National Academies Press: OpenBook

Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966)

Chapter: Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing

« Previous: Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research
Suggested Citation:"Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing." National Research Council. 1966. Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9547.
×
Page 113
Suggested Citation:"Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing." National Research Council. 1966. Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9547.
×
Page 114
Suggested Citation:"Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing." National Research Council. 1966. Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9547.
×
Page 115
Suggested Citation:"Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing." National Research Council. 1966. Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9547.
×
Page 116
Suggested Citation:"Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing." National Research Council. 1966. Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9547.
×
Page 117

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Appendix 17 Computerized Publishing In the past 3 years, since the first, and unsuccessful, attempt to use computerized typesetting in newspaper production, the advan- ces in this technology have been such that about 200 computers are now in use in or on order by the printing business throughout the world. Nearly all the major U.S. computer manufacturers have entered this field, and competition for the market is keen. Although newspapers have been the primary practitioners of computerized printing, book manufacturers and government agencies have also begun computerized operations. In its news- paper application, a typical system would consist of the following operations: 1. The reporter types his copy in the customary way except that in certain systems the output consists of a punched paper tape in addition to the usual hard copy. 2. The editor indicates on the hard copy what changes he desires to be made. 3. ~ the reporter's output was a punched tape, only the neces- sary corrections are punched up. If only the hard copy exists, it is punched up incorporating the editor's corrections. 4. The edited punched paper tape is fed into the computer, where words are hyphenated and lines are justified automatically. 5. The punched tape (sometimes magnetic tape) output from the computer is then used to operate linecasting or photocomposi- tion machines. 6. Subsequent operations are essentially no different from those in the conventional printing process. LINE JUSTIFICATION The computer is well adapted for the type of computation needed for the justification of printed lines. By simply adding the width of the characters and spaces in each line and comparing the sum with the column width, the computer is able to apply the 113

proper spacing techniques (e.g., insertion of thin spaces, ens, ems, or hyphenation) for justification. WORD DIVISION Word division still poses a problem in that the two most widely used methods ("logic" and "dictionary look-up") each have certain disadvantages. The logical method, owing to the completely arbitrary nature of English syllabification rules, cannot attain 100 percent accuracy. The dictionary look-up method requires a much larger computer memory than the logical method. Since it is unlikely that the disadvantages of either method can be com- pletely overcome, an entirely different approach has gained the favor of some. This system, to be in operation next year at the CLA's Printing Services Division, justifies without word division hyphena- tion by using a photocomposer to vary the set size of the type. Exhibit 1 shows an 80 percent reduction of the standard Govern- ment Printing Office format, which in its original form is 20 picas wide and set in 10 point Modern at 10 1/2 set. It contains 15 hyphens. Exhibit 2 is the same job reset using a choice of set sizes. No word division hyphenation has been necessary. Exhibi 3 is the same as Exhibit 2 with bullets next to the lines where alternate set sizes were used. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED PRINTING Some of the advantages that have been mentioned by the users of this method of printing are: 1. improved output by typists resulting from elimination of the spacing and hyphenation decisions, 2. reduction of time needed to train new perforator operators, more efficient use of fine casting machines, 4. the ability to set closer deadlines, and increase in production. PHOTOCOM POSITION In the future, photocomposing machines will have to be used in order to take full advantage of the computer. The fastest line- casting machines are capable of an output of only 15 newspaper lines a minute, whereas the newest photocomposing machines are capable of printing 1,000-2,000 lines a minute. 114

~ ~ — ! ~ O >) U: ~ -, C~ L CC C ~> C) .— ~ c) ~— Le _ — _ C/: ._ C~ ~ C C: C) ·— — C) _ _ _ O ~ _ O ~ o ~ ° ~ C C ~ ^ O — ~ Ct _C C _ ~ ~ _ ~ _ ~ C~ ~ ~ ,= _ C C) C.) C.) C) ~ -~ c~ L. — Ct Ct U c; ~ ^ ~ j ~ ? ,= ~ _ ~ cn ~ C ~ — ^ ~ o C {,7 ~ C ~ ~ V —~ ~ · ~ C) C ~ . ~ I ,,) X .~ :^ — C U) ~ o o ._ L' ~= L' C ~= U: O C C: ~ C) Le L o C ~ Co L C ~ Ct ~ L. ~ C _ C .C ~ ^ ~ o ~ ~ ~ £ :5 ~ b' L. C: · C ~ L. Ct 0 ~ ~0 ·— ¢~ £ c° ~ L. C ~ o O ce ~ b~ t>~~ ~ ~ ~ o · L~ C a ° ,~ ~° ~ .= "c. ~ . L. ~ . C _ C: ~ C) E~ m 1 t_ ~ ~ 1 ~ ;/ — 1 C; ~ ~ 1 C ~ I C ~ C C; ~ C C — Cc CQ C) .~ O — ^ — ~ — C ~ _ . - ~ 0 Ct ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C) — V ° ~ Ct O V C) ]~ C) CF5 _— ~ O V _ _ _ . C ~ _ — ~ ,Q C V =. O C: . O ~ co c C) C) ~ ~ ~ Cd be O V2 ~ C ~d — V ~ ~ ~ C _—v O C V C) ~ ~ ,= — ~ C) V Ce — L. Ct C) I_. C Ce ~3 _ ~ C) ~C ) ~ C:) ·— C~ ~ U:> .ba :1 C L. L. =. ·— — ~C C: >,, L' _ _> ,` . C Cl? ~ ~ ) C ._ _ ~ C o . _ C: Ct Ct , - ~ £ . ° c Ct C ~ o o n ~ Q Le _ _ O "C ~ ~ _ O ~Q ·t ._ O C) b.0 ~— ~' · C° L Cts ~ C) L. _ ·— . ~ _ C' ~0 bC — C) ~ C b,0 . _ _ — :) ~ ~ _ ~ 3 ~ ~ C C ~ _ ~ C~ ~ Lj ~ ~ _ C .= C C) C ·e;! ~ —v ) Ct ~O U~ O C · L o ~ ~ ~ ct c) bC ~ L ,_ a: C ~ C C: I_ o U) C · b.0 C · _ — C) C) Ct · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o £ ~ L~ ·— Ct ~ ~ -~ C _ C) — ~ O ._ C c) _C C — C C: ·— O —' C: ~ C) . _ C ) L · _ C; 6= C~ ~ — ~7 C — , ~ ~ ~) ^ u7 d ~ v c~ — C C C) ~ _ ~ C~ C cd C) ~ ~ O ~ . C) ~ >, cn _ ~ ~ c~ Cd _C ·— i - ~ C U: ~ .m O ~ ~ o ~ <, _ V ° _) ~ C L' .,., ~V — CC Cl . _ ·— ~ L~ ,~ C: L — U — ~ O c,) L U) ~ C~ U C~ L' Cd C · C C C ·~, c-) ;-, ~ beO _ C ~ c. D7 C) Ct L. ~ ~ ~ z ~ _ ~ ~ ~ cd ,= — ~ t:) C: c<~ L. ~ ~ C. ~ O ~ ~ ~ C ~ o . ~ ~: ._ L. - C~ 115

g c~ <: o - c~ r_ m \ - r~ ~ ~ O O C C .C ~ ~ ~ ~ ,)_ ~ 5 ~ ~ ., - . ~ O . ~ . V C ~ ~ So ~ V O C) O V O ~ ~ c$ _ _ —~ — ~ . . O 2 u c u 2 2 ~ C u: O C; · _ C ~ ~ — _ ~ O _ c O r — _ ~ _ G — c: _ ct ~ _ c~ ~ 116 ~; v C . _ o ._ ~ o . ~ ._ ~ C ^ Ct _ ~Q U7 C) ~ ~ £ ·- £ .— C . y Ct o C) _ C:: .V ~ ~' b4 tn _C Ct c ._ ~o o _ _ C) V) g ~ ~ ~ .t ~ ~ o ·— C _ n _ C't ~ — C C; — ~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ C; ~ C; ·— U: C) ~ ~ C: CQ ^ ~ C :34 c~ u v ~ . _ ._ ~ ~ O ~ ~, ·— C) v ·— v C~ ~? ~ —v ~ C: C) ~ C:~ ~ C) V O v ~ ~ Q v u: C _ O u: O ~ ~ '. C: ~ O · - 0 b~> C) .— u s_ ^ C ~ 0 C ~ ~ ._ ~ ~ ~ . ~ . ~ O ~ C) c: v C) b()_ o _ ~ —( ,_ · _ ~ C . b.0 Ct^ C ct ^ ~ — ~C ~ _ v · _ O c O ~ · _ v ~ u: -= _ G C; Q . ~ c: C ~ O ~ D c: c: ~ U: ;O .. ._ ._ — ~ O C - O O . _ _ ~ C: C~ . _ o C ._ ^ ~ — C O ~ C C C~ . V ~# _ _ C ~ C) O C ; C) C) Ci: . _ C) C ~ C) C .~ ~ C~ _ X C; C) ~ V _ ~ ' _ , O cq ~ cc V ~ C. C) C: V C _ _ _ _ ·— (/, C: s~ V ~ · - C V C: C C - —v C~ U: C _ O C;, ·— V Ct C) — _ _ _ ~ C c; ·— ;~ ~ ._ ^ ~: V ~ ~ C) ._ - 0- ~ ~ V C ~ _ ~q _ L. :~ c o V C V ~ V

c) c) co v' cd v _ — L O _ ._ ·— C) C: V V ~ . _ — ._ — C.> ~ _ U) ~C C`7 ._ C O Ct ~ C .<n O X ~ ~ O C) ~ C cd ~ . _ ~ o . = o ._ CO E~ ~_ U) C) ~ L C~ CC ~ - o _ C ~ Ct 5 C`: ~ — ~ V L C) _ 0 5 O . ~0 . U: ~ C ' C ·— O ~ C) O C C) _ ' C) U) ~ - , _ ._ C _ G) C O cq ~ v ·— bC _ ~ O C , ·_ ~ ~ ~ C o ~ U: _ Ce —v ~ ~ V C o o C C ~ — ~ C V C ^ ~ C~ C, U: ~ ._ ._ _ C: C o C) .. bC V ~ ~ _ O ~ C) _ U: C C . C) ,C ~0 C ~ C) — ~ ~ V] ~ C Ct ~ — O bC ~ _' >~ ·— ~5 C: O Q C · O ·— O ~ e "C ~ O U: ~ L C C ~ ~ ~ ._ ;~ _ ~ O O O — O_ _ _ 1 1 1 1 1 ·e ~ .. ·~ oo C C C~ — :>C C U) — o ~ O ~ C~, _ -— C) 5 _ U) L C ^ _ — , ~ — — — _ _ C) C C ~— Cl ~ Ct O C: C ~ ~ — C . L — ~ C) O U) C o ~ ° ~ ~ o ~ O O C: ~ ~ t~O — C,) — C5 ~ V ~ ~ — C; cC C~ — '.,~ C: C) CC cd ~ _ C O ~— C ' ~—4 0 _ _ L O V ~ C~ C C _ ._ C; — Q C: — C~ , ~ ~ 5 C C C~ t ~ _ 5 L Ct . _ ^ C b~ ~ , 0 C; C C: Ct _ . Q C: V . _ ·— L — ~ C "C C ~C V O ._ _ c: 5= C: — ~ ,= ·— C V ~ ~ £ - ~ ~ C ~ ~ — C) 5 C ~ ~ · _ cq ,~ —o c: _ ~ ~ C b.4 V, ~0 — O —O C b4 . _ V C _ · L V — C) V L C ~ C: ~ L V L C ,~ V: V CC C V C) · o U) C) _ — = ~ ~ ~ O G) ~ . _ ce C' V L bC Q v ~ ~: C ~ cn ~ ~ ._ O ·— C e" ~ O C: V C o o ~ O L G,) Ct Cd 5 L . t - ' ~ O L Cd u) C;S O ~ ~ ~ — ~ . _ ~ ~, C c~ 5 L C`: L O ~ ~ ~— _C L Q , _ C~ ~ ~ U) — ~ ~ O — C~ C) ·- _ C`? ^ ~ U~ — _ ~ ~ C —' O C ~ ~ Ct _ — _ . _ O ~ . _ _ _ . _ C cq V Q · _ ~ -, ~, Ct C< ~— ~ ·— ·— — ~ C~ O O C. O . - ~ — — _ C~ _ C) _ ~ ~ ~ V CC =0 V ~ ~ CC — C — C) ~ C ~ ~ 4 _ ^ O — cd ° 'cd ~ C ° O Q . Cq Ct 5 C~ o ~ o 5 '_ O O ~ o O O Ct C; C) 5 C) . _ v ~ C q.) C _ 5 C) v ~ Q _ L o C 3 ·— _ ~ o c<S U) Q ~ "C ~ ~ ~ Q V Q L o Q 5C C~ (J: C L V .— . _ V · _ ~ u) 5 ·— O Ce - = O ¢) L Cd ~ ~ C L C: C . _ o bJ~ O L V: ~ ~ o C . C : Ct Cd ~= C~ ·— C) 5 0 ,= ~ c<: ~ v~ Ct = 1_ 0 = 0 0 V L ~ C; C) C) , _ = 0_ x ~ cd ~ o _ = C ~ ~ ~ ~ O C; C >,, u~ ~n ;,, V _ ~ Q C~ C v~ Ct -' C C~ ~ ~ _ C~ ~ C V~ C) ~ ~ C: C~ ~ V C C~ ~ V 117

Next: Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics »
Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!