National Academies Press: OpenBook

The Earth's Electrical Environment (1986)

Chapter: INDEX

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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1986. The Earth's Electrical Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/898.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1986. The Earth's Electrical Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/898.
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Page 260
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1986. The Earth's Electrical Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/898.
×
Page 261
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1986. The Earth's Electrical Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/898.
×
Page 262
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1986. The Earth's Electrical Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/898.
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Page 263

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true INDEX 259 INDEX A Middle atmosphere; drop charging in, 120 Acid rain, role of lightning in generation of, Upper atmosphere electrical development of, 131-145 76, 91 Atmospheric-electric fog effect, 153, 158, electrified, 91, 127 Acoustic waves, 52-56, 58-59 164 inductive charging in, 119-121, Aerosols Auroral oval, 196-197, 203 127-129, 133-134, 137-139, dispersion, 154, 157 B 141-142 effect on ion depletion, 152, 160 interface charging in, 121-124, 128-129 Blunt-probe technique, 189-190 isolated cirrus, 131 from volcanic eruptions, 168-170, 175, Broadband antenna system, lightning signa- maritime, 142 181, 187 ture measurement with, 33 in lower atmosphere, 168, 181 mesocyclone wall, 42 Buildings, lightning protection for, 66-67 noctilucent, 183, 188 in mesosphere, 188 in upper troposphere, 168 C noninductive charging in, 134-135, nature of, 152-153 Canada, lightning detection networks in, 138-139, 141, 143 stratospheric, morphology of, 168 28-29, 62 particle charge of, 100, 105, 115-129, Air-earth current, 176-177, 180, 206, Carnegie curve, 155, 216, 226-227 140 215-216 Cloud scale charge separators, 4-5, 114 selective ion charging in, 117-118, 126, Aircraft Clouds 128-129, 135-137 downdraft threat to, 84, 93 acid generation in, 76, 91 slab, 141 gust front hazard to, 86 acoustic wave scattering by, 53-54 stratocumulus, 124, 136 lightning strikes to, 42, 44, 61, 64-65, 69 all-water, 131 stratus, 131, 173 protection of from lightning, 61 altostratus, 173 thermoelectric charging in, 121, Arctic haze events, 168 anvil, 107 128-129, 134 Atmosphere artificial chaff seeding of, 141 thunder inside, 54 electrical structure of, 6-8, 159-162, breakup charging in, 118, 126, 128-129 turrets, 127 194, 222-223 charging mechanisms in, 4-6, 13, warm, 99, 126, 129, 142 nitrogen fixation in, 1, 70-75 114-130, 132-139, 141-142 see also Cumulus clouds; overturning in, 82-84 chemical effects of lightning on, 30, Thunderclouds prebiological, trace gases in, 75-76 70-77, 91 Communication cables, telluric current radioactive gases in, 150 cirrus, 173 interaction with, 243-245 refractive effects of, 55 convective charging, 114-129, 132, Communications, use of waveguide in role of lightning in chemistry of, 30, 142, 144 earth's crust for, 249 70-77, 91 cumulonimbus, 4, 207 Condensation, relative to air motion, 84 study recommendations on, 16-20 cumulus congestus, 136 Conductivity thermal structure during thunderstorms, diffusion charging in, 5, 115-116, aerosol density effect on, 173 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. 55-56 128-129 see also Lower atmosphere; drift charging in, 5, 116-117, 125-126, 128-129

to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true INDEX 260 atmospheric, 170-176, 178-179, El Chichon, aerosols from eruption of, 9, Global electric circuit, 6-8, 11, 30, 92, 188-192, 197, 206-207 169-170, 175 114, 149, 153, 156, 162, 166, 176, Hall, 214 Electric field meters, balloonborne, 93 178, 192, 206-231 ionic, 156 Electric fields Global electrostatic potential, 200-201 Pedersen, 214 anthropogenic influences on, 178-179 Greenhouse effect, 81-82 see also Telluric currents characteristics of, 217 Grounding, 67 Contact potentials, 121-124, 135, 142 density, 156 H Convection fluctuations caused by turbulence, 154 as a cloud-scale separator, 114 interactions with upper atmosphere, Hail charge currents for, 102 203-204 growth and trajectory of, 85-86, 88, 120, in thunderstorms, 4, 81-82, 84-85, 95, 97, lower atmospheric, 176-181 127 99, 102, 109-110 mapping of, 191 soft, 120-121, 123-124 role in cloud particle growth, 132-133 measurements, 94-95 wet, 121 theories of electrification, 110 over oceans, 210-211 HCN, atmospheric production of, 75-76 see also Downdrafts; patterns, 199-201 High-frequency radiation, lightning pro- Updrafts produced by thunderstorms, 92 cesses producing, 36 Corona upper atmospheric sources of, 195-205 Hydrogen geocorona, 185, 190 charge, 5, 92, 103-104, 110, 127 vertical, 178, 191 Hydrometeors, 105 currents, 94-95, 119, 136, 211 see also Electromagnetic fields I discharge, 1, 93, 101, 133, 139, 141, Electrical processes, techniques for evaluat- Inductive theory, 102-103 178, 210 ing, 12-14 Infrasound, 105 see also Hydrogen geocorona Electrical relaxation time, 217 Interplanetary magnetic field, 195, 198, Corrosion, telluric current enhancement of, Electricity, atmospheric variations, 155-159 201, 203 247 Electrification Ion physics, research need in, 17, 163 Cosmic radiation cloud stage in, 5, 115-117, 124-125, 129 Ionization atmospheric ionization by, 6, 150, 164, convective theories of, 99, 110 from bursting of water films, 151, 159 167, 180, 184, 189-190, 206, 213, experiments to test ideas about, 103 from cosmic rays, 6, 150, 164, 180, 215 hail stage in, 5, 120-124, 126-129 189-190, 213 latitudinal variation in, 167 precipitation theories of, 97, 100-102, from electrical discharges, 150 Cumulus clouds, charge separation in, 110 in planetary boundary layer, 150-151 114-129 rain stage in, 5, 117-120, 125-126 of nitric oxide, 189 Currents, see Air-earth current; Electrode effect, 153, 158, 160-161, 164 rate over oceans, 151, 164 Corona, current; Electromagnetic fields, lightning-radiated, solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, 208, Earth currents; 30, 32-34, 36, 64 213-214 Lightning currents; Electromagnetic signals, from space, detec- vertical variation of, 150-151 Maxwell currents; tion of, 247 Ionosphere Telluric currents Electronic equipment, lightning protection characteristics of, 10-11, 195-197 Cyclones, positive CG lightning associated for, 66-67 conductivity of, 197, 206 with, 43 End of storm oscillation, 93, 109 dynamo region, 11, 197-202, 224 D Equalization layer, 7, 176, 190 electric field effects on, 203 Equator, ionization rate at, 167 negative effects of magnetic fluctuations Deep-earth studies, use of telluric currents Equatorial electrojet, 201 for, 248 in, 204 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, F potential variations, 155-156 23-25 Fair-weather electrical field, 1, 6, 14, 162, potential, 216 Differential reflectivity polarization radar 191-192, 215-216, 234 Ions attachment to aerosol particles, 152-153, use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. technique, 111 Faraday law of magnetic induction, 197 Diurnal variation, 6, 155-157, 177, 207, Fires, caused by lightning, 30, 45; 188 210, 213, 216, 226, 233 see also Forest fires depletion of, 152, 160 Doppler radar, thunderstorm observations Florida photodetachment of, 188 with, 14, 94, 100, 103,109 lightning flash density in, 27 properties of, 151-152 Downdrafts thunderstorm characteristics in, 95-96, 99 J role in thunderstorms, 84-85, 87, 93, Fog, conductivity in, 136, 158, 177 Japan, winter thunderstorms in, 41-43, 45, 127, 136, 142, 207 Forbush decreases, 8, 167, 172, 184, 192 96 threat to aircraft, 84, 93 Forest fires, detection of, 15, 62 Junge layer, 168 Freezing potentials, 121-124, 134-135 Jupiter E Earth currents, 232; G lightning on, 39 see also Telluric currents Geomagnetic depth sounding, 247-248 trace gases in atmosphere of, 75 East Coast Network, 33, 62-63 Gerdien condenser technique, 171, 173-175, 189

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Page breaks are true INDEX 261 K over seawater, 34-35 small ion concentration in, 170-176 Kennedy Space Center, lightning activity path length, 2, 30 Lower troposphere, conductivity variations at, 2, 15, 27 phenomenology, 23-29, 61-62 in, 178-179 physics of, 15, 30-40, 61-62 L M positive, 2, 15, 31-40, 42-44, 64-65, 69 Laboratory simulation of thunderstorm elec- precipitation and, 94, 104-105, 107, 142 Magnetic direction finders, lightning moni- trification process, 90, 127; prevention, 141 toring by, 28-29, 33 see also Models/modeling protection systems/techniques, 4, 32, Magneto-tellurics, 247 Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric 35-36, 61-69 Magnetohydrodynamic approximation, Research, 90 radio source locations in, 36-37 196-198 Lidar observations of atmospheric aerosols, rainfall relationship to, 27, 42, 54; Magnetosphere 168 see also Precipitation Alfvén layer, 224 Lightning research accomplishments, 32-39, 61-69 characteristics of, 10-12, 195-196, acoustic radiations from, 46-60; research needs, 17, 39, 45, 68-69, 76 225-226 see also Acoustic waves; return stroke, 3, 31-36, 38, 41, 43-47, dynamo region, 11, 198-199, 202, 224 Thunder 49, 62 openings in, 198 anomalous triggers, 37; role in evolution of life, 76 plasma convection, 198-199 see also Lightning, triggered satellite observations of, 23-24, 74, 228 study of, 30 attachment process, 31-34, 68-69 seasonal variation of, 23-28, 41-44 Magnetospheric tail, 198-199, 204 benefits from, 30 signatures, 33 Mapping electric fields, 191-192 breakdown processes, 31, 33-34, 47-49, strikes to aircraft, 42, 44, 61, 64-65, 69 Mass spectrometric analyses, atmospheric, 92 striking distance, 32 175, 185-189 charge center altitude, 96 striking process in, 2-3, 32-34 Maxwell currents, 5, 104, 138, 157, 162, charge transfer, 42, 44, 62, 64, 66 time domain fields, 32-36 209-210, 222 chemical effects of, 30, 70-77, 91 trace gases produced by, 76 Measurements cloud-to-ground, 2, 25, 27-28, 30-33, triggered, 13, 37-39, 41-45 air-earth current density, 176-177, 181 41-45, 48, 64, 71, 73, 92-93, 96, vertical wind shear correlation with, 42 balloonborne, 93, 109, 166, 171, 102, 103, 105-107, 129, 208 warm-cloud, 99, 126, 129 174-175, 227 clouds types having, 131 whistlers, 30 conductivity, 171 damage mechanisms of, 62-68 Lightning channels electric field, 94-95, 105 dawn and dusk activity, 23-25, 27, 212 acoustic reconstruction of, 57-58 in-cloud, 105 deaths and damage from, 1-2, 15, 23, 30, development, 30 ion density, 174-175 41, 61-62, 66-67 energy of, 3, 30, 50, 53, 56-57, 74, 76 lightning current, 32-36, 43, 46, 48 detection networks/systems, 12-13, 15, formation of individual pulses from, 51 mass spectrometric, 185-189 28-29, 33, 41-43, 61-63, 105-106, propagation effects of acoustic pulses of atmospheric-electrical variables, 158 228 from, 51-57 of current flowing from thunderstorm effect on precipitation, 104-105, 107 spark, 49, 51 areas, 207 effect on storm charge, 101 temperature, 46-47, 50, 70-72 of electric field, 12, 192 electric field change in, 42-45, 92 tortuosity, 48-51, 57 of global-scale phenomena, 152 electromagnetic fields radiated by, 30, Lightning currents of ionospheric potential, 164, 228 32-34, 36, 64 continuing, duration of, 44, 107 of lightning, 62-63 evolution in a thunderstorm, 107-109 diversion of, 66 of magnetospheric convection electric global distribution of, 13, 23-25, 212 measurement, 32-36, 43, 46, 48-49 fields, 227 global energy dissipation by, 73-74, 76 peak, 3, 30, 34, 41, 45-46, 62, 64 of planetary boundary layer, 149 ground observations of, 25, 27-29 rise times, 4, 15, 35 of positive-ion composition in meso- initiation in storms, 2, 105, 129, 137, Lightning flash sphere, 185-186, 188 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. 142-143 density, 25, 27, 61-62 of thunderstorms, 93 instrumentation/techniques for studying, negative, processes of, 31-40, 64-65 particle velocity, 104-105 30-31, 41, 92 rates, 2, 23-29, 228 thunder, 56-59 intracloud, 25, 27-28, 30, 36, 92, Lower atmosphere Mesocyclones in thunderstorms, 85 94-96, 105-107, 129 aerosols in, 168, 181 Mesosphere laboratory simulation of, 49, 107 electric fields in, 176-181 aerosol content of, 188 latitudinal variation of, 23-25, 26-28, electrical coupling between upper atmo- dust particles in, 188 82, 131 sphere and, 224-227 electric fields in, 192 leaders, 2-4, 31-33, 36 electrical structure of, 166-182; ionization sources in, 6, 9, 184, maps, 62-63 see also Lower stratosphere; 189-190, 213 measurements of, 41, 48-50, 95 Troposphere nitric oxide concentration in, 9, 184, 213 midnight activity, 25 ion production in, 167 ozone in, 190 modification of storm electrification by, Lower positive charge centers, 92 positive ion concentration in, 185-186 104-107 Lower stratosphere temperature characteristics of, 183 nitrogen oxide production by, 71-76 conductivity in, 170-176 Meteor-ablation particles, 188 occurrence rate over land, 131 electrical structure of, 8, 166-167 Microscale charge separators, 4-5, 114-124 on Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, 4, 39 ion mobility in, 170-176

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Page breaks are true INDEX 262 Middle atmosphere ion physics and balance in, 163-164 Schumann resonances, 209 aerosol role in, 183 ionization in, 8, 150-151 Snowstorms, electrification in, 99 atmospheric constituents of, 183 meteorological structure of, 159-160 Solar activity, atmospheric ionization by, conductivity of, 188-192 research needs and applications, 162-164 167, 171-172, 184 electric fields in, 191-192 turbulence, 8, 149-150, 153, 157 Solar flares, 196 electrical structure of, 9-10, 183-194 Point discharge, 92 Solar Lyman-alpha radiation, 9, 184-185, ion chemistry in, 185-188 Polar cap absorption, 184 189-190 ionization sources in, 184-185, 192 Pollution, conductivity or columnar resis- Solar proton events, 9, 167, 179-180, negative ion composition of, 186 tance as monitors of, 163-164 184, 191-192 Models/modeling Power lines/systems Solar wind, 195, 197-202 electrical structure of planetary boundary lightning protection for, 62, 67 Sonde, ion density, 174 layer, 159-162, 222-223 telluric current interaction with, 245-246 Space charge, 153-154, 163, 178 general circulation, 223 Precipitation Storms improvements needed in, 222, 228-229 charge carried by, 93, 100-103, 114, convective, 95-97, 99, 103 of convection currents, 161 126, 140 detection of downbursts in, 93 of electrical development of clouds, convective, 84 magnetic, 184, 202-204, 213, 226, 131-145 effect of lightning on, 94, 104-105, 107, 244-246 of electrode effect, 160-161 142 studies of, 58 of global atmospheric electricity, 217-224 electric currents for, 102 tornadic, 43, 84-85, 87-88 of ion composition of middle atmosphere, modeling growth of, 143 see also Snowstorms; 187-188 relative to air motion, 84 Substorms; of planetary boundary layer, 218 theories of electrification, 97, 100-102, Thunderstorms of telluric currents, 233 110 Stratosphere of thunder, 51, 53-57 Pulsations, 203 electric field reductions in, 179-180 of thunderstorms, 207-210, 223 mass spectrometric analysis of, 186 R one-dimensional, 138-140, 159 morphology of aerosols in, 168 parallel plate, 137 Radiation, see Cosmic radiation; sulfuric acid content of, 175, 180, 187 regional, 223-224 Radioactive gases; temperature characteristics of, 183 three-dimensional, 142-143 Radioactivity see also Lower stratosphere, 166 turbulence, 160 Radiation belts, atmospheric ionization by, Substorms, 202, 226 two-dimensional, 140-142 185 Sulfuric acid in stratosphere, 175, 180, 187 Mount San Salvatore, lightning studies at, Radio interferometers, lightning observa- Surge protectors, 35 41, 43 tion with, 36-37 Radioactive gases in planetary boundary T N layer, 150 Telluric currents New Mexico, thunderstorm characteristics Radioactivity, ground, atmospheric ioniza- applications of measurements of, 247-249 in, 95-96, 99 tion by, 150, 172, 213 biological effects of, 249 Nitrogen fixation, 1, 70-75 Railways, telluric current interaction with, causes of, 232, 234-235 North America, lightning location networks 246-247 channeling of, 240-241 in, 28-29 Rainfall deep, 241-243 Nuclear power plants, ionization from, 150 from electrified clouds, 91 factors affecting flow of, 236-237 relationship to lightning flash rates, 27, historical development of understanding O 42, 45; of, 254-256 Oceans see also Precipitation interactions with man-made systems, 1-2, electric field over, 210-211 Riming, 99, 120-121, 123, 127-129, 12, 243-247 ionization rate over, 151, 164 135, 139 monitoring earthquakes, volcanoes, and Oklahoma use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Rockets geodynamics with, 249 analysis of tornadic storms in, 43 conductivity measurements with, 189 natural environment of, 12, 234-243 positive CG lightning in, 43-44 electric field measurement with, 192 oceanic, 233 Oscilloscope, lightning signature measure- lightning triggered by, 37-39 patterns, 234 ment with, 33 mass spectrometric analysis using, 185 planetary scale distribution, 233-234 Ozone in mesosphere, 190 Rocky Mountains, thunderstorms over, role of in changing earth's astronomical P 42-43, 45 motion, 248-249 Pipelines, telluric current interaction with, S shallow, 241 246 study difficulties with, 250 Satellites use in remote-sensing of underground Planetary boundary layer lightning observation by, 13, 23-25 atmospheric electricity in, 149-165 conductivity, 240 observations of magnetospheric convec- Thermal gradient, vertical, 55 convection currents in, 161-162 tion patterns, 224 effect of global electric circuit on, 153, Thermosphere optical detectors in, 23-25, 74 electrical properties of, 189 218, 222 radio detectors in, 25 effect on fair-weather electrical circuit, temperature characteristics of, 183 162

to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true INDEX 263 Thunder squall line, 42, 85-86 X acoustic recordings of, 42 supercell, 42, 93 X rays clap formation, 51 thermal structure during, 55-56, 95-97 Bremsstrahlung, 185, 213 distance heard, 56 tornadoes in, 84-85, 87-88 solar, 184, 213-212 inside clouds, 54 total effect of, 166 measurements, 56-59 upper screening current in, 103 models of, 51 vertical circulation of air in, 82 power spectrum of, 52, 56 vortex-type, 140 produced by multiple-stroke lightning, 50 winter, 41-43, 45, 82, 96, 99, 126 ranging technique, 57-58 Tides ray tracing technique, 55-57 atmospheric, 200 shock wave formation and expansion, use of telluric currents to study, 248 46-52, 71 Titan, trace gases in atmosphere of, 75 signature, 50-51, 57, 59 Topological shielding, 67-68 Thunderclouds Tornadoes charge location, 58-59 death and damage from, 87 charge separation mechanisms in, 5, development and dynamics of, 87-88 132-135, 207 global occurrence of, 87 charging rates in, 143-144 Trans-Alaskan pipeline, 246 dipolar nature of, 5, 94-96 Troposphere electrification of, 5, 90 aerosol density in, 171 electrostatically produced acoustic waves conductivity in, 170-176 from, 58-59 cosmic ray ionization rate in, 215 models of, 132 electrical structure of, 166-167 nitrogen oxide levels in, 71 ion chemistry in, 8, 152 Thunderstorm Research International Pro- ion mobility in, 170-176 gram, 14, 90 small ion concentration in, 170-176 Thunderstorms trace gases in, 152 acoustic sources in, 46 see also Lower troposphere; as generators in global electric circuit, 6, Upper troposphere 207-210, 224 Turbulence cell activity reconstruction, 57, 84, 93, analysis methodologies, 157 104-107 effect on electrode layer, 161 charge distributions in, 208 in planetary boundary layer, 8, 149-150, charge motions and currents in, 102-104 153, 157, 163 charging mechanisms in, 114-130, modeling, 160 207-208 structure of, 154 convection in, 109-110 transport of electrical properties by, 154 current above, 212-213 U development and severity, 43 dipolar structure of, 107, 208, 217-218 UHF radar, 106 displacement current, 104 United States downdraft association with, 84-85, 87, 93 lightning detection networks in, 28-29, 62 electric charge distribution in, 91-97, lightning strikes in, 30 100-102 springtime thunderstorms in, 42 electric field measurement in, 105 zone of severe thunderstorms in, 82-83 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. electric fields produced by, 92 Updrafts, role in thunderstorms, 4, 84-87, electrical structure of, 90-113 92, 94, 100, 103-104, 127, 136, evolution of, 27 142, 207 flashing rates in, 27 Upper atmosphere forecasting of, 131 electric field and current interaction with, global activity of, 206-207, 210-212, 203-204 215, 219-220, 228 electric field sources of, 195-205 gust front in, 86-87 electrical coupling between lower atmo- hail in, 84-86, 99, 121 sphere and, 224-227 in-cloud observations of, 98-99, 105 electrostatic potential of, 162 initial electrification of, 92, 97, 99 ionic reactions in, 152 instruments for studying, 90 studies needed on, 204 interconnection of lightning in, 36 Upper troposphere, characteristics of latitudinal variation of, 81-82 aerosols in, 168 lightning evolution in, 107-109 V lightning modification of electrification Venus in, 104-107 lightning on, 39 lightning-producing stage, 92 trace gases in atmosphere of, 75 measurements, 93, 100, 109 Vertical current density, 156 mesocyclones in, 85 Vertical sounding of electric fields, 94-95 new technology for identification of, 88 Vertical wind shear, correlation with posi- origins, morphology, and dynamics, 81-89 tive CG lightning, 42 particle velocity measurements in, 104 VHF radiation, lightning processes produc- positive charge layer in, 109 ing, 36 precipitation role in, 93-94, 97-99, Volcanic eruptions 101-103, 109, 131, 144 aerosols from, 168-170, 175, 181, 187 refractive effects in environment of, 54-55 El Chichon, 9, 169-170, 175 research needs on, 110-111, 228 electrification associated with, 215-216 size of, 82-84 splitting of, 84 W springtime, over U.S. Great Plains, 42 Workman-Reynolds effect, 138-139

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This latest addition to the Studies in Geophysics series explores in scientific detail the phenomenon of lightning, cloud, and thunderstorm electricity, and global and regional electrical processes. Consisting of 16 papers by outstanding experts in a number of fields, this volume compiles and reviews many recent advances in such research areas as meteorology, chemistry, electrical engineering, and physics and projects how new knowledge could be applied to benefit mankind.

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