for, 240

research needs, 113

role of, 239

Outcomes research, 203-204

attitude as outcome mediator, 164

on clinical investigations, 206-207

cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis, 178-179

current inadequacy, 176-179

exercise intervention, 108-111

longitudinal studies, 178

need for, 174-176

quality of life measures, 176-177

use of comparison groups, 177

P

Pacemakers, 92

Pain, 101

functional limitation assessment, 108

Paralysis

causes, 94-95

effects, 94

therapies, 95-96

work limitations related to, 47

Paralyzed Veterans of America, 335-336

Participatory action research, 210

Pathology

among children, 48-51

benefits of research, 97-98

categories of activity limitations, 81-82

central nervous system dysfunction, 87

chronic conditions causing disability, 51

cultural factors in, 154-156

definition, 5, 25

disease markers, 83

economic factors in course of, 158

federal research efforts, 249

mathematical modeling, 74-75

preclinical studies, 81

prevalence of disabling conditions, 43-46

research domains, 9-10, 81, 82-87

research needs, 97, 98

sexual dysfunction, 128

speech limitations, 138

visual impairment, 130, 131

Peer review process, 259

Personality factors, 164

Pharmacology research, 10, 84

technology transfer, 192

Physiatry, 30, 235

Physical therapy

accredited programs, 238

historical development, 29, 30

practitioner supply, 238-239

professional activities, 30, 238

research for rehabilitation science, 86, 219

tissue healing processes, 90

Policymaking, 80, 159-160

consumer influence, 172

public health research for, 219-220

Polio, 30-31

President's Committee on Employment of Persons with Disabilities, 376

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, 376

Prevention, 67

home and recreational injuries, 360

primary care issues, 180-182

research for, 267-268

violence, 360, 361

Professional associations, 30, 34, 331-337

Professional development/standing, 37-38

academic programs for, 241-242

accrediting and credentialing systems, 234-240

ADRR activities, 289-290

implications of health care reform, 172

need for new discipline of rehabilitation science and engineering, 221-226, 294

opportunities for, 13-14

recommendations for, 18-19, 294

technology transfer mechanisms, 201-203

Project ACTION, 369-370

Prosthetics, 10

certification for, 240

engineering advancements, 111

hand/arm, 116-117

historical development, 28, 29, 30-31, 32-34

neuromuscular system, 92

research areas, 85

role of, 239-240

utilization, 183

Psychological factors

in back pain-related work limitation, 119

control beliefs, 162

coping patterns, 163-164

as environmental mediators of disability experience, 148, 160-161, 164-165

in models of enabling-disabling process, 73

personality disposition, 164

research needs, 165

self-efficacy beliefs, 161-162

social cognitive processes, 161

social-cultural influences on, 157

training of rehabilitation counselors, 237

See also Cognitive functioning

Q

Quality of life

as measure of public health, 2, 24

as outcomes measure, 176-177

urinary incontinence and, 124

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

R

Race/ethnicity

prevalence of disabling conditions, 42, 51-52

prevalence of work disability, 55

Randomized controlled trials, 177, 201

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 36

Rehabilitation counseling, 237

Rehabilitation engineering, 34, 236, 249, 253, 258, 269

ADRR research, 289

Rehabilitation medicine, 235

historical development, 28-36

See also Medical management/treatment

Rehabilitation Nurses Foundation, 334-335

Rehabilitation process. See Enabling process

Rehabilitation science and engineering

accrediting and credentialing systems, 234-240

conceptual matrix for, 75-78

contributions of, 14

definition and scope, 5, 13-14, 25, 75-78, 223-225

design of academic programs for, 241-242

general priorities, 1, 19

historical development, 27-36

integration of research disciplines, 219-221

need for new discipline of, 221-223, 225-226, 294

need for review of systems, 2-3, 36-38

paradigms of, 224-225

purpose, 224

research domains, 8-9, 13, 14

scientific disciplines in, 9-10, 82, 218-219, 242

uniqueness of research project, 86-87

See also Education and training;

Professional development/standing

Rehabilitation team, 26-27, 28-29

Reproductive biology, 129

Research activities, 1

Research system

clinical research, 203-207

conceptual matrix for rehabilitation science, 75-78

current organization and administration, 13-18, 38, 41, 272-278

data collection, 60, 61, 78

education and training, 227, 228-231, 242-243

funding, 296-298

historical development in U.S., 32-36

opportunities for improvement, 16

peer review process, 21, 99

policy decisions, 160

priorities, 19, 294-295

priority setting, 87, 99

public access to, 215, 216, 290-291

recommendations for, 19-21, 61, 98-99, 145-146, 167-169, 43, 296-298

team approach, 27

technology transfer process, 13

uniqueness of rehabilitation science and engineering, 86-87

See also Federal research;

Technology transfer Research topics

balance impairment, 109-111

biological sciences, 9-10, 82, 83-84

bladder control, 126-127

cognitive functioning, 142-144

disability, 11-12

domains of rehabilitation science and engineering, 8-9

eating limitations, 121-122

enabling factors, 79

engineering/physical sciences, 84-85

environmental factors, 165-169

functional limitation, 9-10, 102-105, 144-146

hand/arm therapies, 116-117

hearing impairment, 136

human musculoskeletal systems, 87-97

lifting limitations, 118-119

locomotion, 111-113

measurement of disability, 79-80

outcomes, 174-179, 203-204

pathology and impairment, 9-10, 81, 82-87, 97-98

pharmacological, 10, 84

public health, 219-220

randomized controlled trials, 177, 201

sexual functioning, 129

skeletal muscle, 93-97

social/behavioral sciences, 82, 85-86

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
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speech rehabilitation, 140

strength training mechanisms and outcomes, 108-109

translational, 203-204

visual impairment, 131-132

See also Health services research

Respiratory disorders, 46

among children, 48

Risk adjustment/risk management, 187

Risk factors, 67

enabling factors and, 71

in modified IMO model, 71

Robotics, 92-93

S

Sandia National Laboratories, 334

Secondary conditions, 205-206

in bladder impairment, 125-126

definition, 5, 25, 104

functional limitations assessment, 102, 104-105

prevention, 180

risk for persons with disability, 180

Self-efficacy beliefs, 161-162

Sensory stimulation

as enabling factor, 149

See also Hearing impairment;

Visual impairment

Severity of disabling conditions

educational attainment and, 55

environmental determinants, 73, 147-148

epidemiology, 2, 40, 54

hearing impairment, 133-134

obstacles to measurement, 79-80

Sexual functioning, 128-129

Sign language, 132, 134

Smith-Fess Act, 34

Social/behavioral sciences, 82, 85-86

Social environment

animal companionship, 86

cognitive impairment and, 143

components of, 154

economic system, 158-159

family functioning, 165

institutions of, 157

modified IOM model, 69, 72-74

participatory action research, 210

physical environment and, 148

political system, 159-160

societal limitations model, 64, 67

See also Cultural factors

Social Security Administration, 245, 272

Socioeconomic factors, 54, 55, 158-159

among families with disabled members, 52

as determinant of disability, 73

Speech impairments

assessment, 138

functional limitations, 137

research needs, 140

therapeutic interventions, 138-140

types of, 137-138, 139

Spinal cord/brain injuries

benefits of early intervention, 55-56

cognitive impairment, 140-142

current understanding and interventions, 87-89

economic costs, 56-57

prevalence, 56, 57

research trends, 10, 11

Strength training, 100, 108-109

Stuttering, 139

Subacute care, 175-176

Surgical interventions

attitude as outcome mediator, 164

hand/arm, 113-115

Survey of Income and Program Participation, 54, 61

T

Taxonomy, 145, 378-381

Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act , 150-151

Technology transfer, 38

ADRR activities, 290-291

barriers, 200-201, 214

benefits, 200

clinical practice guidelines in, 208-209

clinical practice mechanisms, 201-203

clinical research for, 203-208, 216

definition, 13, 191

difficulty of, 191

federal mechanisms, 210-214

federal role, 198-200

funding, 201

goals, 191, 199-200, 214

implementation, 13

incentives, 207-208

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
×

legal environment, 195

market considerations, 198

models for, 193-194, 195-196

obstacles to, 13

organizational structures for, 194-196

participatory action research, 210

promoters of, 196-198

recommendations, 214-216, 295

sources of technology, 194

unique needs of rehabilitation science, 192-193

Therapeutic process/technique

bladder control interventions, 126-127

for cognitive impairment, 142-144

for disuse atrophy, 96

drooling interventions, 122

eating limitation interventions, 121-122

economic benefits of early intervention, 55-56

exercise intervention outcomes, 108-111

hand/arm interventions, 113-117

for hearing impairment, 134-135

historical development, 27-34

research for rehabilitation science, 82, 86

skeletal muscle paralysis, 95-96

for soft tissue injury, 90

for speech limitations, 138-140

for spinal cord/brain injuries, 87-89

for synovial joint rehabilitation, 90-91

team approach, 26-27

See also Medical management/treatment

Transitional factors, 71

cultural, 155-157

U

United States Information Agency, 377

Universal design, 151-152

ADRR research, 289

V

Veterinary science, 86

Visual impairment

among children, 48

causes of, 129-130

certification of therapists for, 240

functional limitations, 129-131

as main cause of impairment, 46

prevalence, 43

research needs, 131-132

research trends, 11

technical aids for, 131

work limitations related to, 47

Vocational rehabilitation, 36.

See also Occupational therapy

W

Wheeled locomotion, 113

toilet access, 125

universal design for, 150

Work limitations

back pain, 119

bending and lifting impairments, 117-118

bladder control, 124-125

community factors, 158

cost estimates, 57, 58-59

environmental determinants of disability, 73

epidemiology, 46-47, 54-55

models of disability, 63-64

rehabilitation outcomes research, 178

research needs, 60

rights of job applicants and workers, 159-160

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5799.
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Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering Get This Book
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The most recent high-profile advocate for Americans with disabilities, actor Christopher Reeve, has highlighted for the public the economic and social costs of disability and the importance of rehabilitation. Enabling America is a major analysis of the field of rehabilitation science and engineering. The book explains how to achieve recognition for this evolving field of study, how to set priorities, and how to improve the organization and administration of the numerous federal research programs in this area.

The committee introduces the "enabling-disability process" model, which enhances the concepts of disability and rehabilitation, and reviews what is known and what research priorities are emerging in the areas of:

  • Pathology and impairment, including differences between children and adults.
  • Functional limitations—in a person's ability to eat or walk, for example.
  • Disability as the interaction between a person's pathologies, impairments, and functional limitations and the surrounding physical and social environments.

This landmark volume will be of special interest to anyone involved in rehabilitation science and engineering: federal policymakers, rehabilitation practitioners and administrators, researchers, and advocates for persons with disabilities.

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