National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C.20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This report and the study on which it is based were supported by Contract No. DTNH22-94-G-07414 from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Limited copies of this report are available from the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.
Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
TREVOR O. JONES (chair,)
NAE, Libbey-Owens-Ford Company (retired), Cleveland, Ohio
DONALD J. BAILEY,
Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, Ohio (from September 1995)
HARRY E. COOK,
NAE, University of Illinois, Urbana (until September 1995)
R. GARY DIAZ,
Case Corporation, Burr Ridge, Illinois
KENNERLY H. DIGGES,
George Washington University, Ashburn, Virginia
DEBORAH GORDON,
Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, D.C.
DAVID HAGEN,
Michigan Center for High Technology, Detroit, Michigan
ROBERT L. HIRSCH,
Energy Technology Collaborative, Inc., Washington, D.C.
CRAIG MARKS,
NAE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
SEYMOUR L. MEISEL,
NAE, Mobil Oil Corporation (retired), Princeton, New Jersey
JEROME G. RIVARD,
NAE, Global Technology and Business Development, Harrison Township, Michigan
VERNON P. ROAN,
University of Florida, Palm Beach Gardens
SUPRAMANIAM SRINIVASAN,
Texas A&M University, College Station
VICKIE V. SUTTON,
Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
C. MICHAEL WALTON,
NAE, The University of Texas at Austin
Committee Subgroup on Systems Analysis
JEROME G. RIVARD (chair)
R. GARY DIAZ
DAVID HAGEN
VERNON P. ROAN
Committee Subgroup on Powertrains
CRAIG MARKS (chair)
DAVID HAGEN
VERNON P. ROAN
SUPRAMANIAM SRINIVASAN
Committee Subgroup on Materials
DAVID HAGEN (chair)
DONALD J. BAILEY
HARRY E. COOK
SEYMOUR L. MEISEL
Committee Subgroup on Infrastructure and Safety
KENNERLY H. DIGGES (chair)
DEBORAH GORDON
SEYMOUR L. MEISEL
VICKIE V. SUTTON
C. MICHAEL WALTON
Committee Subgroup on Program Management
ROBERT L. HIRSCH (chair)
JEROME G. RIVARD
VICKIE V. SUTTON
MICHAEL WALTON
Committee Subgroup on National Commitment
DEBORAH GORDON (chair)
KENNERLY H. DIGGES
VICKIE V. SUTTON
Project Staff
MAHADEVAN MANI,
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
JILL WILSON,
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
NAN HUMPHREY,
Transportation Research Board
WENDY LEWALLEN,
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
H. M. (HUB) HUBBARD (chair),
Pacific International Center for High Technology Research (retired), Honolulu, Hawaii
RICHARD MESERVE (vice chair),
Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.
R. DARRYL BANKS,
World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.
ALLAN BARD,
NAS, The University of Texas at Austin
JAN BEYEA,
National Audubon Society, New York, New York
DAVID E. DANIEL,
The University of Texas at Austin
LINDA C. DOLAN,
Martin Marietta Electronics and Missiles, Orlando, Florida
ROBERT L. HIRSCH,
Energy Technology Collaborative, Inc., Washington, D.C.
FRANCOIS E. HEUZE,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
THOMAS O'ROURKE,
NAE, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
LAWRENCE T. PAPAY,
NAE, Bechtel Group, Inc., San Francisco, California
RUTH A. RECK,
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
JOEL SPIRA,
NAE, Lutron Electronics Company, Inc., Coopersburg, Pennsylvania
Liaison Members from the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
NAE, Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, West Virginia
TREVOR O. JONES,
NAE, Libbey-Owens-Ford Company (retired), Cleveland, Ohio
Staff
MAHADEVAN MANI, director (to February 1996)
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director (from February 1996)
JILL WILSON, senior program officer
TRACY WILSON, senior program officer
SUSANNA CLARENDON, administrative assistant
WENDY LEWALLEN, senior project assistant
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The committee wishes to thank all the members of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles who contributed significantly of their time and effort to this National Research Council review, whether by giving presentations at meetings, providing responses to committee requests for information, or hosting site visits. The committee also acknowledges the valuable contributions of organizations outside the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, including those from outside the United States, who provided information on advanced vehicle technologies and development initiatives. Finally, the chairman wishes to recognize the committee members and the staff of the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems of the National Research Council for their hard work during the meetings and for their individual efforts in gathering information and writing sections of the report.
ACRONYMS
ABS
anti-lock braking system
ACC
Automotive Composites Consortium
AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
ATP
Advanced Technology Program
CAD
computer-aided design
CAE
computer-aided engineering
CAM
computer-aided manufacture
CFD
computerized flow dynamics
CNG
compressed natural gas
CRADA
cooperative research and development agreement
CVT
continuously variable transmission
DICI
direct-injection, compression-ignition
DOC
U.S. Department of Commerce
DOD
U.S. Department of Defense
DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FMEA
failure modes and effects analysis
FY
fiscal year
GFRP
graphite fiber-reinforced polymer
HEV
hybrid electric vehicle
ITS
Intelligent Transportation System
LEP
Low Emission Partnership
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NHTSA
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NSF
National Science Foundation
NRC
National Research Council
OBD
on-board diagnostics
OEM
original equipment manufacturer
OTA
Office of Technology Assessment
PEM
proton exchange membrane
PNGV
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
R&D
research and development
SAE
Society of Automotive Engineers
SID
side impact dummy
SRIM
structural resin-injection molding
TACOM
Tank Automotive Command
ULEV
ultra-low emission vehicle
USCAR
United States Council for Automotive Research
WWW
World Wide Web