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Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1 (1984)

Chapter: Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Data Collection and Compilation Procedures." National Research Council. 1984. Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/919.
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Appendix C Data Collection and Compilation Procedures The first step in planning for data collection was to design a form that could be used somewhat like a questionnaire. Pertinent questions were recorded and subdivided into appropriate categories, and blank space was provided for answers. The 15-page form, presented at the end of this Appendix, became the basic case history record of all data collected for each project studied and provided the information extracted for the data matrixes, abstracts, and computer retrieval system. While the form was being designed, a list was made of all mined tun- nel projects known to subcommittee members that appeared to meet the study's needs. The list also included the names of agencies/owners likely to have undertaken projects of possible interest to the subcom- mittee. The basic criterion was that the project be a mined tunnel, preferably not so new that pending litigation would preclude writing about it and preferably constructed during the last 20 years, because changing technology and difficulty of resurrecting records would other- wise make it. less applicable to drawing conclusions about modern tunnels. Several hundred tunnels were considered in the process of selection. The first step in actual data collection was to contact each owner firm, requesting that a basic data package for each tunnel project be provided to the subcommittee. When no specific tunnel had been selected, the owner was asked to make the decision and volunteer any project (s) that seemed most appropriate. The basic data packages were to consist of the following: contract drawings, specifications, geotechnical re- ports, bid abstracts or tabulations (including the Engineer's estimate), and any other easily obtained documents considered of interest (often including construction history reports and technical papers). Meanwhile, Schnabel Engineering Associates of Bethesda, Maryland, was retained as the engineering subcontractor for data extraction. The firm's project manager and his assistant were briefed by the subcommit- tee's senior consultant on the procedures to be followed and the termi- nology to be used. (Examples of completed data forms were available for two projects volunteered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority.) The need to achieve consistency in recording information from projects from around the country was emphasized as being of prime importance. When the data packages arrived, they were turned over to the engi- neering subcontractor. All of the packages from any particular owner were assigned to a single staff member for data extraction; this proce- 128

dure saved time and achieved consistency in answering questions. In ad- dition, each of the subcontractor's six to eight staff members slated to extract the data had been thoroughly briefed on the proper way of re- cording answers to questions, so that consistency was achieved in the way information was transcribed from project to project. Further, all data forms were reviewed by the subcontractor •s project manager and the subcommittee's senior consultant, which allowed revision of any answers that did not follow the established approach. Using the basic data packages, the subcontractor was able to fill out each 15-page data form to approximately the 40 percent stage of com- pletion. This percentage varied from project to project because some packages were more complete than others. Also, if a partially completed data form had been received from a volunteer (owner, contractor, consul- tant, subcommittee member), the amount of information available at this stage increased considerably. It should be noted that the subcontractor used only factual data from the volunteered forms, leaving the clarifi- cation of subjective and interpretive answers to a later stage of the study. The 40 percent complete data forms were then assigned to interview- ers who were to complete them to the 90 to 100 percent level by dealing directly with owners and contractors. Interviewers were assigned from the ranks of subcommittee members, the senior consultant, and the sub- contractor for data extraction. In a few instances, interview assign- ments were made to other interested individuals having the proper back- ground. Consistency among answers acquired by the interviewers was achieved by several means. First, the interviewers were thoroughly briefed on the proper approach to transcribing information. Second, a single in- terviewer handled all the projects supplied by a particular owner. In addition, that interviewer was expected to acquire information from both the owner and the contractor (and from designers and geotechnical engi- neers, if necessary). Thus, all projects supplied by a particular source were generally written up by a single individual who had acquired the most familiarity with that source's philosophy of geotechnical in- vestigation, design, and construction. As a final check on consistency, the completed data forms were reviewed and often revised by the senior consultant and by the subcontractor as a prelude to the next stage, the creation of a project abstract. In completing a data form to approximately 100 percent, an inter- viewer was expected to combine answers from the owner, the contractor, the 40 percent stage forms, and sometimes the volunteered data forms. In general, most of the information to be collected during the interview stage could be acquired from the owner1 personal interviews were usually required to check detailed records and to guide direction of the infor- mation flow. Several pages of answers could be provided only by con- tractors, and this could often be accomplished through an interview by mail. To report fully on the projects, various combinations of the fol- lowing individuals were interviewed: owners, construction managers, contractors, designers, and geotechnical engineers. For some questions, all principals were asked to reply and it was the interviewer's task to sort through the different responses. 129

When the 15-page data forms were essentially complete, they were re- turned to the senior consultant or the subcontractor for reduction into a two-page project abstract designed by the subcommittee. It was during this stage that the forms were checked again for consistency and pol- ished through follow-up telephone discussions with interviewers and original suppliers of information. The two-page abstracts, which pre- sent most of the hard, basic data that the reader will wish to review, are printed in Volume 2 of this report. Just as each abstract is a first stage in the reduction of informa- tion from the data forms, the matrix presented in the text is the final stage in which both original and extrapolated data from all the projects can be compared in summary form. The matrix was designed and compiled by subcommittee member Don c. Rose, as part of his task in data analysis. He and another subcommittee member, Howard J. Handewith, used the matrix as the basis for preparing graphs, charts, and curves showing relation- ships between various aspects of each project. These were major tools used by the subcommittee in analyzing and interpreting the mass of col- lected data. A parallel effort in analysis was conducted by G. Wayne Clough and his students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Dr. Clough served as the subcontractor for computer programming/ processing and created printouts for each project, somewhat in the form of the subcommittee's abstract but in greater detail and with more ex- trapolated information. The computer was able to quickly re-sort and tabulate the various data according to the key parameters chosen by the analyzer. The final objective of the computer research was to develop a data retrieval system that would allow management of the tunneling in- formation compiled from the case histories. A description of the system and examples of its capabilities are presented in Volume 2. DATA COLLECTION PROBLJ!HS AND BXPLAHATIOHS As might be expected in a project of this magnitude, problems in data collection developed that cause some of the forms to be somewhat incom- plete or not quite consistent with other forms. Many of the problems will become apparent from a review of the data form presented herein and the abstracts (Volume 2). However, other problems are less obvious, and the discussion that follows is intended to illustrate their nature. • The emphasis on •changed conditions claims• as a yardstick for measuring construction problems and cost overruns had to be changed when it became apparent that many cost overruns are recorded as contract mod- ifications, even when the initial request for payment is in the form of a claim or results in the initiation of litigation. A different method of tabulating the information was formulated, which is indicated by the following note appended to each data form: •cost overrun tabulations make repeated refer- ences to claims, claimed conditions, differing 130

site conditions, disputes, litigation, and set- tlements. In actuality, the figures are meant to include all construction cost overruns caused by unexpected geological/subsurface conditions, whether pursued as claims/disputes or executed as mutually agreeable contract modifications. Where such overruns have failed to be included, it is due to the difficulty of sorting out and fully understanding legal/financial matters of some complexity. The terminology problem was avoided in designing the abstract format. Nevertheless, the reader must remember that the word •claim• (which appears in the data form and recurs frequently in the text of the report) often may encompass many problems and/ or cost overruns that ap- pear in owners' records as •contract modifications.• • Records for older projects, as well as for some more recent projects, were sometimes difficult to locate or impossible to obtain because they had either been warehoused in a manner that discouraged file searching, or destroyed. For newer projects, the difficulty in lo- cating information generally was due to poor recordkeeping. It appears that agencies involved in a •one shot• construction program are much less likely to keep records than are agencies that build tunnel after tunnel. The latter obviously have a need to build on past experience, yet even their records were not always readily available for reference. • Cost figures were not always available because some owners have an unbreakable policy of not releasing any cost figures. Final costs could not be obtained for projects under construction or for completed projects with continuing litigation over changed conditions claims. • Mined tunnel costs are rarely tabulated separately by owners, either as estimated or bid, and therefore the cost had to be determined by selecting the proper tunnel bid items from the total project bid items. The project items to be included under mined tunnels were always discussed and agreed upon among the subcommittee, senior consultant, and subcontractor. Therefore, any possible errors in assumptions are prob- ably reflected consistently in every project. • Apportioning mobilization/demobilization percentages and com- puting final costs for mined tunnels were judgmental procedures. Choos- ing the percentage to apply to the mined tunnel and the percentage to relegate to the remainder of the project was often accomplished in con- sultation with owners and contractors, in order to ensure a reasonable probability of assigning realistic percentages. Computing final mined tunnel costs required judgments because final payments, contract modifi- cations, under runs, overruns, changed conditions, etc., are not cate- gorized or tabulated as neatly as estimates and bids. Even though con- siderable effort was devoted to determining and properly assigning such payments, the final reported mined tunnel costs may not be as accurate as the estimates and low bids. • Subsurface investigation costs were not available in most cases because separate records for payments to drilling contractors, testing laboratories, etc., were not maintained. When these costs were available, it was difficult and sometimes impossible to apportion the 131

correct percentage to the project under discussion because many investi- gations overlap several projects. The most reliable of the site inves- tigation costs reported pertain to the six WMATA projects, because the owner volunteered a large number of staff and consultant hours to searching files and apportioning the dollars appropriately. • Cost escalation factors were not applied to the data forms or abstracts. Escalation factors were determined for construction costs, but not until the study was too far advanced to permit revising the data forms and abstracts; reliable escalation factors could not be developed for site investigation costs. Therefore, construction costs are pre- sented as they appeared in the bid tabulations and pay vouchers; the dollars represent the values for the years in which they were obligated or paid. For site investigations also, the costs reported represent the values for the years in which the monies were spent. In addition, Canadian projects are always reported in canadian dollars, and no adjustments have been applied to make them directly comparable with u.s. projects. • The number of tabulated boreholes allows no differentiation for clustering of boreholes or boreholes of limited usefulness. Consis- tency required reporting all boreholes and drilling footages within a reasonable lateral distance of the project being cited. Therefore, cer- tain situations may be less obvious to the reader, such as: off-line borings not directly applicable to final design/construction and hence not tabulated, yet used by designers to understand the complete picture; the percentage of boreholes with too shallow penetration to be of maxi- mum usefulness; and boreholes clustered in certain areas while long stretches of tunnel remained unexplored. • Deep shafts require a different approach in order to under- stand their nature and the meaning of the case history data. Deep shafts generally are built for purposes other than those typical of civil engineering and, as a result, procedures common to mined tunnel projects are not always common to deep shafts. For example, deep shafts may proceed through design and construction without performance of a comprehensive site investigation, and many deep shaft projects are acquired by contractors through a process of negotiation rather than bidding. Also, for some deep mine shafts the process of renegotiation, of give-and-take between owner and contractor, may continue as con- struction proceeds. The reader should be aware of the differing aspects of deep shaft and other underground construction projects, and also of the resulting effects on the ability to collect detailed information on shafts. The case histories for the three shafts studied will generally be less complete than fo~ the typical mined ~unnel project. As indicated in the foregoing discussion, the subcommittee's sources of information included various combinations of contract documents, technical papers, and interviews with owners, designers, contractors, and geotechnical consultants. Design and site investigation answers were relatively easy to determine, but comprehending the construction history of a project was another matter altogether. Each individual providing information had a unique perspective of a project, based on interest, experience, expertise, and access to facts; this often re- sulted in competing or contradictory responses to questions concerning a particular project. Much of the ambiguity created by such responses was 132

automatically cleared up in cases where a well-reasoned construction history report had been compiled for the record, but such reports seem to be the exception rather than the rule. The subcommittee recognized the problems inherent in data collection and interpretation and took ad- vantage of every opportunity to reduce or eliminate errors, thereby pre- senting the most accurate case histories possible. DESCRIPTION OP DATA PORI The 15-page data form included in this section was the basic means of compiling and recording information on every project selected for study as a case history. Many of the questions and information items are self- explanatory, but others may be subject to interpretations that differ from the subcommittee's intent. Therefore, this section is provided to clarify any possible ambiguities. The items selected for explanation are numbered as they appear in the data form. I.l. Length: means total gross linear feet of mining, not just length of alignment (e.g., with twin tubes the tunnel mining length is generally about twice the alignment length) • In later headings the delineation is made between footages in different types of ground and construction methods. For shafts, the depth from the ground surface to bottom was substituted. 1.4. B Line: used actual excavation line if no B line shown on plans. Face Area: as computed using B line or actual excavation line. I.S.B. Range of Depth: used ground surface to the tunnel crown (rather than invert) because of ease in figuring from plans. 1.6. Purpose of Project: always supplemented with a footnote describing non-mined tunnel items making up overall contract but generally not considered in the study. 1.12. Date of Design: mostly as taken from dates found on contract draw- ings. 1.13. ' 14. Dates of Construction Start and Completion: means dates for tunnel mining, or shaft sinking, and installation of initial support (con- sidered more useful than date of final lining completion). 133

1.17. Design Criteria, Water Pressure Indicated (Range): generally could not be discovered, so mostly stated in terms of water head above crown. II.l. Total Underground Construction Costs: modified to refer to mined (or sunk, or raised, in the case of deep shafts) construction. Involved judgments in choosing from the bid forms those items (or percentage of individual item) that added up to the cost of excavating and permanently supporting the opening. The cost of the total project was included to help judge whether (and if so, how) bids may have been unbalanced. All dollars (U.S. or Canadian) are unescalated and repre- sent values for the year in which they were obligated or spent. Claims: evolved into a statement of all construction cost overruns caused by unexpected geological/subsurface conditions. Any overruns not included were omitted due to oversight or misunderstanding. II.3. Site Exploration Time and Date: for prebid work, generally as esti- mated from information on boring logs or taken from site investigation reports. II.4. Underground Construction Time, Scheduled: means calendar days for excavation and installation of initial support. III. Site Exploration: except for a few items, a tabulation of all pre- bid data development. III.3. Boreholes: includes only those along or close to the tunnel align- ment (or shaft location). III.7. Water Table: range of depths below ground surface. Head (Range) : depths from top of water table to tunnel crown (or bottom of deep shaft). Actual Inflow, Pressure, etc.: taken from construction records where available (good information was rare). III.lO., 11., 12. Site Investigation Adequacy, Improvability, Impact on Costs: interviewer's subjective opinion, formed only after all data were con- sidered and all principals with a viewpoint were consulted. III.l3. Exploration Costs: information not available in most cases. When it was available, an attempt was made to assign the correct percentage of costs from wide ranging investigations to the mined tunnel (or shaft) portion of the project under study. 134

IV.l0.-13. Bidder/Contractor Actions and Attitudes: mostly available only through an interview with the successful bidder. Answers were many times unclear, especially if contractor's geotechnical consultant was not available for comment. VI.4. Advance Rate: stated in ft per day, generally the manner in which it is recorded by owners and contractors. Minimum Advance Rate: stopped being reported because it always turned out to be zero. VI.S. Problems: some overlap with VI.l4., which describes circumstances affecting progress of work. Running Ground: may in many cases be a misidentification. The most acceptable meaning for the term is of a cohesionless material above the water table which runs from a tunnel face until a stable pile is built up at the angle of repose. Below the water table, however, the same material may be transformed into flowing ground, in which the effects of seepage pressures toward the tunnel face create a flowing mass that advances like a thick liquid into the heading. Such de- scriptive accuracy is not always observed in the field and any invading face material, whether dry or not, is often referred to as •running• ground. The terminology was carried over from the inter- views and •as-built• reports and recorded in the data forms in order to avoid second-guessing original sources. Hence, there are probably some instances in which the forms refer to wet tunnel occurrences as running ground when flowing ground would be a better description. VII. Litigation and Disputes Related to Geology: •litigation and dis- putes• evolved into a statement of problems, including ones that the owner immediately agreed were legitimate. •Geology• was expanded to include subsurface conditions in general, in order to accommodate situations such as buried piling (which is not truly geological but should be reported in a good site investigation). VII.l.-7. Claims and Claimed Conditions: evolved into descriptions of all construction extras requested, whether pursued as claims or executed as mutually agreeable cont~act modifications. Any extras not included were omitted due to oversight or misunderstanding. VIII. Other: used to comment on any significant facts not otherwise cov- ered. The most common item is a description of operations and mainte- nance problems in completed tunnels (the data for which was requested by the Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts). 135

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS 21m Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 U.S. NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON TUNNELING TECHNOLOGY (202) 334-3136 GBOTBCBHICAL SITE IHVBftiGATIOH S~IftBB PROJECT Data Fora I. GBHBRAL IHI'OIIIATIOH 1. Haae of Project& Washington Metro Section A-9a, Contract lA0091* 2. Location& Northwest section of Washington D.C. 3. Shapea Circular Length& 7,620 ft for each of the twin tubes • 15,240 ft Grade& -3.5t to +3.23t 4. Di... tera A Line • 18 ft 8 in. B Line • 19 ft 1 in. Pace Areaa 286 sq ft 5. Description of OYerburdena A. Classify by Rock or SOil 'l'ypea Bedrock: interfingering gabbro gneiss, quartz-diorite gneiss, chlorite schist, and quartz-mica schist-to-gneiss. OVerlain by decomposed rock (saprolite) and man-made fill. B. Range of Depth& 82 ft to 132 ft surface to crown. c. Othera 6. Purpose of Project (water, power, transportation, etc.)a Running tunnels for subway system. (Note: Contract also included 6 shafts, a tiebreaker station, and a pilot tunnel for a future pas- senger station. Unless otherwise noted, data presented are for running tunnels only.) 7. OWner& Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority 8. Designer& Parsons Associates (Ralph M. Parsons Company) 9. Construction Managera Bechtel Associates 10. Contractor& Morrison-Knudsen and Associates 11. Geotechnical Bngineera Mueser, Rutledge, Johnston ' DeSiJDOne Note: For clarity in reading, the answers to the information items have been typed rather than reproduced as originally handwritten. Therefore, this ver- sion of the data form is condensed to 10 pages (excluding supplements) rather than the original 15 pages noted in the text, because of the differential in spacing required to accommodate handwriting as well as the longest answer ex- pected to any item. *The contract also included six shafts, a tiebreaker station, and a pilot tun- nel for a future passenger station. Unless otherwise noted, data presented are for running tunnels only. 136

12. Date of Design& 1972 - 1974 13. Date of Construction Start& September 19, 1975 14. Date of eo.pletiona November 8, 1976 (excavation and temporary support only) 15. General Ground Conditions Indicated by Specifications& Foliated to massive, jointed, somewhat sheared, moderately hard rock, suit- able for either TBM or drill-and-blast mining. 16. Design Criteria, Range of Ground Loads Indicated& Unable to determine. 17. Design Criteria, Water Pressure Indicated (range)& 70 to 103 ft head of water above crown. 18. CO.puterized or Other Special Design Techniques Used (e.g., for temporary and permanent supports, etc.)& Unable to determine. 19. Monitoring during Construction (ground movement, water flow, gas, temperature, etc.)a Rock movements monitored with extensometers. II. PROJBC'l' COS"l'S AND SCHEDULE 1. Total Underground Construction Coat (excavation, support, and permanent lining) a A. Bstiaateda $25,362,500 excavation/support, running tunnels $33,293,520 total contract B. Bida $24,993,500 excavation/support, running tunnels $34,931,600 total contract c. As c011pleteda Including changes other than claiaaa $25,189,396 (running tunnels) Claims& $1,975,350 (running tunnels) D. Total (of C)a $27,164,746 (running tunnels) $36,950, 201 (total contract) 2. Site Exploration Coats (if reasonably available)& Por breakdown of coats, refer to III, 13. Prebida $101,534 • of l.Da 0.37 Post Award& • of l.Da Total& $101,534 • of l.Da 0.37 3. Site Exploration Tt.e and Date (prebid--field and office)& 12 months in 3 programs between April 1968 and April 1973 4. Underground Construction Timea Scheduled& 286 calendar days for mining and placing temporary support in running tunnels III. SITE EXPLORATION 1. Geologic Studies& Literature search, regional (general description)& Collection of geologic and topographic maps and government geologic reports Site (general description)& Rolling piedmont landscape, urban alignment beneath major thoroughfares Surface mapping, ground types (rock/soil)a Only man-made fill visible at surface. 137

Rock/soil structure (general description of folding, faulting jointing, bedding, etc.)a Complex intruded metamorphicsJ schist- ose portion having foliation subparallel to alignment, numerous shear zones, at least 5 joint sets, 3 of them major. Rock/soil quality (hardness, weathering, consolidation, origin, etc.)a Rock varying between 750 and 17,600 psi compressive strength. Upper portions weathered to depths as great as 60 ft, but tunnel profile mostly below this weathered zone. Cross sections (how many and wbat kind) a One 7, 620-ft detailed geologic profile on scale of 1• • 80' horizontal by 1• • 20' ver- tical. Boreholesa Yes If yes, were they detailed? Yes RQDe (were they provided?) a Yes Other classification systems (e.g., RSR, joint frequency)a 2. Geophysical Studies a No Type of seiaaic surveys (reflection, refraction, etc.) a - - - - Surface resistivity& Type of borehole logging (E-logs, temp., Gamma-ray, etc.) Other a 3. Borehol_e_s----n-,-.~be-r-.---ve_r_t_i~c-a~l~-~4~5-------------------------- horizontal 0 inclined 4 Total 49 Diametera Few 2-112•, mostly 3-1/2• with NX coring. Total footagea 1,774 ft soil sampling; 4,348 ft rock coring. Maximum lengtha 162 ft Minimum lengtha 24.3 ft Location with respect to centerlinea Generally no more than 40 ft away from centerline of one of the tunnels. However, one 1,600 ft stretch has 7 borings that are 60 to 155 ft away because they were done for an earlier alignment alternative. Average spacing along centerlinea 169 ft 4. Borehole Testsa No Permeabilitya 41 water pressure tests with packers, and 75 fall- ing head tests in boreholes and observation wells. Watera Gasa No test. Othera Borehole photography in 2 vertical borings. In situ stress/deformability testsa No s. Exploration on Pilot Tunnels/Shafts (describe bow many, wbere, lengths, etc. ) a None 6. Construction History studies of any Nearby Existing Tunnels and Shafts (describe where, what data obtained)a Detailed data col- lected from Metro Section A-4a, an earlier drill-and-blast tunnel about 2 miles downstation from the subject A-9a tunnels. In addi- tion, the A-9a contractor had just built the adjoining 9,500 ft long section, A-6a; he used the same TBM on both jobs. 7. Hydrology and Gcoundwater (describe water bearing layer and prop- erties)& Rock tunnel--no particular water bearing layer noted. water tablea 70 to 103 ft above tunnel crown. Poroaitya Not noted. 138

Permeability• Bedrock--low • 1.0 x lo-7 fpm; median • 1.8 x lo-4 fpm; high • 1.0 x lo-3 fpm (packer tests). Bead (range)a 70 to 103 ft at crown. Prebid predicted inflow (maxillum volume, length of time, and max- illum pressure)• No predictions. Prebid predicted ainillum sustained inflow and pressure& NO pre- dictions. Actual inflow (maxillum volume, length of time, and aaxillum pres- sure)& NO records. Actual ainillum sustained inflow and pressure• No records. Chemistry (fresh water, saline, etc.)& Fresh, high in dissolved carbonate. a. Laboratory Tests& Strength& 75 unconfined compression on rock; unconfined compres- sion, triaxial compression, and direct shears on soil. Hardness& None Abrasion a NOne Per. .abilitya None Density& Yes Soil classification& Water contents, atterberg limits, grain size analysis Dynamic properties& Other& Few consolidation tests on soil. 9. Additional Laboratory Testing• Corrosion potential of soil and water: pH and resistivity plus concentrations of sulfates (S04 ), chlorides (Cl), and carbonates (00 3 ). 10. was Site Investigation and/or Interpretation Adequate to Prevent •surprises•? (interviewer's subjective opinion)& Probably not. If the severe conditions were truly obvious from the 2 applicable borings, then the owner would probably have sunk other borings to confirm the conditions and map their extent. 11. Could Site Investigation and/or Interpretation Have Been Improved or Modified? (interviewer's subjective opinion)& Most likely. However, the owner would have had to foresee the severe conditions from the 2 applicable borings in the area, and then to sink addi- tional ones in precisely the right spots to further define condi- tions. 12. would a Modified Investigation and/or Inte~retation Have Bad a Significant Coat lmpact on the Project? (interviewer's subjective opinion)• A properly modified program would have had an impact. With solid advance warning of the severity of conditions in the one area, the contractor.could have taken precautions (such as mining his •rescue• tunnel in advance of the mole's arrival at the spot), thus avoiding considerable delay and saving money. 13. Breakdown of Exploration Coats (give amount and date)& Drill holes& Subprofessional • $47,146; professional = $24,362. Mapping& $150 Geophysical& None Other& Lab • $5,456; office • $24,420. Total& $101,534 in 1968 through 1973 prices. 139

IV. BIDDING PBRIOD 1. Nuaber of Biddersa 3 2. Requir ...nt for Prequalificationa None 3. Were Bid Abstracts Available? Yes 4. Tiae Allowed for Bid su~issiona 6 weeks originally. However, an initial bid was rejected because 2 contractors failed to sign minority participation clause, so job was rebid. The effective bidding period was then 14 weeks. s. What Subsurface Information was Provided in the Bid Package? Mapsa No--none compiled by geotechnical consultant. Boring logsa Yes--bound directly into contract drawings. othera Geotechnical reports with profiles and all test results. (The reports were laid out for bidders' examination, and copies could be bought from the National Technical Information Service.) If provided, was detailed information set forth? Yes 6. What Geotechnical Data were Made Part of the Contract Document? Geotechnical reportsa See question S, above. If so, identify. Geophysical logsa No geophysical logs created. Core samples& Specifically listed as available for inspection on 24 hours notice. Age of samples& Between 3 and 8 years. Condition of samplesa Soil dessicated; rock good. Geologic mappings and cross sectionaa See question S, above. Test dataa See question S, above. If provided, describea Results of all field and lab testing on soil samples, rock cores, boreholes, and observation wells. 7. Photo (display)a No photos Was there a prebid display rOCil exhibiting photos, maps, other documents, etc. (what did it consist of)? COnstruction coordina- tor's office, where geotechnical reports could be examined. othera COre shed, where geologic samples could be examined. 8. What (If Any) Geological Technological Information Possessed by OWner Was Not Provided to Bidders? Government geologic maps and reports considered 3rd party information and not made available; it was up to interested bidders to locate their own copies. 9. was There a Prebid Conferencea No If so, were questions asked re subsurface conditions? Please describe the questions and answers a 10. Did Any Bidders Obtain Their OWn Bxpert Evaluation of Subsurface Data, Particularly the Successful Bidder? Yes If so, identify (briefly describe it)a COnsulting geotechnical specialists inde- pendently evaluated the rock core and the owner's geotechnical re- ports. Similar studies also carried out by three major TBM manu- facturers. 11. Did Any Bidders Make an Independent Subsurface Investigation? Not prior to bid award. If so, describe briefly& 12. What Subsurface Information Did Contractor Rely On in Preparing His Bid? (Object is to discover what contractors rely most on)a Boring logs a Yes Geophysical dataa 140

Core aampleaa Yea Geotechnical reports a Yes Geological mappings and cross sections a Yea Other a Explain why specific types of information were relied on by the contractor and in order of taportancea Relied on all quantified data or documents; reviewed reports but did not necessarily rely on judgments, evaluations, conclusions. Explain why if any types of information were not relied ona •Facta• were relied on; opinions, not necessarily. was there any specific type of data desired by the contractor but not made available? None remembered by the individual who com- pleted the prebid geologic evaluation. What experience, if any, did the contractor have in comparable underground construction work? 45 years in underground construc- tion. Had just built the adjacent section in similar rock, using the very same TBM. V. CONTRACT FOIIIAT 1. Contract Formata LWip BUill Unit pricea per ft of single track tunnel Coat plusa Other a If unit price format was used, were estimated quantity variation limits specified? 1St (plus or minus) without adjusting contract price. 2. was Differing Site Conditione Clause or Bquivalent Included? Yes, but see question 3, below. was there a changes clause or equivalent& Yes If answers in 2 above were no, how was risk of changed conditions dealt with contractually? Since rock was specifically excluded from coverage under the changed conditions clause, the contractor was expected to include sufficient contingency in his bid price to cover any rock condition encountered. 3. Were There Disclaimers or caveats on the OWner-Furnished Informa- tion on Subsurface Conditions? (1) Note that data presented for information only with no accuracy warranty. (2) Note that rock not covered by changed conditions clause. 4. Provisions Re Schedule, Time of eo.pletiona 915 calendar days for total contract. (The contractor was required to submit for ap- proval a graphic network diagram [schedule] indicating construction dates for various major features, which did include running tunnels estimated at 286 calendar days for mining.) Definition of delaya Yes (see Supplement 1). Definition of suspension of worka Yes (see supplement 2). Liquidated damages clauaea Maximum $5,000 per day of delay. 5. Payment Proviaionaa Monthly a Yes 141

Retainage percenta 10\ Other& Payment related to progress (see supplement 3). 6. Pricing for ~rary Support (describe briefly)a Details of temporary support strictly the responsibility of the contractor, with payment to be included in the overall contract unit price per ft for •single track tunnel.• 7. Construction Methods Specified• Tllla Option* Drill-and-blasta Option* *Job designed as either TBM or drill-and-blast, with contractors to bid the option they preferred. Low bidder chose the TBM option. Other a 8. Restrictions& Hours of worka None for TBM mined tunnel. Some shafts restrict- ed to 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. or 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Blasting• Permitted only from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., Monday through Saturday, and 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. on Sunday. Hauling& No specified restrictions. Other& Noise restrictions (dBA levels) for equipment in various locations and hours of resident activities. 9. Disputes Resolving Provisions (i.e., arbitration, suit, etc.)a To be decided by owner's contracting officer, whose decisions can be appealed to owner's board of directors within 30 days. Board decision final unless question is one of law that results in liti- gation in court. VI. CONSTRUCTION 1. Type of Projecta Hard ground& Yes Soft grounda _ Mixed face& Other a 2. Length of work week& Daysa 5 Shifts& 3 Why was this schedule used? ----------------------------------- NUIIber of Men& Daya 20-22 men Swinga 20-22 men Graveyard• 20-22 men 3. Major Equipment Useda Robbins 191-161 tunnel boring machine. Mucking and hauling: front end loaders, 25 ton locos, 16 cu yd muck cars, rotary dump cranes. 4. Advance Rate (per day) a Maximuaa 125 ft Miniauaa 0 ft 09erall average (per day)& 65ft, good rock; 56ft, poor rock. s. Problema& Excessive overbreak& Poor ground stability& In one 650 ft long stretch only. cave-inaa in same 650 ft Running Grounda in same 650 ft Groundwater• Gas& Other a Residual stresses/swelling/squeezing grounda 142

6. Special Conditionaa Utilising oo.preaaed aira No Subaqueous (under lakes, rivera, bays) a No Twin borea Yea; tunnels Dewatering probl... a No driven consecutively by same TBM; required complete refurbishing between lat and 2nd bores. Lost 5 weeks from completion of lat tunnel to start of the 2nd. Grouting (for running ground or aettl...nt)a Yes, but it proved ineffective and was quickly dropped. Other a 7. Primary Supporta Steel seta (deacribe)a W6x20 on 4ft centers in bad ground and in portion through the future station location. (Note: Applies to standard tunnel section. Shotcrete, longer rock bolts on different patterns, heavier steel and thicker concrete used in cross adit and shaft breakout areas.) Rock bolts (deacribe)a 6 ft bolts with wire mesh on 5 ft x 5 ft in top arch used in 63' of tunnel length. (Applies to standard tunnel section, as noted above.) Shotcretea Other a a. Final Linings (none, ahotcrete, cut-in-place, aegMnta, other) a Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 1 ft thick. This final lining omitted in the 653 ft long section where a future station was to be blasted out of the rock between the running tunnels and the pilot drift. (Applies to standard tunnel section, as noted in 7, above.) 9. Excavation Equipment Manufacturer (TBM, roedbeader, etc.)a Modela Robbins 191-161 Di...tera 19 ft 1 in. (O.D.) Weighta 285 tons Cutterhead powera 900 horsepower Thruata 1,850,000 lbs. Torquea 3,500,000 lbs. Gripperaa 2 horizontal Cutteraa 45 (15-1/2 in. discs) opposed Down timea 18.U 10. Shield (deacription)a Not applicable 11. Ventilation (type and volume)a Joy 48 in. fan line. 12. Mucking (describe ayatem)a Endless belt to muck train parked in- side back of TBM. Muck hauled through Contract A-9a and Contract A-6a (previous tunnel built by same contractor), stockpiled at the portal and hauled away by truck. 13. Were Changes in Design Made After Award DUe to Unforeseen Geologic Conditions? No was contract flexible enough to allow this? No, not without a formal contract modification. Other conditionsa ~--~--~~------~~--~~--~------------ 14. Was Progress of work Affected by Any of the Pollowinga Redeaigna No Contractor inexperiencea No Squeezing grounda No Cave-ina In the one bad ground area there was a chimney to the bottom of the street pavement. Groundwater inflowa Yes, once. But the pocket of water in bad ground drained within a few days. 143

Fault zonesa No Other& Intensely weathered shear zones associated with a contact zone between country rock and an intrusive. 15. Was a Contingency for Geologic uncertainty Included in Bid? No Could it bave been reduced if 110re exploration had been llade? Bow aucb reduced? - 16. Safety Record with Regard to Geologic Conditions& Miners' claims of damage by silica from the rock dust. VII. LITIGATION AND DISPtrrES RELATED TO GEOLOGY 1. were There Significant Clat.s ~ the Contractor? Yes, one major claim for $7 million. 2. Were There Significant Clat.s ~ OWner Against Contractor? No Against engineers? No If so, identify ~ brief description and a.ount in dollars& 3. If Contractor Claill was Based on Differing Site Conditions, Please Describe the Claimed Condition and Bow it Allegedly Differeda The contractor encountered ground so bad that the mole became stuck and efforts to turn the cutterhead resulted in flows of mud and water into the tunnel, with some caving above the tunnel. The mole fought its way through 300 ft of this ground but a top heading, hand-mined •rescue• tunnel had to be driven from ahead to meet the machine; a similar top heading was driven for 650 ft in the adja- cent tube. These operations resulted in much extra work and tunnel support and delays. The contractor claimed the problem was due to unforeseeably deep weathering so bad that there were actually •pendants• of saprolitic soil extending down into the rock tunnel. What was the owner's position with respect to any such clat.s? The owner's initial position was that the contractor had simply en- countered intense weathering along a concentration of shear zones so common in the area and quite predictable from contract document information. The bad material was sheared and weathered rock and not soil-like until the mole ground it up. The claim was thus denied because rock was specifically excluded from changed condi- tion provisions in the contract. However, during the early stages of litigation, the owner conceded that the condition encountered was unusually severe and agreed to the soil-like nature of some of the material. This made it coverable by the changed condition pro- visions and freed owner and contractor to negotiate an extra. 4. were the Clai• Settled? Yes Short of arbitration board or litigation? Litigation began, but settlement was achieved before it actually came to trial. What percentage was recovered in settl...nt of the clat.s? 28\ (asked for $7 million and received $1,975,350). was interest included in settlements? No 5. If Clat.s were Arbitrated, Before What Panel? Hot arbitrated What result? ------------------------------------------------- What percentage of clat.s was recovered? ----------------------- What was the cost of arbitration? ~--~-----------------------­ Bow long did it take to get a decision? - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144

6. If Clat.s Were Litigated, Before What rorua? COrps of Engineers Board of COntract Appeals. What result? Litigation proceeded through the pleading and dis- covery stages, but the parties reached agreement on their own before trial was actually begun. What percentage of clat.s was recovered? 28\ (see question 4) What was the coat of litigation? No information How long did it take to get a decision? No decision; time frame unknown for mutually agreeable settlement. 7. TO What Extent were Contractor Clat.s Asserted and Resolved Con- temporaneously with Performance? Asserted during performance but not resolved until several years later. VIII. OTHER Operations and Maintenance Probl... a Trains are not yet running in these particular tunnels, so the full extent of operations and maintenance problems are not yet evident. There was (and still is) intrusion of diesel fuel into the tunnel from a garage site spill. Although not serious enough to be a safety hazard during or after construction, the oil does continue to seep into the drainage system and to be concentrated at the nearest pumping station. From here it is released into a small natural stream in sufficient concentra- tion to be an environmental problem. Calcium carbonates are creating the longest-term operations and mainte- nance problems. The eaco 3 is picked up from calcite joint fillings in the rock. Carried in fairly heavy concentrations in the groundwater, it precipi- tates when pressure is released as the water emerges into open air inside the tunnels. One-third of the hydrostatic pressure relief (HPR) pipes were clogged by the time of tunnel acceptance, and perhaps three-quarters of them are clogged by this time. The precipitates also clog drainage slots, lines, and gratings, and probably any gravel filter blankets under the concrete in- verts. They tend to form messy, slippery deposits that can be a hazard on the safety walks. It has prov~d practically impossible to ream the carbonates from the small HPR pipes, but the drainage slots, lines, and gratings can be kept rela- tively clean by periodic treatment with a rotary cleaning tool and high pres- sure water. It is important to attack the deposits while they are still in a gel state and not completely solidified. Testing the degree and speed of cal- cification of the gravel filter blankets and then trying to stop or reverse it is still an unsolved problem. Interviewer c.w. Daugherty us

SUpPl. . .nt 1 Washington Metro Section A-9a 1.5 TERMINATION FOR DEFAULT - DAMAGES FOR DELAY - TEKE EXTENSIONS (a) If the Contractor refuses or fails to prosecute the work, or any separable part thereof, with such diligence as will insure its completion within the time specified in this contract, or any ex- tension thereof, or fails to complete said work within such time, the Authority may, by written notice to the Contractor, terminate his right to proceed with the work or such part of the work as to which there has been delay. In such event the Authority may take over the work and prosecute the same to completion, by contract or otherwise, and may take possession of and utilize in completing the work such materials, appliances, and plant as may be on the site of the work and necessary therefor. Whether or not the Contractor's right to proceed with the work is terminated, he and his sureties shall be liable for any damage to the Authority resulting from his refusal or failure to complete the work in the specified time. (d) The Contractor 'a right to proceed shall not be so terminated nor the Contractor charged with resulting damage if& (1) The delay in the completion of the work arises from un- foreseeable causes beyond the control and without the fault or negligence of the Contractor, including but not restricted to, acts of God, acta of the public enemy, acts of the Authority in its contractual capacity, acta of another contractor in the performance of a contract with the Authority, fires, floods, epidemics, quarantine restrictions, strikes, freight embar- goes, unusually severe weather, or delays of subcontractors or suppliers at any tier arising from causes other than normal weather beyond the control and without the fault or negligence of both the Contractor and such subcontractors or suppliers; and (2) The Contractor, within 10 days from the beginning of any such delay (unless the Contracting Officer grants a further period of time before the date of final payment under the con- tract), notifies the Contracting Officer in writing of the causes of delay. The Contracting Officer shall ascertain the facts and the extent of the delay and extend the time for com- pleting the work when, in his judgment, the findings of fact justify such an extension, and his findings of fact shall be final and conclusive on the parties, subject only to appeal as provided in the •Disputes• article of these General Provisions. 146

SupplaMnt 2 Washington Metro Section A-9a 1.38 SUSPENSION OF WORK (a) The Contracting Officer may order the Contractor in writing to suspend, delay, or interrupt all or any part of the work for such period of time as he may determine to be appropriate for the con- venience of the Authority. (b) If the performance of all or any part of the work is, for an unreasonable period of time, suspended, delayed, or interrupted by an act of the Contracting Officer in the administration of this contract, or by his failure to act within the time specified in this contract (or if no time is specified, within a reasonable time), an adjustment shall be made for any increase in the cost of performance of this contract (excluding profit) necessarily caused by such unreasonable suspension, delay, or interruption and the contract modified in writing accordingly. However, no adjustment shall be made under this article for any suspension, delay, or in- terruption to the extent (1) that performance would have been so suspended, delayed, or interrupted by any other cause, including the fault or negligence of the Contractor or (2) for which an equi- table adjustment is provided for or excluded under any other pro- vision of this contract. (c) No claim under this clause shall be allowed (1) for any costs incurred more than 20 days before the Contractor shall have noti- fied the Contracting Officer in writing of the act or failure to act involved (but this requirement shall not apply as to a claim resulting from a suspension order), and (2) unless the claim, in an amount stated, is asserted in writing as soon as practicable after the termination of such suspension, delay, or interruption, but not later than the date of final payment under the contract. 147

suppl...nt 3 Washington Metro section A-9a 2.9 DETERMINATION OF PROGRESS (a) Independent of progress payments made pursuant to Article 1.7, Payments to Contractor, progress schedules prepared under tbe re- quirements of Article 2.8, Progress Schedules - Network Analysis, shall provide as schedules progress for only SO percent of tbe esti- mated invoiced cost of materials or equipment delivered to the site but not incorporated in the work as of the time of the scheduled de- l ivery thereof. (b) In determining progress accomplished, the Engineer will allow as an element of work accomplished (progress toward completion) only SO percent of the invoiced cost of materials or equipment delivered to the site but not incorporated in the construction up to the time the materials or equipment are actually incorporated in the work. 148

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