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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
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Miller, T. 1995 Unpublished tabulation and analysis of 1987–1992 National Health Interview Survey data. Children's Safety Network Economics and Insurance Resource Center, National Public Services Research Institute, Landover Md.

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Mines, R., and M. Kearney 1982 The Health of Tulare County Farmworkers: A Report of 1981. Survey and Ethnographic Research for the Tulare County Department of Health. Department of Labor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy.

Mines, R., S. Gabbard, and A. Stierman 1997 A Profile of U.S. Farm Workers. Demographics, Household Composition, Income and Use of Services. Based on data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS, 1994–95). Prepared for the Commission on Immigration Reform. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy.

Mobed, K., E.B. Gold, and M.B. Schenker 1992 Occupational health problems among migrant and seasonal farm workers. In Cross-cultural Medicine—A Decade Later. Western Journal of Medicine 157(Special Issue):367–373.

Moses, M. 1989 Pesticide-related health problems and farm workers. American Association of Occupation Health Nursing Journal 37(3):115–130.

Mull, L.D. 1994 Broken covenant: The future of migrant and seasonal farm worker children and their families in the United States. Testimony presented before the Helsinki Commissions on the human rights violations of migrant workers. Washington, D.C.: Association of Farmworker Opportunity Programs.

Myers, J.R. 1995 Special analysis of data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH Traumatic Injury Surveillance of Farmers survey). Morgantown, W.Va.: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

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×

Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1987 Field sanitation: Final rule. 29 C.F.R. Part 1928. Federal Register 52(84):16050–16096, May 1.

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1997b Changes in agriculture bring potential for new health and safety risks. Wisconsin Medical Journal 96 (8): 10–11.


Palerm, J.V. 1991 Farm Labor Needs and Farmworkers in California, 1970 to 1989. California Agricultural Studies, No. 91-2. Sacramento, Calif.: Employment Development Department.

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Rivara, F. 1997 Fatal and non-fatal farm injuries to children and adolescents in the United States, 1990–1993

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Schwartz, D.A., and J.P. LoGerfo 1988 Congenital limb reduction defects in the agricultural setting. American Journal of Public Health 78(6):654–657.

Sharp, D.S., B. Eskenazi, R. Harrison, P. Callas, and A.H. Smith. 1986 Delayed health hazards of pesticide exposure. Annual Review of Public Health 7:441–471.

Shaver, C.S., and T. Tong 1991 Chemical hazards to agricultural workers. State of the Art Reviews: Occupational Medicine 6:391–413.

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×

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1993 A Guide to Heat Stress in Agriculture. EPA-750-b-92-001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

U.S. General Accounting Office 1993 Pesticides on Farms: Limited Capability Exists to Monitor Occupational Illnesses and Injuries. GAO/PEMD-94-6, December 15. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1998 Child Labor in Agriculture. GAO/HEHS-98-112R, March 20. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Wasserstrom, R.F., and R. Wiles 1985 Field Duty: U.S. Farmworkers and Pesticide Safety. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.

Wilkening, E., and J. Gilbert 1987 Family farming in the United States. Pp. 271–301 in Family Farming in Europe and America, B. Galeski and E. Wilkening, eds. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.


Zahm, S.H., and A. Blair 1993 Cancer among migrant and seasonal farmworkers: An epidemiologic review and research agenda. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 24:753–766.

Zahm, S.H., M.H. Ward, and A. Blair 1997 Pesticides and cancer. Occupational Medicine 12(2):1–20.

CHAPTER 6

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Castillo, D.N., D.D. Landen, and L.A. Layne 1994 Occupational injury deaths of 16-and 17-year-olds in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 84(4):646–649.

Cone, J.E., A. Dapone, D. Makofsky, R. Reiter, C. Becker, R.J. Harrison, and J. Balmes 1991 Fatal injuries at work in California. Journal of Occupational Medicine 33:813–817.


Department of Labor and Industries 1994 Changes to the Nonagricultural Child Labor Rules: Impact Analysis . Report of the Child Labor Rules Research Team. December 22. Olympia, Wash.: Department of Labor and Industries.

Gray, W.B., and J.T. Scholz 1993 Does regulatory enforcement work? A panel analysis of OSHA enforcement. Law and Society Review 27(1):177–213.


Greenberger, E., and L. Steinberg 1986 When Teenagers Work: The Psychological and Social Costs of Adolescent Employment. New York: Basic Books.


Hamilton, S.F. 1990 Apprenticeship for Adulthood: Preparing Youth for the Future. New York: Free Press.


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Knight, E.B., D.N. Castillo, and L.A. Layne 1995 A detailed analysis of work-related injury among youth treated in emergency departments. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 27:793–805.

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Maples, T.W., J.A. Jacoby, D.E. Johnson, G.L. Ter Haar, and F.M. Buckingham 1982 Effectiveness of employee training and motivation programs in reducing exposure to inorganic lead and lead alkyls. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 43(9):692–694.

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National Committee for Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention 1996 Children and Agriculture: Opportunities for Safety and Health, A National Action Plan. Marshfield, Wisc.: Marshfield Clinic.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

National Consumers League 1992 State Departments of Labor Child Labor Survey. Washington, D.C.: Child Labor Coalition, National Consumers League.

1993 1993 State Labor Department Child Labor Survey. Washington, D.C.: Child Labor Coalition, National Consumers League.

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1995 NIOSH ALERT. Preventing Deaths and Injuries of Adolescent Workers . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 95-125. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

1997 Child Labor Research Needs: Report of the NIOSH Child Labor Working Group. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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National School-to-Work-Office no date School-to-Work and Employer Liability: A Resource Guide. Washington, D.C.: National School-to-Work Office. Available at http://www.stw.ed.gov/factsht/emplia.htm [1997, December 3].

Nelson, N.A., J. Kaufman, J. Kalat, and B. Silverstein 1997 Falls in construction: Injury rates for OSHA-inspected employers before and after citation for violating the Washington state fall protection standard. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 31:296–302.

Office of Technology Assessment 1985 Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace. OTA-H-256, April. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available at http://www.wws.princeton.edu:80/~ota/ns20/pubs_f.html [1997, December 5].

Olson, L. 1997 The School-to-Work Revolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.


Parker, D.L., W.R. Carl, L.R. French, and F.B. Martin 1994 Characteristics of adolescent work injuries reported to the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry. American Journal of Public Health 84(4):606–611.

Purschwitz, M. 1990 Fatal Farm Injuries to Children. Report for the Office of Rural Health Policy. Marshfield: Wisconsin Rural Health Research Center.


Runyan, CW., R. Zakocs, K.A. Dunn, M.D. Schulman, and C. Evensen 1997 Teen Workers' Training and Concerns About Job Safety. Paper presented at the American Public Health Association 124th Annual Meeting, November 12. Indianapolis, Indiana. Available from Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.


Scholz, J.T., and W.B. Gray 1997 Can government facilitate cooperation? An informational model of OSHA enforcement. American Journal of Political Science 41(3):693–717.

Shutske, J.M. 1994 An educator's perspective on childhood agricultural injury. Journal of Agromedicine 1(4):31–46.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Sigler, J.A., and J.E. Murphy 1988 Interactive Corporate Compliance: An Alternative to Regulatory Compulsion. New York: Quorum Books.

Steinberg, L. 1996 Adolescence, 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Steinberg, L., B.B. Brown, and S.M. Dornbusch 1996 Beyond the Classroom: Why School Reform Has Failed and What Parents Need to Do. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Stern, D., and D. Stevens 1992 Analysis of Unemployment Insurance Data on the Relationship Between High School Cooperative Education and Subsequent Employment. Paper prepared for the National Assessment of Vocational Education, School of Education, University of California, Berkeley.

Stern, D., N. Finkelstein, M. Urquiola, and H. Cagampang 1997 What differences does it make if school and work are connected? Economics of Education Review 16:213–229.

Stern, D., N. Finkelstein, N., J.R. Stone III, J. Latting, and C. Dornsife 1994 Research on School-to-Work Transition Programs in the United States. Berkeley, Calif.: National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

Stewart, R.J. 1979 The impact of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injury rates. Journal of Human Resources 14:145–170.

Stout, N.A., and C.A. Bell 1991 Effectiveness of source documents for identifying fatal occupational injuries: A synthesis of studies. American Journal of Public Health 81(6):725–728.

U.S. Department of Labor 1990 Child Labor Requirements in Nonagricultural Occupations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act: Child Labor Bulletin No. 101, WH-1330, Wage and Hour Division, Employment Standards Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor.

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no date Workers compensation data. Available at http://www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/regs/statutes/stwclaw: Table 1: Type of Law and Insurance Requirements for Private Employment. Table 3: Coverage of Agricultural Workers.

U.S. Departments of Education and Labor

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Wallerstein, N. 1992 Health and safety education for workers with low-literacy and limited-English skills. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 22(5):751–766.

Wallerstein, N., and M. Weinger 1992 Health and safety education for worker empowerment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 22(5):619–636.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Weeks, J.L. 1991 Occupational health and safety regulation in the coal mining industry: Public health at the workplace. Annual Review of Public Health 12:195–207

Zohar, D., A. Cohen, and N. Azar 1980 Promoting increased use of ear protectors in noise through informational feedback. Human Factors 22(1):69–79.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
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Next: Appendix A: Sources of Information »
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In Massachusetts, a 12-year-old girl delivering newspapers is killed when a car strikes her bicycle. In Los Angeles, a 14-year-old boy repeatedly falls asleep in class, exhausted from his evening job. Although children and adolescents may benefit from working, there may also be negative social effects and sometimes danger in their jobs.

Protecting Youth at Work looks at what is known about work done by children and adolescents and the effects of that work on their physical and emotional health and social functioning. The committee recommends specific initiatives for legislators, regulators, researchers, and employers.

This book provides historical perspective on working children and adolescents in America and explores the framework of child labor laws that govern that work. The committee presents a wide range of data and analysis on the scope of youth employment, factors that put children and adolescents at risk in the workplace, and the positive and negative effects of employment, including data on educational attainment and lifestyle choices.

Protecting Youth at Work also includes discussions of special issues for minority and disadvantaged youth, young workers in agriculture, and children who work in family-owned businesses.

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