The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance (1999)

Protein and Amino Acids, 1999

Pp. 373-409. Washington, D.C.

National Academy Press

On the following pages is a selection of references dealing with the role of protein and amino acids in sustaining and enhancing performance. This bibliography was compiled from the joint reference lists of the chapters in this report, selected references from a limited literature search, and references recommended by the invited speakers as background reading for workshop participants. As a result, references that are historical in nature are included in this listing along with the most current studies.

Ahlers, S.T., J.R. Thomas, J. Schrot, and D. Shurtleff. 1994. Tyrosine and glucose modulation of cognitive deficits. Pp. 301-320 in Food Components to Enhance Performance, B. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Albino, J.E., and R.B. Mateo. 1995. Nitric oxide. Pp. 99-123 in Amine Acid Metabolism and Therapy in Health and Nutritional Disease, L.A. Cynober, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Allen, L.H., E.A. Oddoye, and S. Margen. 1979. Protein-induced hypercalciuria: A longer term study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:741-749.

Allison, J.B., J.A. Anderson, and R.D. Seeley. 1947. Some effects of methionine on the utilization of nitrogen in the adult dog. J. Nutr. 33:361-370.

Andersen, P., and B. Saltin. 1985. Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J. Physiol. 366:233-249.

Anderson, C.F., J.A. Velosa, P.P. Frohnert, V.E. Torres, K.P. Offord, J.P. Vogel, J.V. Donadio, Jr., and D.M. Wilson. 1985. The risks of unilateral nephrectomy: Status of kidney donors 10 to 20 years postoperatively. Mayo Clin. Proc. 60:367-374.

Anderson, E.C. 1963. Three component body composition analysis based on potassium and water determinations. Ann NY Acad Sci. 110:189-212.

Anderson, J.W., B.M. Johnstone, and M.E. Cooke-Newell. 1995. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N. Engl. J. Mad. 333(5): 276-282.

Anderson, S., and B.M. Brenner. 1987. The aging kidney: structure, function, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 35:590-593.

Anderson, S.A., and D.J. Raiten (eds.). 1992. Safety of amine acids as dietary supplements.

Bethesda, Md.: Federation of the American Societies for Experimental Biology. Andrews, P.M., and S.B. Bates. 1986. Dietary protein prior to renal ischemia dramatically affects postischemic kidney damage. Kidney Int. 30:299-303.

Anggard, E. 1994. Nitric oxide: Mediator, murderer and medicine. Lancet 343:1199-1206.

AR (Army Regulation) 40-250. 1947. See U.S. Department of the Army, 1947.

AR (Army Regulation) 40-25. 1985. See U.S. Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force.

AR (Army Regulation) 40-25. 1989. See U.S. Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, 1985.

Ardawi, M.S.M., and E.A. Newsholme. 1983. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of the rat. Biochem. J. 212:835-842.

Artuson, G. 1961. Pathophysiological aspects of the bum syndrome. Acta Chirg. Scand. 274:7-64.

Askew, E.W. 1989. Nutrition for a cold environment. Phys. Sportsmed. 17:77-89.

Askew, E.W., J.R. Claybaugh, S.A. Cucinell, A.J. Young, and E.G. Szeto. 1986. Nutrient intakes and work performance of soldiers during seven days of exercise at 7,200 ft. altitude consuming the Meal, Ready-to-Eat ration. Technical Report No. T3-87. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Askew, E.W., I. Munro, M.A. Sharp, S. Siegel, R. Popper, M.S. Rose, R.W. Hoyt, K. Reynolds, H.R. Lieberman, D. Engell, and C.P. Shaw. 1987. Nutritional status and physical and mental performance of soldiers consuming the Ration, Lightweight or the Meal, Ready-to-Eat military field ration during a 30 day field training exercise (RLW-30). Technical Report No. T7-87. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Atinmo, T., C.M.F. Mbofung, M.A. Hussain, and B.O. Osotimehin. 1985. Human protein requirements: Obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses and the factorial estimation of protein needs of Nigerian male adults. Br. J. Nutr. 54:605-611.

Atinmo, T., C.M.F. Mbofung, G. Eggum, and B.O. Osotimehin. 1988. Nitrogen balance study in young Nigerian adult males using four levels of protein intake. Br. J. Nutr. 60:451-458.

Aulick, L.H., and D.W. Wilmore. 1979. Increased peripheral amino acid release following bum injury. Surgery 30:196-197.

Baker-Fulco, C.J., J.C. Buchbinder, S.A. Torri, and E.W. Askew. 1992. Dietary Status of Marine Corps officer candidates. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. J. [FASEB J] 6(4):A1682.

Baker-Fulco, C.J., S.A. Torri, J.E. Arsenault, and J.C. Buchbinder. 1994. Impact of menu changes designed to promote a training diet [abstract]. J. Am. Diet. Assn. 94:A9.

Baker-Fulco, C.J. 1995. Overview of dietary intakes during military exercises. Pp. 121-149 in Not Eating Enough, Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations, B.M. Marriott, ed. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Balagopal, P., O.E. Rooyackers, D.B. Adey, P.A. Ades, and K.S. Nair. 1997. Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273:E790-E800

Ballevre, O., A. Cadenhead, A.G. Calder, W.D. Rees, G.E. Lobley, M.F. Fuller, and P.J. Garlick. 1990. Quantitative partition of threonine oxidation in pigs: Effect of dietary threonine. Am. J. Physiol. 259:E483-E491.

Bams, J.L., and D.R. Miranda. 1985. Outcome and costs of intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 11:234-241.

Banderet, L.E., and H.R. Lieberman. 1989. Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain Res. Bull. 22:759-762.

Banister, E.W., and B.J.C. Cameron. 1990. Exercise-induced hyperammonemia: Peripheral and central effects. Int. J. Sports Mad. 11:S129-S142.

Bararc-Nieto, M., G.B. Spurr, H. Lotero, and M.G. Maksud. 1978. Body composition in chronic under nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:23-41.

Barbul, A., S.A. Lazarou, D.T. Efron, H.L. Wasserkrug, and G. Efron. 1990. Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte immune responses in humans . Surgery 108(2):331-336.

Basile-Filho, A., L. Beaumier, A.E. El-Khoury, Y.M. Yu, M. Kenneway, R.E. Gleason, and V.R. Young. 1998. Twenty-four hour L-[L-¹³C]tyrosine and L-[3,3-²H]phenylalanine oral tracer aromatic amino acid requirements in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:640-659

Baumgartner, R.N., W.C. Chumlea, and A.F. Roche. 1989. Estimation of body composition from bioelectric impedance of body segments. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50(2):221-226.

Baumgartner R.N., R.L. Rhyne, P.J. Garry, S.B. Heymsfield. 1993. Imaging techniques and anatomical body composition in aging. J Nutr. 123:444-448.

Baumgartner, R.N., R. Ross, S.B. Heymsfield, Z. Wang, D. Gallagher, Y. Martel, J. De Guise, W. Brooks. In Press. Cross-validation of DXA versus MRI methods of quantifying appendicular skeletal muscle. Applied Radiation and Isotopes.

Bay, W.H., and L.A. Hebert. 1987. Kidney donors and protein intake [letter to the editor]. Ann. Intern. Med. 107:427.

Bean, WB., J.B. Youmans, W.F. Ashe, N. Nelson, D.M. Bell, L.M. Richardson, C.E. French, C.R. Henderson, R.E. Johnson, G.M. Ashmore, K.N. Halverson, and J. Wright. 1944. Project No. 30: Test of Acceptability and Adequacy of U.S. Army C, K, and 10-in-1, and Canadian Army Mess Tin Rations. Fort Knox, Ky.: Armored Medical Research Laboratory.

Bean, W.B., C.R. Henderson, R.E. Johnson, and L.M. Richardson. 1946. Nutrition Survey in Pacific Theater of Operations. Report to the Surgeon General. Bull. U.S. Army Med. Dept. 5(6):697.

Begum, A., A.N. Radhakrishnan, and S.M. Pereira. 1970. Effect of amino acid composition of cereal-based diets on growth of preschool children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23:1175-1183.

Beisel, W.R. 1992. Metabolic responses of the host to infections. Pp. 1-13 in Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vol. I, 3rd ed., R.D. Feigin and J.D. Cherry, eds. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.

Beisel, W.R., W.D. Sawyer, E.D. Ryll, and D. Crozier. 1967. Metabolic effects of intracellular infection in man. Ann. Int. Med. 67:744-779.

Belcher, H.J., D. Mercer, K.C. Judkins, S. Shalaby, S. Wise, V. Marks, and N.S. Tanner. 1989. Biosynthetic human growth hormone in burned patients: A pilot study. Burns 15:99-107.

Bender, A.E. 1961. Determination of the nutritive value of proteins by chemical analysis. Pp. 407-415 in Progress in Meeting Protein Needs of Infants and Preschool Children. Pub. 843. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council.

Benevenga, N.J., and R.D. Steele. 1984. Adverse effects of excessive consumption of amine acids. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 4:157-181.

Benevenga, N.J., M.J. Gahl, T.D. Crenshaw, and M.D. Fink. 1994. Protein and amine acid requirements for maintenance and growth of laboratory rats. J. Nutr. 124:451-453.

Bergström, J., and E. Hültman. 1967. Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: An enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man. Nature 201:309-310.

Bergström, J., P. Fürst, and E. Vinnars. 1990. Effect of a test meal, without and with protein, on muscle and plasma free amine acids. Clin. Sci. 79:331-337.

Berneis, K., R. Ninnis, J. Girard, B.M. Frey, and U. Keller. 1997. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I combined with growth hormone on glucocorticoid-induced whole-body protein catabolism in man. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:2528-2534.

Bessey, P.Q., and K.A. Lowe. 1993. Early hormonal changes affect the catabolic response to trauma. Ann. Surg. 218:476-489.

Bessey, P.Q., J.M. Watters, T.T. Aoki, and D.W. Wilmore. 1984. Combined hormonal infusions simulate the metabolic response to injury. Ann. Surg. 200:264-281.

Betz, A.L., G.W. Goldstein, and R. Katzman. 1994. Blood-brain-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Pp. 681-698 in Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects, 5th ed., G.J. Siegel, ed. New York: Raven Press

Bhasin, S., T. Storer, N. Berman, C. Callegari, B. Clevenger, J. Phillips, T.J. Bunell, R. Tricker, A. Shirari, and R. Casaburi. 1996. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N. Engl. J. Med. 335:1-7.

Bier, D.M., D.E. Matthews, and V.R. Young. 1985. Interpretation of amine acid kinetic studies in the context of whole body protein metabolism. Pp. 27-36 in Substrate and Energy Metabolism in Man, J.S. Garrow and D. Halliday, eds. London and Paris: John Libbey.

Bingham, S., B. Pignatelli, J. Pollock, A. Ellul, C. Mallaveille, G. Gross, S. Runswick, J.H. Cummings, and I.K. O'Neill. 1996. Does increased formation of endogenous N nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer? Carcinogenesis 17:515-523.

Biolo, G., R.Y.D. Fleming, S.P. Maggi, and R.R. Wolfe. 1995a. Transmembrane transport and intracellular kinetics of amine acids in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 268(31):E75-E84.

Biolo, G., R.Y.D. Fleming, and R.R. Wolfe. 1995b. Physiologic hyperinsulinemia stimulates protein synthesis and enhances transport of selected amine acids in human skeletal muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 95:811-819.

Biolo, G., S.P. Maggi, B.D. Williams, K.D. Tipton, and R.R. Wolfe. 1995c. Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amine acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 268:E514-E520.

Black, P.R., D.C. Brooks, P.Q. Bessey, R.R. Wolfe, and D.W. Wilmore. 1982. Mechanisms of insulin resistance following surgery. Ann. Surg. 196:420-435.

Block, G.D., R.J. Wood, and L.H. Allen. 1980. A comparison of the effects of feeding sulfur amine acids and protein on urine calcium in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:2128-2136.

Blomstrand, E., and E. A. Newsholme. 1996. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on plasma and muscle concentrations of amino acids during prolonged submaximal exercise. Nutrition 12:485-490.

Blomstrand, E., P. Hassmén, B. Ekblom, and E.A. Newsholme. 1991. Administration of branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise-Effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 63:83-88.

Blomstrand, E., S. Andersson, P. Hassmén, B. Ekblom, and E.A. Newsholme. 1995. Effect of branched-chain amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation on the exercise induced change in plasma and muscle concentration of amino acids in human subjects. Acta Physiol. Scand. 153:87-96.

Blomstrand, E., P. Hassmén, S. Ek, B. Ekblom, and E.A. Newsholme. 1997. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 159:41-49.

Bodwell, C.E., E.M. Schuster, E. Kyle, B. Brooks, M. Womack, P. Steele, and R. Ahrens. 1979. Obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in young women, older men and young men: Factorial estimation of adult human protein requirements. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:2450-2459.

Bolourchi, S., C.M. Friedeman, and O. Mickelson. 1968. Wheat flour as a source of protein for adult human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 21:827-835.

Borchers, J., and G.E. Butterfield. 1992. The effect of meal composition on protein utilization following an exercise bout. Med. Sci. Sports. Exer. 24:S51.

Bortz W.M. II. 1982. Disuse and aging. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 248:1203-1208

Bourgoignie, J.J., G. Gayellas, S.G. Sabnis, and T.T. Antonovych. 1994. Effect of protein diets on the renal function of baboons (Papio hamadryas) with remnant kidneys: A 5-year follow-up. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 23:199-204.

Bovée, K.C. 1991. Influence of dietary protein on renal function in dogs. J. Nutr. 121:S128-S139.

Brenner, B.M., T.W. Meyer, and T.W. Hostetter. 1982. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: The role of hemodynamically moderated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation and intrinsic renal disease. New Engl. J. Med. 307:652-659.

Brenner, I.K.M., P.N. Shek, and R.J. Shepherd. 1994. Infection in athletes. Sports Med. 17:86-107.

Breslau, N.A., L. Brinkley, K.D. Hill, and C.Y.C. Pak. 1988. Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66:140-146.

Brodsky, I.G., P. Balagopal, and K.S. Nair. 1996. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 81:3469-3475.

Brotherhood, J.R. 1984. Nutrition and sports performance. Sports Med. 1:350-389.

Brzezinski, A., J. Wurtman, R.J. Wurtman, R. Gleason, T. Nader, and B. Laferrere. 1990. d-Fenfluramine suppresses the increased calorie and carbohydrate intakes and improves the mood of women with premenstrual syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 76:206-211.

Bucci, L.R. 1989. Nutritional ergogenic aids. Pp. 107-184 in Nutrition in Exercise and Sport, J.F. Hickson, Jr., and I. Wolinsky, eds. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Burkinshaw, L., G.L. Hill, D.B. Morgan. 1978. Assessment of the distribution of protein in the human body by in-vivo neutron activation analysis. International Symposium on Nuclear Activation Techniques in the Life Sciences. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Association.

Burns, J.E., and H. Kacser. 1987. Genetic effects on susceptibility to histidine induced teratogenesis in the mouse. Genet. Res. 50(2): 147-153.

Buskirk, E.R. 1993. Energetics and climate with emphasis on heat: A historical perspective. Pp. 97-116 in Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. B.M. Marriott, ed. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Buskirk, E.R. 1996. Exercise. Pp. 420-429, Chapter 41 in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, E.E. Ziegler and L.J. Filer, Jr., eds. Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press.

Butterfield, G.E. 1987. Whole-body protein utilization in humans. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 19:S157-165.

Butterfield, G.E. 1996. Maintenance of body weight at high altitudes: In search of 500 kcal/day. Pp. 357-378 in Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments, B.M. Marriott and S.J. Carlson, eds. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Butterfield, G.E., and D.H. Calloway. 1984. Physical activity improves protein utilization in young men. Br. J. Nutr. 11:171-184.

Butterfield, G.E., J. Gates, S. Fleming, G.A. Brooks, J.R. Sutton, and J.T. Reeves. 1992. Increased energy intake minimizes weight loss in men at high altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:1741-1748.

Butterfield, G.E., J. Thompson, M.J. Rennie, R. Marcus, R.L. Hintz and A.R. Hoffman. 1997. Effect of rhGH and IGF-I treatment on protein utilization in elderly women. Am. J. Physiol. 272:E94-E99.

Calloway, D.H. 1975. Nitrogen balance of men with marginal intakes of protein and energy. J. Nutr. 105:914-923.

Calloway, D.H., and S. Margen. 1971. Variation in endogenous nitrogen excretion and dietary nitrogen utilization as determinants of human protein requirements. L Nutr. 101:205-216.

Calloway, D.H., and H. Spector. 1954. Nitrogen balance as related to caloric and protein intake in active young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2:405-412.

Calloway, D.H., A.C.F. Odell, and S.J. Margen. 1971. Sweat and miscellaneous nitrogen losses in human balance studies. J. Nutr. 101:775-786.

Cameron, J. R., J. Sorenson. 1963. Measurement of bone mineral in vivo. Science 42:230-32.

Campbell, W.W., M.C. Crim, V.R. Young, L.J. Joseph, and W. Evans. 1995. Effects of resistance training and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism in older adults. Am. J. Physiol. 268:E1143-1153.

Cannon, J.G., R.G. Tompkins, J.A. Gelfand, H.R. Michie, G.G. Stanford, J.W.M. van der Meer, S. Endres, G. Lonnemann, J. Corsetti, B. Chernow, D.W. Wilmore, S.M. Wolff, J.F. Burke, and C.A. Dinarello. 1990. Circulating interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in septic shock and experimental endotoxin fever. J. Infect. Dis. 161:79-84.

Carlson, D.E., T.B. Dugan, J.C. Buchbinder, J.D. Allegretto, and D.D. Schnakenberg. 1987. Nutritional assessment of the Ft. Riley Non-commissioned Officer Academy dining facility. Technical Report T14-87. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Carraro, F., W.H. Hartl, C.A. Stuart, D.K. Layman, F. Jahoor, and R.R. Wolfe. 1990. Whole body and plasma protein synthesis in exercise and recovery in human subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 258:E821-E831.

Castell, L.M., J.R. Poortmans, and E.A. Newsholme. 1996. Does glutamine have a role in reducing infection in animals. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 13:488-490.

Celejowa, I., and M. Homa. 1970. Food intake, nitrogen, and energy balance in Polish weightlifters during training camp. Nutr. Metab. 12:259-274.

Champagne, C.M., J.P. Warber, and H.R. Allen. 1997. Dietary intake of U.S. Army Rangers: Estimation of nutrient intake before and after field training. Presented at the XVI International Congress of Nutrition, Montreal.

Chang, F.C., and B. Herzog. 1976. Burn morbidity: A follow-up study of physical and psychological disability. Ann. Surg. 183:34-37.

Chang, T.W., and A.L. Goldberg. 1978a. The origin of alanine produced in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 253:3677-3684.

Chang, T.W., and A.L. Goldberg. 1978b. The metabolic fates of amino acids and the formation of glutamine in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 253:3685-3695.

Chaouloff, F. 1989. Physical exercise and brain monoamines: a review. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 137:1-113.

Chaouloff, F., J.L. Elghozi, Y. Guezennec, and D. Laude. 1985. Effect of conditioned running on plasma, liver and brain tryptophan and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism of the rat. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 86:33-41.

Charlton, M.R., D.B. Adey, and K.S. Nair. 1996. Evidence for a catabolic role of glucagon during an amino acid load. J. Clin. Invest. 98:90-99.

Chesley, A., J.D. MacDougall, M.A. Tarnopolsky, S.A. Atkinson, and K. Smith. 1992. Changes in human muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:1383-1388.

Chittenden, R.H. 1904. Physiological Economy of Nutrition. N.Y.: Frederick A. Stokes Co.

Chittenden, R.H. 1907. The Nutrition of Man. London: Heinemann.

Chumlea W.C. and S.S. Guo. 1994. Bioelectrical impedance and body composition: Present status and future directions. Nutr Rev. 52: 123-31.

Churchill, D.N. 1987. Medical treatment to prevent recurrent calcium urolithiasis. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 13:294-304.

Clark, H.E., L.L. Reitz, T.S. Vacharotayan, and E.T. Mertz. 1962. Effect of certain factors on nitrogen retention and lysine requirements of adult human subjects. J. Nutr. 78:173-178.

Clarke, J.T.R., and D.M. Bier. 1982. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine in man. Direct measurement by continuous intravenous tracer infusions of L-[ring-²H5]phenylalanine and L-[l-¹³C]tyrosine in the postabsorptive state. Metabol. 31:999-1005.

Clasey, J.L., M.L. Hartmen, J. Kanaley, L. Wideman, C.D. Teates, C. Bouchard, A. Weltman. 1997. Body composition by DEXA in older adults: Accuracy and influence of scan mode. Med Sci Sports Exerc.29:560-567.

Cleare, A.J., and A.J. Bond. 1994. Effects of alterations in plasma tryptophan levels on aggressive feelings. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51(12):1004-1005.

Cleare, A.J., and A.J. Bond. 1995. The effect of tryptophan depletion and enhancement on subjective and behavioral aggression in normal male subjects. Psychopharmacology 118(1):72-81.

Cline, A.D., and A.E. Pusateri. 1996. Comparisons of iron status, physical activity, and nutritional intake of women entering Army officer and enlisted basic training. Proceedings of 21st National Nutrient Databank Conference, Baton Rouge, La.

Cline, A.D., J.F. Patton, W.J. Tharion, S.R. Strowman, C.M. Champagne, J. Arsenault, K.L. Reynolds, J.P. Warber, C. Bsker-Fulco, J. Rood, R.T. Tulley, and H.R. Lieberman. 1998. Assessment of the relationship between iron status, dietary intake, performance, and mood state of female Army officers in a basic training population. Technical Report No. T98-24. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Cline, A.D., J.P. Warber, and C.M. Champagne. 1997. Assessment of meal consumption behaviors by physically active young men dining in a cafeteria setting. Presented at Experimental Biology Annual Meeting, New Orleans, La. FASEB J; 11:A184.

Clugston, G., K.G. Dewey, C. Fjeld, J. Millward, P. Reeds, N.S. Scrimshaw, K. Tontisirin, J.C. Waterlow, and V.R. Young. 1996. Report of the working group on protein and amino acid requirements. Europ. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:S193-S195.

Coe, F.L. 1978. Calcium-uric acid nephrolithiasis. Arch. Intern. Med. 138:1090-1093.

Cohn, S.H., D. Vartsky, S. Yasumura, A. Sawitsky, I. Zanzi, A. Vaswani, K.J. Ellis. 1980. Compartmental body composition based on total-body nitrogen, potassium, and calcium. Am J Physiol. 39: E524-530.

Coleman, G.L., W. Barthold, G.W. Osbaldiston, S.J. Foster, and A.M. Jonas. 1977. Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 male rats. J. Gerontol. 32:258-278.

Coleman, W., and E.F. DuBois. 1915. Clinical calorimetry. VII. Calorimetric observations on the metabolism of typhoid patients with and without food. Ann. Int. Med. 15:887-938.

Collins, D.M., C.T. Rezzo, J.B. Kopp, P. Ruiz, T.M. Coffman, and P.E. Klotman. 1990. Chronic high protein feeding does not produce glomerulonephrosis or renal insufficiency in the normal rat. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1:624.

Collipp, P.J., J. Thomas, V. Curti, R.K. Sharma, V.T. Maddaiah, S.E. Cohn. 1973. Body composition changes in children receiving human growth hormone. Metabolism 22:589-595.

Conlay, L.A., R.J. Wurtman, J.K. Blusztajan, I.L.G. Coviella, T.J. Maher, and G.E. Evoniuk. 1986. Marathon running decreases plasma choline concentrations. N. Engl. J. Med. 315:892.

Consolazio, C.F., and R. Shapiro. 1964. Energy requirements of men in extreme heat. Pp. 121-124 in Environmental Physiology and Psychology in Arid Conditions: Proceedings of the Lucknow Symposium. Liege, Belgium: United Nations, UNESCO.

Consolazio, C.F., H.L. Johnson, R.A. Nelson, R. Dowdy, and H.J. Krzywicki. 1979. The relationship of diet to the performance of the combat soldier's minimal calorie intake during combat patrols in a hot humid environment (Panama). Technical Report 76. San Francisco, Calif.: Letterman Army Institute of Research.

Copeland, K.C., and K.S. Nair. 1994. Acute growth hormone effects on amine acid and lipid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78:1040-1047.

Costa, G., L. Ullrich, F. Kantor, and J.F. Holland. 1968. Production of elemental nitrogen by certain mammals including man. Nature 281:546-551.

Cummings, J.H., S.A. Bingham, K.W. Heaton, and M.A. Eastwood. 1992. Quantitative estimates of bowel habit, bowel disease risk and the role of diet. Gastroenterol. 103:1783-1789.

Curhan, G.C., W.C. Willett, E.B. Rimm, and M.J. Stampfer. 1993. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. New Engl. J. Med. 328:833-838.

Cuneo, R.C., F. Salomon, C.M. Wiles, R. Hesp, P.H. Sonksen. 1991. Growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults. II. Effects on exercise performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:695-700.

Cuthbertson, D. and H.N. Munro. 1937. A study of the effect of over-feeding on the protein metabolism of man. III. The protein-saving effect of carbohydrate and fat when superimposed on a diet adequate for maintenance. Biochem. J. 31:694-705.

Cuthbertson, D.P. 1932. Observations on disturbance of metabolism produced by injury to the limbs. Quart. J. Med. 25:233-246.

Darmaun, D., D. Matthews, and D. Bier. 1986. Glutamine and glutamate kinetics in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 251:E117-E126.

Davis, J.M., S.P. Bailey, J.A. Woods, F.J. Galiano, M.T. Hamilton, and W.P. Bartoli. 1992. Effects of carbohydrate feedings on plasma free tryptophan and branched chain amine acids during prolonged cycling. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 6:5:513-519.

Deijen, J.B., and J.F. Orlebeke. 1994. Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress. Brain Res. Bull. 33:319-323.

Delgado, P.L., D.S. Charney, L.H. Price, G.K. Aghajanian, H. Landis, and G.R. Heninger. 1990. Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Reversal of

antidepressant-induced remission by rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan.. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47:411-418.

Department of Health, Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. 1991. Report on Health and Social Subjects, Number 41. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Dewey, K.G., G. Beaton, C. Fjeld, B. Lonnerdal, and P. Reeds. 1996. Protein requirements of infants and children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50(Suppl. 1):S119-S147.

Dohm, G.L., G.J. Kasperek, E.B. Tapscott, and G.R. Beecher. 1980. Effect of exercise on synthesis and degradation of muscle protein. Biochem. J. 188:255-262.

Duncan, A.M., R.O. Ball, and P.B. Pencharz. 1996. Lysine requirement of adult males is not affected by decreasing dietary protein intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64:718-725.

Edwards, C.H., L.K. Booker, C.H. Rmphg, W.G. Wright, and S. Ganapathy. 1971. Utilization of wheat by adult man: Nitrogen metabolism, plasma amino acids and lipids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24:181-193.

Edwards, J.S.A., D.E. Roberts, T.E. Morgan, and L.S. Lester. 1989. An evaluation of the nutritional intake and acceptability of the Meal, Ready-To-Eat consumed with and without a supplemental pack in a cold environment. Technical Report No. T18-89. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Edwards, J.S.A., E.W. Askew, N. King, C.S. Fulco, R.W. Hoyt, and J.P. DeLany. 1991. An assessment of the nutritional intake and energy expenditure of unacclimatized U.S. Army soldiers living and working at high altitude. Technical Report No. T10-91. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Elahi, D., M. McAloon-Dyke, N.K. Fukagawa, A.L. Sclater, G.A. Wong, R.P. Shannon, K.L. Minaker, J.M. Miles, A.H. Rubenstein, and C.J. Vandepol. 1993. Effects of recombinant human IGF-I on glucose and leucine kinetics in men. Am. J. Physiol. 265:E831-E838.

Elia, M., A. Schlatmann, A. Goren, and S. Austin. 1989. Amino acid metabolism in muscle and in the whole body of man before and after ingestion of a single mixed meal. Am. J. Clin. Nut. 49:1203-1210.

El-Khoury, A.E., N.K. Fukagawa, M. Sanchez, R.H. Tsay, R.E. Gleason, T.E. Chapman, and V.R. Young. 1994a. Validation of the tracer-balance concept with reference to leucine: 24-h intravenous tracer studies with l-[l-¹³C]leucine and [¹⁵N-¹⁵N]urea. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59(5):1000-1011.

El-Khoury, A.E., N.K. Fukagawa, M. Sanchez, R.H. Tsay, R.E. Gleason, T.E. Chapman, and V.R. Young. 1994b. The 24-h pattern and rate of leucine oxidation, with particular reference to tracer estimates of leucine requirements in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59(5):1012-1020.

El-Khoury, A.E., M. Sanchez, N.K. Fukagawa, R.E. Gleason, R.H. Tsay, and V.R. Young. 1995a. The 24-h kinetics of leucine oxidation in healthy adults receiving a generous leucine intake via three discrete meals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(3):579-590.

El-Khoury, A.E., M. Sánchez, N.K. Fukagawa, and V.R. Young. 1995b. Whole body protein synthesis in healthy adult humans; ¹³CO₂ technique vs. plasma precursor approach. Am. J. Physiol. 268:E174-E184.

El-Khoury, A.E., A.M. Ajami, N.K. Fukagawa, T.E. Chapman, and V.R. Young. 1996. Diurnal pattern of the interrelationship among leucine oxidation, urea production, and hydrolysis in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 271:E563-E573.

El-Khoury, A.E., A. Forslund, R. Olson, S. Branth, A. Sjodin, A. Andersson , A. Atkinson, A. Selvaraj, L. Hambraeus, and V.R. Young. 1997. Moderate exercise at energy balance does not affect 24 h leucine oxidation or nitrogen retention in healthy men. Am. J. Physiol. 273:E394-E407.

El-Khoury, A.E., A. Basile, L. Beaumier, S.Y. Wang, H.A. AI-Amiri, A. Selvaraj, S. Wong, A. Atkinson, A.M. Ajami, and V.R. Young. 1998. Twenty-four hour intravenous and

oral tracer studies with l-[l-¹³C]-2-aminoadipic acid and l-[l-¹³C]lysine as tracers at generous nitrogen and lysine intakes in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:827-839.

Essen, B., and L. Kaijser. 1978. Regulation of glycolysis in intermittent exercise in man. J. Physiol. 281:499-511.

Ettinger, B., J.T. Citron, A. Tang, and B. Livermore. 1985. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalate stones; Clinical trials of allopurinol, magnesium hydroxide, and chlorthalidone. Pp. 549-552 in Urolithiasis and Related Clinical Research, P.O. Schwille, L.H. Smith, W.G. Robertson, and W. Vahlensieck, eds. New York: Plenum.

Fairbrother, B., R.E. Shippee, T.R. Kramer, E.W. Askew, and M.Z. Mays. 1995. Nutritional and immunological assessment of soldiers during the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course. Report USARIEM-T95-22, AD-A299 556. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

FAO/IAEA/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency/World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO.

FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization). 1973. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 522. Geneva: World Health Organization.

FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization). 1991. Protein Quality Evaluation. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 51. Rome: FAO.

FAO/WHO/UNU (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University). 1985. Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint expert consultation. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization.

FASEB/LSRO. 1992. Safety of amine acids used as dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. FDA Contract No. 223-88-2124, Task No. 8.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1990. Evaluation of the safety of amine acids and related products; Announcement of study; Request for scientific data and information; Announcement of open meeting . Fed. Regist. 55:49141-49142.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1997. Current good manufacturing practice in manufacture, packing, or holding dietary supplements; Proposed rule. Fed. Regist. 62:5699-5709.

Fellström, B., B.G. Danielson, B. Karlström, H. Lithell, S. Ljunghall, and B. Vessby. 1983. Dietary animal protein and urinary supersaturation in renal stone formers. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant. Assoc. 20:411-416.

Fellström, B., B.G. Danielson, B. Karlström, H. Lithell, S.L. Ljunghall, B. Vessby, and L. Wide. 1984. Effects of high intake of dietary animal protein on mineral metabolism and urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate in renal stone formers. Brit. J. Urol. 56:263-269.

Fereday, A., N.R. Gibson, M. Cox, D. Halliday, P.J. Pacy, and D.J. Millward. 1994. Postprandial utilization of wheat protein in normal adults. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 53:201a.

Fereday, A., N.R. Gibson, M. Cox, D. Halliday, P.J. Pacy, and D.J. Millward. 1997a. Postprandial protein utilization of wheat protein from a single meal in normal adults. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 56:80a.

Fereday A., N.R. Gibson, M. Cox, P.J. Pacy, and D.J. Millward. 1997b. Protein requirements and aging: Metabolic demand and efficiency of utilization. Brit. J. Nutr. 77:685-702.

Fernstrom, J.D. 1990. Aromatic amine acids and monoamine synthesis in the central nervous system: Influence of the diet. J. Nutr. Biochem. 1:508-517.

Fernstrom, J.D. 1994. Stress and monoamine neurons in the brain. Pp. 161-175 in Food Components to Enhance Performance, B.M. Marriott, ed. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Fernstrom, J.D., and M.J. Hirsch. 1975. Rapid repletion of brain serotonin in malnourished, corn-fed rats following L-tryptophan injection. Life Sciences 17:455-464.

Fernstrom, J.D., and L.D. Lytle. 1976. Corn malnutrition, brain serotonin, and behavior. Nutr. Rev. 34:257-262.

Fernstrom, J.D., and R.J. Wurtman. 1971. Brain serotonin content: Physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science 173:149-152.

Fernstrom, J.D., and R.J. Wurtman. 1972. Brain serotonin content: Physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science 178:414-416.

Fernstrom, M. H., and J.D. Fernstrom. 1995a. Brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin synthesis remain responsive to food consumption after the ingestion of sequential meals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:312-319.

Fernstrom, M.H., and J.D. Fernstrom. 1995b. Effect of chronic protein ingestion on rat central nervous system tyrosine levels and in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation rate. Brain Res. 672: 97-103.

Ferrando, A.A., K.D. Tipton, D. Doyle, S.M. Phillips, J. Cortiella, R.R. Wolfe. 1998. Testosterone injection stimulates net protein synthesis but not tissue amino acid transport. Amer. J. of Physiol. 275:E864-871.

Feskanich, D., W.C. Willett, M.J. Stampfer, and G.A. Colditz. 1996. Protein consumption and bone fractures in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143:472-479.

Fielding, R.A., C.N. Meredith, K.P. O'Reilly, W.R. Fontera, J.G. Cannon and N.J. Evans. 1991. Enhanced protein breakdown after eccentric exercise in young and older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 11:674-679.

Fisher H., M.K. Brush, and P. Griminger. 1969. Reassessment of amino acid requirements of young women on low nitrogen diets. 1. Lysine and tryptophan. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 22:1190-1196.

Fitts, R.H. 1994. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol. Rev. 74:49-94.

Fliser, D., E. Franek, M. Joest, S. Block, E. Mutschler, and E. Ritz. 1997. Renal function in the elderly: Impact of hypertension and cardiac function. Kidney Int. 51:1196-1204. Forbes, G.B. 1973. Another source of error in the metabolic balance method. Nutr. Rev. 31:297-300.

Forbes G.B., M.R. Brown, H.J.L. Griffiths. 1988. Ann muscle plus bone area: Anthropometry and CAT scan compared. Am J Clin Nutr. 47:929-931.

Foster, M.A., J.M.S. Hutchison, J.R. Mallard, and M. Fuller. 1984. Nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence and discrimination of high- and low-fat tissues. Mag. Res. Imaging 2:187-192.

Fouque, D., M. Laville, J.P. Boissel, R. Chifflet, M. Labeeuw, and P.Y. Zech. 1992. Controlled low protein diets and chronic renal insufficiency: Meta-analysis. Br. Med. J. 304:216-220.

Frieder, B., and V.E. Grimm. 1984. Prenatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment given through the mother's diet causes behavioral deficits in rat offspring. Int. J. Neurosci. 23(2):117-126.

Friedl, K.E. 1997. Variability of fat and lean tissue loss during physical exertion with energy deficit. Pp. 431-450 in Physiology, Stress, and Malnutrition: Functional Correlates, Nutritional Intervention, J.M. Kinney and H.N. Tucker, eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

Friedman, M. 1991. Formation, nutritional value, and safety of d-amino acids. Pp. 447-482 in Nutritional and Toxicological Consequences of Food Processing. New York: Plenum Press.

Friedman, S.A., A.E. Raizner, H. Rosen, N.A. Solomon, and W. Sy. 1972. Functional defects in the aging kidney. Ann. Intern. Med. 76:41-45.

Frontera, W.R., C.N. Meredith, and W.J. Evans. 1988. Dietary effects on muscle strength gain and hypertrophy during heavy resistance training in older men [abstract]. Can. J. Sport Sci. 13:13P.

Fryburg, D.A. 1994. Insulin-like growth factor I exerts growth hormone and insulin-like actions on human muscle protein metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 267:E331-E336.

Fryburg, D.A. 1996. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits the blood flow but not the insulin-like response of forearm muscle to IGF-I: possible role of nitric oxide in muscle protein synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1319-1328.

Fryburg, D.A., and E.J. Barrett. 1993. Growth hormone acutely stimulates skeletal muscle but not whole-body protein synthesis in humans. Metabolism 42:1223-1227.

Fryburg, D.A., R.A. Gelfand, and E.J. Barrett. 1991. Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm protein synthesis in normal subjects. Am. J. Physiol. 260:E499-E504

Fryburg, D.A., L.A. Jahn, S.A. Hill, D.M. Oliveras, and E.J. Barrett. 1995. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1722-1729.

Fuller, M.F., and P.J. Garlick. 1994. Human amino acid requirements: Can the controversy be resolved? Ann. Rev. Nutr. 14:217-241.

Fuller, M.F., R. McWilliam, T.C. Wang, and L.R. Giles. 1989. The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs; Requirements for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion. Brit. J. Nutr. 62:255-267.

Fuller, M.F., A. Milne, C.I. Harris, T.M. Reid, and R. Keenan. 1994. Amino acid losses in ileostomy fluid on a protein-free diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59(1):70-73.

Funk, D.N., B. Worthington-Roberts, and A. Fantel. 1991. Impact of supplemental lysine or tryptophan on pregnancy course and outcomes in rats . Nutr. Res. 11:501-512.

Gadian, D.G. 1995. NMR and Its Applications to Living Systems, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gahl, M.J., M.D. Finke, T.D. Crenshaw, and N.J. Benevenga. 1991. Use of a four-parameter logistic equation to evaluate the response of growing rats to ten levels of each indispensable amino acid. J. Nutr. 121(11):1720-1729

Gallagher, D., D. Belmonte, P. Deurenberg, Z. Wang, N. Krasnow, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, S.B. Heymsfield. 1998. Organ-tissue mass measurement allows modeling of REE and metabolically active tissue mass. Am. J. Physiol. 275:E249-E258.

Gelfand, R.A., and E.J. Barrett. 1987. Effect of physiologic hyperinsulinemia on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in man. J. Clin. Invest. 80:1-6.

Gibson, N., E. Al-Sing, A. Badalloo, T. Forrester, A. Jackson, and D.J. Millward. 1997. Transfer of ¹⁵N from urea to the circulating dispensable and indispensable amino acid pool in the human infant . Proc. Nutr. Soc. 56:79A.

Glassman, A.H., and S.R. Platman. 1969. Potentiation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. J. Psychiatr. Res. 7:83-88.

Goldfarb, S. 1988. Dietary factors in the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 34:544-555.

Gontzea, I., P. Sutzescu, and S. Dumitrache. 1975. The influence of adaptation to physical effort on nitrogen balance in man. Nutrition Reports International 22:231-236.

Gopalan, C., and B.S. Narasinga Rao. 1966. Effect of protein depletion on urinary nitrogen excretion in undernourished subjects. J. Nutr. 90:213-218.

Goran, M.I., W.H. Beer, R.R. Wolfe, E.T. Poehlman, and V.R. Young. 1993. Variation in total energy expenditure in young healthy free-living men. Metabolism 42:487-496.

Gordon, C.C., T. Churchill, C.E. Clauser, B. Bradtmiller, J.T. McConville, I. Tebbetts, and R.A. Walker. 1989. 1988 Anthropometric survey of U.S. Army personnel: Methods and

summary statistics

Gore, D.C., D. Honeycutt, F. Jahoor, R.R. Wolfe, and D.N. Herndon. 1991. Effect of exogenous growth hormone on whole-body and isolated-limb protein kinetics in burned patients. Arch. Surg. 126:38-43.

Gottesman, S., M.R. Maurizi, and S. Wickner. 1997. Regulatory subunits of energy-dependent proteases. Cell 91:435-438.

Graham, G.G., E. Morales R.P. Placko, and W.C. Maclean. 1979. Nutritive value of brown and black beans for infants and small children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 32:2362-2366.

Graham, G.G., J. Lembcke, and E. Morales. 1991. Quality-protein maize as the sole source of dietary protein and fat for rapidly growing young children. Pediatrics 85(1):85-91.

Griffiths, R.D., C. Jones, and T.E.A. Palmer. 1997. Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 13(4):295-302.

Grimble, R.F. 1993. The maintenance of antioxidant defenses during inflammation. Pp. 347-366 in Metabolic Support of the Critically Ill Patient, D.W. Wilmore and Y.A. Carpentier, eds. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Hajak, G., G. Huether, J. Blanke, M. Blömer, C. Freyer, B. Poeggler, A. Reimer, A. Rodenbeck, M. Schulz-Varszegli, and E. Rüther. 1991. The influence of intravenous l-tryptophan on plasma melatonin and sleep in men. Pharmacopsychiatry 24:17-20.

Hakim, R.M., R.C. Goldszer, and B.M. Brenner. 1984. Hypertension and proteinuria: Long-term sequelae of uninephrectomy in humans. Kidney Int. 25:930-936.

Hargreaves, K.M., and W.M. Pardridge. 1988. Neutral amino acid transport at the human blood-brain barrier. J Biol. Chem. 263:19392-19397.

Hartl, F.U. 1966. Molecular chaperones in cellular protein folding. Nature 381:571-580.

Hartl, W.H., H. Miyoshi, F. Jahoor, S. Klein, D. Elahi, and R.R. Wolfe. 1990. Bradykinin attenuates glucagon-induced leucine oxidation in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 259:E239-E245.

Hartley, H. 1951. Origin of the word ''protein." Nature 168:244.

Hartmann, E., and D. Greenwald. 1984. Tryptophan and human sleep: An analysis of 43 studies. Pp. 297-304 in Progress in Tryptophan and Serotonin Research, H.G. Schlossberger, W. Kochen, B. Linzen, and H. Steinhart, eds. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Hartmann, E.L. 1986. Effect of l-tryptophan and other amino acids on sleep. Nutr. Rev. 44:70-73.

Hassmén, P., E. Blomstrand, B. Ekblom, and E.A. Newsholme. 1994. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during 10 km competitive run: Mood and cognitive performance. Nutrition 10:405-410.

Hayashida, M., B.P. Yu, E.J. Masoro, K. Iwasaki, and T. Ikeda. 1986. An electron microscopic examination of age-related changes in the rat kidney: The influence of diet. Exp. Gerontol. 21:535-553.

Hegsted, D.M. 1963. Variation in requirements of nutrients: Amino acids. Fed. Proc. 22:1424-1430.

Hegsted, D.M. 1973. The amino acid requirements of rats and human beings. Pp. 275-292 in Proteins in Human Nutrition, J.W.G. Porter and B.A. Rolls, eds. London: Academic Press.

Hegsted, D.M. 1976. Balance studies. J. Nutr. 106:307-311.

Hegsted, M., and H.M. Linkswiler. 1981. Long-term effects of level of protein intake on calcium metabolism in young adult women. J. Nutr. 111:244-251.

Hegsted, M., S.A. Schuette, M.B. Zemel, and H.M. Linkswiler. 1981. Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake. J. Nutr. 111:553-562.

Hertzman, P.A., W.L. Blevins, J. Mayer, B. Greenfield, M. Ting, and G.J. Gleich. 1990. Association of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome with the ingestion of tryptophan. N. Engl. J. Med. 322:869-873.

Heymsfield, S.B., C. Arteaga, C. McManus, J. Smith, S. Moffitt. 1983. Measurement of muscle mass in humans: Validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method. Am J Clin Nutr. 37: 478-494.

Heymsfield S.B., C. McManus, J. Smith, V. Stevens, D.W. Nixon. 1982. Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: Revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area. Am J Clin Nutr. 36:680-690.

Heymsfield, S.B., R. Smith, M. Aulet, B. Bensen, S. Lichtman, J. Wang, and R.N. Pierson, Jr. 1990. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:214-218.

Heymsfield S.B., A. Tighe, Z. Wang. 1992. Nutritional assessment by anthropometric and biochemical methods. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (Eds) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, Eighth Edition.

Heymsfield, S.B., D. Gallagher, M. Visser, C. Nuñez, and Z.M. Wang. 1995. Measurement of skeletal muscle: Laboratory and epidemiological methods. J. Gerontol. 50A:23-29.

Heymsfield S.B., C. McManus III, S. Seitz, D. Nixon, J. Smith. 1984. Anthropometric assessment of adult protein-energy malnutrition. Pp. 27-82 in Nutritional Assessment of the Hospitalized Patient, R.A. Wright and S.B. Heymsfield, eds. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc.

Heymsfield, S.B., R. Ross, Z. Wang, D. Frager. 1997a. Imaging Techniques of Body Composition: Advantages of Measurement and New Uses. Pp. 127-150 in Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research, S.J. Carlson-Newberry and R.B. Costello, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Heymsfield, S.B., Z. Wang, R.N. Baumgartner, R. Ross. 1997b. Human body composition: Advances in models and methods. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 17:527-558.

Hickson, J.F., Jr., and I. Wolinsky. 1989. Human protein intake and metabolism in exercise and sport. Pp. 5-36 in Nutrition in Sport and Exercise, J.F. Hickson, Jr., and I. Wolinsky, eds. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Hill, A.G., L. Jacobson, J. Gonzalez, J. Rounds, J.A. Majzoub, and D.W. Wilmore. 1996. Chronic central nervous system exposure to interleukin-1β causes catabolism in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 271:R1142-R1148.

Hirsch, E., W. Johnson, P. Dunne, C. Shaw, N. Hotson, W. Tharion, H. Lieberman, R. Hoyt, and D. Dacumos. In press. The effects of diet composition on food intake, food selection, and water balance in a hot environment. Technical Report. Natick, Mass.: Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center.

Hochachka P. 1994. Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines. Boca Raton : CRC Press.

Hoffer, L.J., and R.A. Forse. 1990. Protein metabolic effects of a prolonged fast and hypocaloric refeeding. Am. J. Physiol. 258:E832-E840.

Hoffman-Goetz, L., and B.K. Pedersen. 1994. Exercise and the immune system. Immunol. Today 15:382-385.

Hood, D.A., and R.L. Terjung. 1990. Amine acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training. Sports Med. 1:23-35.

Horber, F.F., and M.W. Haymond. 1990. Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 86:265-272.

Hounsfield, G.N. 1973. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). Br. J. Radiol. 46:1016.

Howe, P.E., and G.H. Berryman. 1945. Average food consumption in the training camps of the United States Army (1941-1943). Am. J. Physiol. 144:588-594.

Hoyt, R.W., and A. Honig. 1996. Body fluid and energy metabolism at high altitude . Pp.1277-1289 in Handbook of Physiology, Section 4: Environmental Physiology, C.M.

Blatteis and M.J. Fregly, eds. New York: Oxford University Press for the American Physiological Society.

Huang, P.C., H.E. Chong, and W.M. Rand. 1972. Obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in young Chinese men. J. Nutr. 102:1605-1614.

Huether, G., F. Thomke, and L. Adler. 1992. Administration of tryptophan-enriched diets to pregnant rats retards the development of the serotonergic system in their offspring. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 68(2):175-181.

Hull, K.M., and T.L. Maher. 1990. l-Tyrosine potentiates the anorexia induced by mixed-acting sympathomimetic drugs in hyperphagic rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 255:403-409.

Hull, K.M., D.E. Tolland, and T.J. Maher. 1994. l-Tyrosine potentiation of opioid-induced analgesia in mice utilizing the hot plate test. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:1190-1195.

Hunter, J. 1794. A Treatise on the Blood Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds. London.

Iguchi, M., T. Umekawa, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Katayama, M. Kodama, M. Takada, Y. Katoh, K. Kataoka, K. Kohri, and T. Kurita. 1989. [Dietary habits of Japanese stone formers and clinical effects of prophylactic dietary treatment]. Hinyokika Kiyo 35:2115-2128.

Iguchi, M., T. Umekawa, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Katayama, M. Kodama, M. Takada, Y. Katoh, K. Kataoka, K. Kohri, and T. Kurita. 1990. Dietary intake and habits of Japanese renal stone patients. J. Urol. 143:1093-1095.

Inoue, G., Y. Fujita, K. Kishi, S. Yamamoto, and Y. Niyama. 1974. Nutritive values of egg protein and wheat gluten in young men. Nutr. Rep. Intl. 10:201-207.

Interagency Board (Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research). 1993. Chartbook I: Selected Findings from the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 93-1255-2. Hyattsville, Md.: Public Health Service.

Interagency Board (Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research). 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, Vol. 2. Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1992. A Nutritional Assessment of U.S. Army Ranger Training Class 11/91. March 23. Washington, D.C.

IOM. 1993a. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments, Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations, B.M. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1993b. Review of the Results of Nutritional Intervention, U.S. Army Ranger Training Class 11/92 (Ranger II), B.M. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1994. Food Components to Enhance Performance, An Evaluation of Potential Peformance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations, B.M. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1995. Not Eating Enough, Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations, B.M. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments, Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations, B.M. Marriott and S.J. Carlson, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1998. Assessing Readiness in Military Women: The Relationship of Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1999. Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Irwin, M.I., and D.M. Hegsted. 1971. A conspectus of research on amino acid requirements of man. J. Nutr. 101:539-566.

Ivy, J.L., M.C. Lee, J.T. Brozinick, and M.J. Reed. 1988. Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion. J. Appl. Physiol. 65:2018-2023.

Jacobs, B.L. and C.A. Fornel. 1993. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and motor control: a hypothesis. Trends in Neurosciences. 16:346-352.

Jacobi, C.A., J. Ordemann, F. Wenger, K. Zuckerman, H.D. Volk, and J.M. Muller. 1997. The influence of glutamine substitution in postoperative parenteral nutrition on immunologic function. First results of a prospective randomized trial (abstract). Shock 7(S):605.

Jaeger, P., L. Portmann, J.M. Ginalski, and P. Burckhardt. 1988. [So-called renal idopathic hypercalciuria most often has a dietary origin]. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 118:15-17.

Jepson, M.M., P.C. Bates, and D.J. Millward. 1988. The role of insulin and thyroid hormones in the regulation of muscle growth and protein turnover in response to dietary protein. Brit. J. Nutr. 59:397-415.

Johnson, C.M., D.M. Wilson, W.M. O'Fallon, R.S. Malek, and L.T. Kurland. 1979. Renal stone epidemiology: A 25-year study in Rochester, Minnesota. Kidney Int. 16:624-631.

Johnson, R.E., and R.M. Kark. 1946. Feeding problems in man as related to environment: An analysis of United States and Canadian Army ration trials and surveys, 1941-1946. Research Report. Chicago, Ill.: Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, Research and Development Branch, Office of the Quartermaster General.

Jones E.M., C.A. Bauman and M.S. Reynolds. 1956. Nitrogen balances in women maintained on various levels of lysine. J. Nut. 60:549-559.

Jones, P.J.H., and I.K.K. Lee. 1996. Macronutrient requirements for work in cold environments. Pp. 189-202 in Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations, B.M. Marriott and S.J. Carlson, eds. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Jones, T.E., S.H. Mutter, J.M. Aylward, J.P. DeLany, and R.L. Stephens. 1993. Nutrition and hydration status of aircrew members consuming the Food Packet, Survival, General Purpose, improved during a simulated survival scenario. Report USARIEM-T1-93. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Jorgensen, J.O.L., L. Thuesen, T. Ingemann-Hansen, S.A. Pedersen, J. Jorgensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, and J.S. Christiansen. 1989. Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in GH deficient adults. Lancet 1:1221-1225.

Jue, T., D.L. Rothman, G.I. Shulman, B.A. Tavitian, R.A. DeFronzo, and R.G. Sulman. 1989. Direct observation of glycogen synthesis in human muscle with ¹³C NMR. Proc of the National Academy of Sciences. 86:4489-4491.

Jungers, P., M. Daudon, C. Hennequin, and B. Lacour. 1993. [Correlations between protein and sodium intake and calciuria in calcium lithiasis]. Nephrologie 14:287-290.

Kamb, M.L., J.L. Murphy, J.L. Jones, J.C. Caston, K. Nederlof, L.F. Horney, L.A. Swygert, H. Falk, and E.M. Kilbourne. 1992. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in l-trytophan-exposed patients. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 267:77-82.

Kaneko, K, U. Masaki, M. Aikyo, K. Yabuki, A. Haga, C. Matoba, H. Sasaki, and G. Koike. 1990. Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young women affected by high protein diet of soy protein isolate and adding sulfur-containing amino acids and/or potassium. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo)

Kaplan, C., S. Pasternack, H. Shah, and G. Gallo. 1975. Age-related incidence of sclerotic glomeruli in human kidneys. Am. J. Pathol. 80:227-234.

Kasperek, G.J., and R.D. Snider. 1989. Total and myofibrillar protein degradation in isolated soleus muscles after exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 157:E1-E5.

Kasperek, G.J., G.R. Conway, D.S. Krayeski, and J.J. Lohne. 1992. A reexamination of the effect of exercise on rate of muscle protein degradation. Am. J. Physiol. 163:E1144-E1150.

Katz, A., S. Broberg, K. Sahlin, and J. Wahren. 1986. Muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism during dynamic exercise in man. Clin. Physiol. 6:365-379.

Kenyon, A.T., K. Knowlton, I. Sandiford, F.C. Koch, and G. Lotwin. 1940. A comparative study of the metabolic effects of testosterone proprionate in normal men and women and in eunuchoidism. Endocrinology 26:26-45.

Kerr, G.R., E.S. Lee, M.M. Lan, R.J. Lorimor, E. Randall, R.N. Forthofer, M.A. Davis, and S.M. Magnetti. 1982. Relationships between dietary and biochemical measures of nutritional status in NHANES I data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35:294-308.

Kerstetter, J.E., and L.H. Allen. 1990. Dietary protein increases urinary calcium. J. Nutr. 120:134-136.

Kimball, S.R., and L.S. Jefferson. 1988. Cellular mechanisms involved in the action of insulin on protein synthesis. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 4:773-787.

King, N., K.E. Fridlund, and E.W. Askew. 1993. Nutrition issues of military women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 12:344-348.

King, N., J.E. Arsenault, S.H. Mutter, C.M. Champagne, T.C. Murphy, K.A. Westphal, and E.W. Askew. 1994. Nutritional intake of female soldiers during the U.S. Army basic combat training. Technical Report No. T94-17. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

King, R.W., R.J. Deshaies, J.-M. Peters, and M.W. Kirschner. 1996. How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science: 274:1652-1659.

Kinney, J.M. 1966. Energy deficits in acute illness and injury. P. 174 in Proceedings of a Conference on Energy Metabolism and Body Fuel Utilization. A.P. Morgan, ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kinney, J.M., and D.H. Elwyn. 1995. Amino acid metabolism in health and nutritional disease. Pp. 1-12 in Amino Acid Metabolism in Health and Nutritional Disease, L.A. Cynober, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Kishi, K., S. Miyatani, and G. Inoue. 1978. Requirements and utilization of egg protein by Japanese young men with marginal intakes of energy. J. Nutr. 108:658-669.

Klicka, M.V., D.E. Sherman, N. King, K.E. Friedl, and E.W. Askew. 1993. Nutritional assessment of cadets at the U.S. Military Academy: Part 2. Assessment of nutritional intake. Technical Report T94-1. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Knight, D.C., and J.A. Eden. 1996. A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens. Obstet. Gynecol. 87:897-904.

Knott, P.J., and G. Curzon. 1972. Free tryptophan in plasma and brain tryptophan metabolism. Nature 239:452-453.

Kohrt, W. 1995. Body composition by DXA: Tried and true? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27: 1349-53.

Kramer, T.R., R.J. Moore, R.L. Shippee, K.E. Friedl, L.E. Martinez-Lopez, M.M. Chan, and E.W. Askew. 1997. Effects of food restriction in military training on T-lymphocyte responses. Int. J. Sports Med. 18(1):S84-S90.

Krebs, H.A. 1975. The role of chemical equilibria in organ function. Adv. Enzyme Regulation 15:449-472.

Kreider, R.B., V. Miriel, and E. Bertum. 1993. Amino acid supplementation and exercise performance—Analysis of the proposed ergogenic value. Sports Med. 16:190-209.

Kretsch, M.J., P.M. Conforti, and H.E. Sauberlich. 1986. Nutrient intake evaluation of male and female cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, Report No. 218. Presidio of San Francisco, Calif. Letterman Army Institute of Research.

Kurpad, A.V., A.E. El-Khoury, L. Beaumier, A. Srivatsa, R. Kuriyon, T. Raj, S. Borgonha, A.M. Ajami, and V.R. Young. 1998. An initial assessment, using 24-hour ¹³C-leucine kinetics, of the lysine requirement of healthy adult Indian subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:58-66.

Kurzer, M.S., and D.H. Calloway. 1981. Nitrate and nitrogen metabolism in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:1305-1313.

Kurzer, M.S. and D.H. Calloway. 1986. Effects of energy deprivation on sex hormone patterns in healthy menstruating women. Am. J. Physiol. 251:E483-E488.

Kushner, R.F., R. Gudivaka, D.A. Scholler. 1996. Clinical Characteristics influencing bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements. Am J Clin Nutr. 64(suppl):423S-427S.

Lacey, J.M., and D.W. Wilmore. 1990. Is glutamine a conditionally essential amine acid? Nutr. Rev. 48:297-309.

Lalau, J.D., J.M. Achard, P. Bataille, C. Bergot, I. Jans, B. Boudailliez, J. Petit, G. Henon, P.F. Westeel, N. El Esper, M.A. Laval-Jeantet, R. Bouillon, J.L. Sebert, and A. Fournier. 1992. [Vertebral density in hypercalciuric lithiasis: Relationship with calcium and protein consumption and vitamin D metabolism]. Ann. Med. Interne 143:293-298.

Laritcheva, K.A., N.I. Yalavaya, V.I. Shubin, and P.V. Smornov. 1978. Study of energy expenditure and protein needs of top weight lifters. In Nutrition, Physical Fitness, and Health, J. Parizkova and V.A. Rogozkin, eds. Baltimore, Md.: University Park.

LeBlanc, J.A. 1996. Cold exposure, appetite, and energy balance. Pp. 203-214 in Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations, B.M. Marriott and S.J. Carlson, eds. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Lehnert, H.R., D.K. Reinstein, B.W. Strowbridge, and R.J. Wurtman. 1984a. Neurochemical and behavioral consequences of acute, uncontrollable stress: Effects of dietary tyrosine. Brain Res. 303:215-223.

Lehnert, H.R., D.K. Reinstein, and R.J. Wurtman. 1984b. Tyrosine reverses the depletion of brain norepinephrine and the behavioral deficits caused by tail-shock stress in rats. Pp. 81-91 in Stress: The Role of Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters , E. Usdin and R. Kvetnansky, eds. New York: Gordon and Beach.

Lemann, J., Jr., J.R. Litzow, and E.J. Lennon. 1967. Studies of the mechanism by which chronic metabolic acidosis augments urinary calcium excretion in man. J. Clin. Invest. 46:1318-1328.

Lemann, J., Jr., J.A. Pleuss, E.M. Worcester, L. Hornick, D. Schrab, and R.G. Hoffmann. 1996. Urinary oxalate excretion increases with body size and decreases with increasing dietary calcium intake among healthy adults. Kidney Int. 49:200-208.

Lemann, J., Jr., J.A. Pleuss, R.W. Gray, and R.G. Hoffmann. 1991. Potassium administration reduces and potassium deprivation increases urinary calcium excretion in healthy adults. Kidney Int. 39:973-983.

Lemon, P.R., M.A. Tarnopolsky, J.D. MacDougall, and S.A. Atkinson. 1992. Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:767-775.

Lemon, P.W. 1996. Is increased dietary protein necessary or beneficial for individuals with a physically active lifestyle? Nutr. Rev. 54:S169-S175.

LeRoith, D. 1997. Insulin-like growth factors. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:633-640.

Levey, A.S., S. Adler, A.W. Caggiula, B.K. England, T. Greene, L.G. Hunsicker, J.W. Kusek, N.L. Rogers, and P.E. Teschan, for the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. 1996. Effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of advanced renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 27:652-663.

Lew, S.Q., and J.P. Bosch. 1991. Effect of diet on creatinine clearance and excretion in young and elderly healthy subjects and in patients with renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2:856-865.

Lexell J., C.C. Taylor, M. Sjöström. 1988. What is the cause of the aging atrophy? J Neurol Sci. 84:275-294.

Lieberman, H.R., 1994. Tyrosine and stress: Human and animal studies. Pp. 277-299 in Food Components to Enhance Performance, An Evaluation of Potential Performance—Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations, B.M. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Lieberman, H.R. and B. Shukitt-Hale. 1996. Food components and other treatments that may enhance performance at high altitude and in the cold. Pp. 453-465 in Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High Altitude Environments, B. Marriott and S. Newberry, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Lieberman, H.R., B. Caballero, and N. Finer. 1986a. The composition of lunch determines afternoon tryptophan ratios in humans. J. Neural Transmission 65:211-217.

Lieberman, H.R., J. Wurtman, and B. Chew. 1986b. Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 44:772-778.

Lieberman, H.R., E.W. Askew, R.W. Hoyt, B. Shukitt-Hale, and M.A. Sharp. 1997. Effects of thirty days of undernutrition on plasma neurotransmitters, other amino acids and behavior. J Nutr. Biochem. 8:119-126.

Lieherman, H.R., S. Corkin, B.J. Spring, J.H. Growdin, and R.J. Wurtman. 1983. Mood, performance, and pain sensitivity: Changes induced by food constituents . J. Psychiatr. Res. 17(2):135-145.

Lieherman, H.R., S. Corkin, B.J. Spring, R.J. Wurtman, and J.H. Growdon. 1985. The effects of dietary neurotransmitter precursors on human behavior. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42:366-370.

Lieberman, S.A., G.E. Butterfield, D. Harrison, and A.R. Hoffman. 1994. Anabolic effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in cachectic patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78:404-410.

Lindeman, R.D. 1990. Overview: Renal physiology and pathophysiology of aging. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 16:276-282.

Lindeman, R.D., J. Tobin, and N.W. Shock. 1984. Association between blood pressure and the decline in renal function with age. Kidney Int. 26:861-268.

Lindeman, R.D., J. Tobin, and N.W. Shock. 1985. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 33:278-285.

Ling, P.R., J.H. Schwartz, and B.R. Bistrian. 1997. Mechanisms of host wasting induced by administration of cytokines in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 272:E333-E339.

Linkswiler, H.M., C.L. Joyce, and R. Anand. 1974. Calcium retention of young adult males as affected by level of protein and of calcium intake. Proc. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 36:333-340.

Linkswiler, H.M., M.B. Zemel, M. Hegsted, and S. Schuette. 1981. Protein-induced hypercalciuria. Fed. Proc. 40:2429-2433.

Longenecker, J.B. 1961. Relationship between plasma amino acids and clinical chemistry of dogs. Pp. 469-485 in Progress in Meeting Protein Needs of Infants and Pre-school Children. Publ. 843. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Longenecker, J.B. 1963. Utilization of dietary protein. Pp. 113-144, Chapter 2, in Newer Methods of Nutritional Biochemistry, A.A. Albanese, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Longenecker, J.B., and N.L. Hause. 1959. Relationship between plasma amino acids and composition of the ingested protein. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 84:46-60.

Longenecker, J.B., and N.L. Hause. 1961. Relationship between plasma amino acids and composition of the ingested protein. II. A shortened procedure to determine plasma amino acid (PAA) ratios. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 9:356-363.

Loucks A.B., and E.M. Heath. 1994. Induction of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold of energy availability. Am. J. Physiol. 266:R817-R823.

Lukaski, H.C., J. Mendez, E.R. Buskirk, and S.H. Cohn. 1981. Relationship between endogenous 3-methylhistidine excretion and body composition. Am. J. Physiol. 240: E302-E307.

Lukasksi, H.C. 1996. Estimation of muscle mass. Pps. 109-128 in Human Body Composition, A.F. Roche, S.B. Heymsfield, and T.G. Lohman, eds. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Luo, S., E.T.S. Li, and H.R. Lieberman. 1993. Tyrosine increases hypothermia-induced norepinephrine (NE) release in rat hippocampus assessed by in vivo microdialysis. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19:1452.

Lutz, J. 1984. Calcium balance and acid-base status of women as affected by increased protein intake and by sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39:281-288.

MacDougall, J.D., M.J. Gibala, M.A. Tarnopolsky, J.R. MacDonald, S.A. Interisano, and K.E. Yarasheski. 1995. The time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 10:480-486.

MacFarlane, G., and J.H. Cummings. 1991. The colonic flora, fermentation, and large bowel digestive function. Pp. 51-92 in The Large Intestine: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Disease, S. Phillips, J.H. Peniberton, and R.G. Shorter, eds. New York: Raven.

MacLean, D.A., T.E. Graham, and B. Saltin. 1994. Branched-chain amine acids augment ammonia metabolism while attenuating protein breakdown during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 167:E1010-1022.

MacLean, D.A., T. E. Graham, and B. Saltin. 1996. Stimulation of muscle ammonia production during exercise following branched-chain amino-acid supplementation in humans. J. Physiol. Lend. 193:909-922.

Maclean, W.C., G.L. De Romana, R.P., Placko, and G.G. Graham. 1981. Protein quality and digestibility of sorghum in pre school children: Balance studies and plasma free amine acids. J. Nutr. 111:1928-1936.

Madsen, K., D.A. MacLean, B. Kiens, and D. Christensen. 1996. Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amine acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100 km. J. Appl. Physiol. 11:2644-2650.

Maher, T. J. 1994. Safety concerns regarding supplemental amine acids: Results of a study. Pp. 455-460 in Food Components to Enhance Performance, An Evaluation of Potential Performance—Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations, B.M. Marriott, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Maher, T.J., B.S. Glaeser, and R.J. Wurtman. 1984. Diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of basic and neutral amine acids and in red cell concentrations of aspartate and glutamate: Effects of dietary protein. J. Clin. Nutr. 39:722-729.

Manson, J.M., and D.W. Wilmore. 1986. Positive nitrogen balance with human growth hormone and hypocaloric intravenous feeding. Surgery 100:188-197.

Marangella, M., O. Bianco, C.V. Martini, M. Petrarulo, C. Vitale, and F. Linari. 1989. Effect of animal and vegetable protein intake on oxalate excretion in idiopathic calcium stone formers. Br. J. Urol. 63:348-351.

Marchini, J.S., J. Cortiella, T. Hiramatsu, T.E. Chapman, and V.R. Young. 1993. Requirements for indispensable amine acids in adult humans: Longer term amino acid kinetic study with support for the adequacy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amine acid requirement pattern. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58:670-683.

Marchini, J.S., J. Cortiella, T. Hiramatsu, L. Castillo, T.E. Chapman, and V.R. Young. 1994. Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics for different patterns and indispensable amine acid intakes in adult humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60:79-86.

Marliss, E.B., T.T. Aoki, T. Pozefsky, A.S. Most, and G.F. Cahill. 1971. Muscle and splanchnic glutamine and glutamate metabolism in postabsorptive and starved man. J. Clin. Invest. 50:814-817.

Martin A.P., L.F. Spenst, D.T. Drinkwater, J.P. Clarys. 1990. Anthropometric estimation of muscle mass in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 22:729-733.

Martin-Castellanos, C., and S. Moreno. 1997. Recent advances on cyclins, CDKs and CDK inhibitors. Trends in Cell Biol. 7:95-98.

Martinez-Lopez, L.E., K.E. Friedl, R.J. Moore, and T.R. Kramer. 1993. A prospective epidemiological study of infection rates and injuries of Ranger students. Mil. Med. 158:433-437.

Martini, L.A., I.P. Heilberg, L. Cuppari, F.A. Medeiros, S.A. Draibe, H. Ajzen, and N. Schor. 1993. Dietary habits of calcium stone formers. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 26:805-812.

Masoro, E.J., and B.P. Yu. 1989. Diet and nephropathy [editorial]. Lab. Invest. 60:165-167.

Masud, T., V.R. Young, T. Chapman, and B.J. Maroni. 1994. Adaptive responses to very low protein diets: The first comparison of ketoacids and essential amino acids. Kidney Intl. 45:1182-1192.

Matalon, R., K. Michals, C. Azen, E.G. Friedman, R. Koch, E. Wenz, H. Levy, F. Rohr, B. Rouse, L. Castiglioni, W. Hanley, V. Austin, and F. de la Cruz. 1991. Maternal PKU collaborative study: The effect of nutrient intake on pregnancy outcome. J. Inherit. Dis. 14:371-374.

Matsueda, S., and Y. Niiyama. 1982. The effects of excess amino acids on maintenance of pregnancy and fetal growth in rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 28:557-573.

Matthews, D.E., and R.G. Campbell. 1992. The effect of dietary protein intake on glutamine and glutamate nitrogen metabolism in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55:963-970.

McLarney, M.J., P.L. Pellett, and V.R. Young. 1996. Pattern of amino acid requirements in humans: An interspecies comparison using published amino acid requirements recommendations. J. Nutr. 126:1871-1882.

Meguid, M.M., D.E. Matthews, D.M. Bier, C.N. Meredith, J.S. Soeldner, and V.R. Young. 1986a. Leucine kinetics at graded leucine intakes in young men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:770-780.

Meguid, M.M., D.E. Matthews, D.M. Bier, C.N. Meredith, and V.R. Young. 1986b. Valine kinetics at graded valine intakes in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:781-786.

Meredith, C.N., D.M. Bier, M.M. Meguid, D.E. Matthews, Z. Wen, and V.R. Young. 1982. Whole body amino acid turnover with ¹³C tracers: A new approach for estimation of human amino acid requirements. Pp. 42-59 in Clinical Nutrition '81, R.I.C. Wesdorp and P.B. Soeters, eds. Edinburgh and London: Churchill Livingstone.

Meredith, C.N., Z.M. Wen, D.M. Bier, D.E. Matthews, and V.R. Young. 1986. Lysine kinetics at graded lysine levels in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:787-794.

Meredith, C.N., M.J. Zackin, W.R. Frontera, and W.J. Evans. 1989. Dietary protein requirements and body protein metabolism in endurance-trained men. J. Appl. Physiol. 66:2850-2856.

Messing, R.B., and L.D. Lytle. 1977. Serotonin-containing neurons: their possible role in pain and analgesia. Pain 4:1-21.

Metges, C.C., A.E. El-Khoury, K.J. Petzke, S. Bedri, M.F. Fuller, and V.R. Young. 1997, The quantitative contribution of microbial lysine to lysine flux in healthy male subjects [abstract]. FASEB J. 11(3):A149.

Michie, H.R., K.R. Manogue, D.R. Spriggs, A. Revhaug, S. O'Dwyer, C.A. Dinarello, A. Cerami, S.M. Wolff, and D.W. Wilmore. 1988. Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1481-1486.

Millward, D.J. 1990. Amino acid requirements in adult man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:492-493.

Millward, D.J. 1992. The metabolic basis of the amino acid requirement. Pp. 31-57 in Protein-Energy Interactions I/D/E/C/G, N.W. Scrimshaw and B. Schurch, eds. Lausanne, Switzerland: Nestle Foundation.

Millward, D.J. 1993. Stable-isotope-tracer studies of amino acid balance and human indispensable amino acid requirements Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57(1):81-86.

Millward, D.J. 1994. Can we define indispensable amino acid requirements and assess protein quality in adults? J. Nutr. 124:1509S-1516S.

Millward, D.J. 1997. Human amino acid requirements. J. Nutr. 127:1842-1846.

Millward, D.J., and J.C. Waterlow. 1996. Letter to the editor. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:832-833.

Millward, D.J., and J.P. Pacy. 1995. Postprandial protein utilization and protein quality assessment in man. Clin. Sci. 88:597-606.

Millward, D.J., and J.P. Rivers. 1988. The nutritional role of indispensable amino acids and the metabolic basis for their requirements. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42:367-393.

Millward, D.J., and J.P. Rivers. 1989. The need for indispensable amino acids: The concept of the anabolic drive. Diab. Metab. Rev. 5(2):191-211.

Millward, D.J., and S.R. Roberts. 1996. Protein requirement of older individuals. Nutr. Res. Rev. 9:67-88.

Millward, D.J., A.A. Jackson, G. Price, and J.P.W. Rivers. 1989. Human amino acid and protein requirements: Current dilemmas and uncertainties. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2:109-132.

Millward, D.J., G.M. Price, P.J.H. Pacy, and D. Halliday. 1990. Maintenance protein requirements: The need for conceptual revaluation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49:473-487.

Millward, D.J., G. Price, P.J.H. Pacy, and D. Halliday. 1991. Whole body protein and amino acid turnover in man: What can we measure with confidence? Proc. Nutr. Soc. 50:197-216.

Millward, D.J., J.L. Bowtell, P. Pacy, and M.J. Rennie. 1994. Physical activity, protein metabolism and protein requirements. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 53(1):223-240.

Millward, D.J., A. Fereday, N. Gibson, and P.J. Pacy. 1996. Postprandial protein metabolism. Bailliere's Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 10:533-549.

Mitch, W.E. 1989. Dietary restrictions for a single normal kidney. Pediatr. Nephrol. 3:129.

Mitch, W.E., and A.L. Goldberg. 1996. Mechanisms of muscle wasting. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: 1897-1905.

Mitchell, H.H., and M. Edman. 1949. Nutrition and Resistance to Climatic Stress, with Reference to Man. Chicago, Ill.: Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces.

Mitchell, H.H., and M. Edman. 1951. Nutrition and Resistance to Climatic Stress, with Particular Reference to Man. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.

Moller, N., J.O.L. Jorgensen, J. Moller, P. Ovesen, O. Schmitz, J.S. Christiansen, and H. Orskov. 1995. Metabolic effects of growth hormone in humans. Metabolism 44(Suppl.):33-36.

Moore, R.J., K.E. Friedl, T.R. Kramer, L.E. Martinez-Lopez, R.W. Hoyt, R.E. Tulley, J.P. DeLany, E.W. Askew, and J.A. Vogel. 1992. Changes in soldier nutritional status and immune function during the Ranger training course. Report USARIEM-T13-92, AD-A257 437. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Morgan, D.B., H.M. Newton, C.J. Schorah, M.A. Jewitt, M.R. Hancock, and R.P. Hullin. 1986. Abnormal indices of nutrition in the elderly: A study of different clinical groups. Age Ageing 15:65-76.

Morrison, W.L., J.N.A. Gibson, R.T. Jung, and M.J. Rennie. 1988. Skeletal muscle and whole body protein turnover in thyroid disease. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 18:62-68.

Motil, K.J., C.M. Montandon, M. Thotathuchery, and C. Garza. 1990. Dietary protein and nitrogen balance in lactating and nonlactating women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:378-384.

Motil, K.J., D.E. Matthews, D.M. Bier, J.F. Burke, H.N. Munro, and V.R. Young. 1981. Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism: Response to dietary protein in young men. Am. J. Physiol. 240:E712-E721.

Motil, K.J., T.A. Davis, C.M. Montandon, W.W. Wong, and P.D. Klein. 1996. Whole-body protein turnover in the fed state is reduced in response to dietary protein restriction in lactating women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64:32-39.

Muhlbacher, F., C.R. Kapadia, M.F. Colpys, R.J. Smith, and D.W. Wilmore. 1984. Effects of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 247:E75-E83.

Muldowney, F.P., R. Freaney, and M.F. Moloney. 1982. Importance of dietary sodium in the hypercalciuria syndrome. Kidney Int. 22:292-296.

Mulligan, K., and G.E. Butterfield. 1990. Discrepancies between energy intake and expenditure in physically active women. Br. J. Nutr. 64(1):23-36.

Munro, H.N. 1964a. General aspects of the regulation of protein metabolism by diet and hormones. Pp. 381-481 in Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. l., Munro H.N. and J.B. Allison, eds. New York: Academic press.

Munro, H.N. 1964b. Historical introduction: The origin and growth of our present concept of protein metabolism. Pp. 1-29 in Mammalian Protein Metabolism, H.N. Munro and J.B. Allison, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Munro, H.N., and M.C. Crim. 1994. Protein and amino acids. In Modem Nutrition in Health and Disease, M.E. Shils, J.A. Olson, and M. Shike, ads. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

Murphy, E.A. 1982. Muddling, meddling and modeling. Pp. 333-348 in Genetic Basis of the Epilepsies, V.E. Anderson, W.A. Hauser, J.K. Penry, and C.F. Sing, eds. New York: Raven.

Murphy, T.C., R.W. Hoyt, T.E. Jones, C.L. Gabaree, and E.W. Askew. 1994. Performance enhancing ration components program: Supplemental carbohydrate test. Report USARIEM-T95-2, AD-A288 560. Natick Mass.: Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Nair, K.S., D. Halliday, D.E. Matthews, and S.L. Welle. 1987. Hyperglucagonemia during insulin deficiency accelerates protein catabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 253:E208-E213.

Nair, K.S., S. Welle, D. Halliday, and R.G. Campell. 1988. Effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate on whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 82:198-205.

Nair, K.S., R.G. Schwartz, and S. Welle. 1992. Leucine as a regulator of whole body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 263:E928-E934.

Nair, K.S., G.C. Ford, K. Ekberg, E. Fernqvist-Forbes, and J. Wahren. 1995. Protein dynamics in whole body and in splanchnic and leg tissues in Type I diabetic patients. J. Clin. Invest. 95:2926-2937.

Nelson, M.E., M.A. Fiatarone, J.E. Layne, I. Trice, C.D. Economoc, R.A. Fielding, R. Ma, R.N. Pierson, W.J. Evans Nunez C, D. Gallagher, M. Visser, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, Z. Wang, S.B. Heymsfield. 1996. Analysis of body composition techniques and models for detecting change in soft tissue with strength training. Am J Clin Nutr. 63:678-686.

Nelson. R.A., J.D. Jones, H.W. Wahner, D.B. McGill, and C.F. Code. 1975. Nitrogen metabolism in bears: Urea metabolism in summer starvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogen conservation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 50:141-146.

Neri, D.F., D. Wiegmann, R.R. Stanny, S.A. Shappell, A. McCardie, and D.L. McKay. 1995. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 66:313-319.

Newsholme, E.A., I.N. Acworth, and E. Blomstrand. 1987. Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between muscle end brain that is important in sustained exercise. Pp. 127-138 in Advances in Myochemistry, G. Benzi, ed. London: John Libby Eurotext.

Nicol, B.M., and P.G. Phillips. 1976a. Endogenous nitrogen excretion and utilization of dietary protein. Br. J. Nutr. 35:181-193.

Nicol, B.M., and P.G. Phillips. 1976b. The utilization of dietary protein by Nigerian men. Br. J. Nutr. 36:337-351.

Nindl, B.C., K.E. Friedl, P.N. Frykman, L.J. Marchitelli, R.L. Shippee, and J.F. Patton. 1997. Physical performance and metabolic recovery among lean, healthy men following a prolonged energy deficit. Int. J. Sports Med. 18:1-8.

NRC (National Research Council). 1941. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1945. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1980. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1986. Cognitive Testing Methodology. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nuñez, C., D. Gallagher, and S.B. Heymsfield. 1995. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Measurement with single frequency bioimpedance analysis. FASEB J. 9(4):A1012.

Nuñez C., J. Grammes, D. Gallagher, R.N. Baumgartner, Z. Wang, S.B. Heymsfield. 1996. Appendicular skeletal muscle: Estimation by total limb impedance measured with new electrode system. FASEB J. 10:3.

Nuñez, C., D. Gallagher, M. Visser, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, Z. Wang, and S.B. Heymsfield. 1997. Bioimpedance analysis: Evaluation of leg-to-leg system based on pressure contact footpad electrodes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29:524-531.

Nurjhan, N., A. Bucci, G. Perriello, N. Stumvoll, G. Dailey, D.M. Bier, I. Toft, T.G. Jenssen, and J.E. Gerich. 1995. Glutamine: A major gluconeogenic precursor and vehicle for interorgan carbon transport in man. J. Clin. Invest. 95:272-277.

Organ L.W., G.B. Bradham, D.T.W. Gore, S.L. Lozier. 1994. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis: Theory and Application of a new technique. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:98-112.

O'Riordain, M., K.C. Fearon, J.A. Ross, P. Rogers, J.S. Falconer, D.C. Bartolo, O.J. Garden, and D.C. Carter. 1994. Glutamine supplemental parenteral nutrition enhances T-lymphocyte response in surgical patients undergoing colorectal resection. Ann Surg. 220:212-221.

Osborne, T.B., and L.B. Mendel. 1916. The amino-acid minimum for maintenance and growth, as exemplified by further experiments with lysine and tryptophan. J. Biol. Chem. 25:1-8.

Owasoyo, J.O., D.F. Neri, and J.G. Lamberth. 1992. Tyrosine and its potential use as a countermeasure to performance decrement in military sustained operations. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 63:364-369.

Owen, O.E., K.J. Smalley, D.A. D'Alessio, M.A. Mozzoli, E.K. Dawson. 1998. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate requirements during starvation: anaplerosis and cataplerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:12-34.

Pacy, P.J., G.M. Price, D. Halliday, M.R. Quevedo, and D.J. Millward. 1994. Nitrogen homeostasis in man: The diurnal responses of protein synthesis and degradation and amine acid oxidation to diets with increasing protein intakes. Clin. Sci. 86(1):103-116.

Pannemans, D.L.E., A.J.M. Wagenmakers, A.E. Jeukendrup, A.P. Gijsen, J.M.G. Senden, and W.H.M. Saris. 1997. The effect of prolonged moderate intensity exercise on protein metabolism of trained men. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 29: S224.

Pannier, J.L., J.J. Bouckaert, and R.A. Lefebvre. 1995. The antiserotonin agent pizotifen does not increase endurance performance in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 12:175-178.

Pardridge, W.M. 1977. Regulation of amino acid availability to the brain. Pp. 141-190 in Nutrition and the Brain, Vol. 1, R.J. Wurtman and J.J. Wurtman, eds. New York: Raven Press.

Parry-Billings M., J. Evans, P.C. Calder, and E.A. Newsholme. 1990. Does glutamine contribute to immunosuppression after major burns? Lancet 336:523-525.

Parry-Billings M., R. Budgett, Y. Koutedakis, E. Blomstrand, S. Brooks, C. Williams, P.C. Calder, S. Pilling, R. Baigrie, and E.A. Newsholme. 1992. Plasma amino acid concentrations in the overtraining syndrome: Possible effects on the immune system. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 24:1353-1358.

Patterson, B.W., T. Nguyen, E. Pierre, D.N. Herndon, R.R. Wolfe. 1997. Urea and protein metabolism in burned children: effect of dietary protein intake. Metabolism 46(5):573-578.

Paul, G.L. 1989. Dietary protein requirements of physically active individuals. Sports Med. 8:154-176.

Pearlstone, D.B., R.F. Wolf, R.S. Berman, M. Burt, M.F. Brennan. 1994. Effect of systemic insulin on protein kinetics in postoperative cancer patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 1(4):321-332.

Pelletier, V., L. Marks, D.A. Wagner, P.A. Hoerr, and V.R. Young. 1991a. Branched-chain amino acid interactions with reference to amino acid requirements in adult men: Valine metabolism at different leucine intakes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:395-401.

Pelletier, V., L. Marks, D.A. Wagner, R.A. Hoerr, and V.R. Young. 1991b. Branched-chain amino acid interactions with reference to amino acid requirements in adult men: Leucine metabolism at different valine and isoleucine intakes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:402-407.

Phillips, S.M., S.A. Atkinson, M.A. Tarnopolsky, and J.D. MacDougall. 1993. Gender differences in leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance in endurance athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 75:2134-2141.

Picou, D., and T. Taylor-Roberts. 1969. The measurement of total protein synthesis and catabolism and nitrogen turnover in infants in different nutritional states and receiving different amounts of dietary protein.. Clin. Sci. 36:283-296

Pietrobelli, A., D. Gallagher, R. Baumgartner, R. Ross, S.B. Heymsfield. P. 1998. Lean value for DXA Two-component Soft-Tissue Model: Influence of Age and Tissue/Organ Type. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49(5-6):743-744.

Pineda, O., B. Torun, F.E. Viteri, and G. Arroyave. 1981. Protein quality in relation to estimates of essential amino acids requirements. Pp. 131-139 in Protein Quality in Humans: Assessment and In Vitro Estimation, C.E. Bodwell, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing Company Inc.

Pozefsky, T., P. Felig, J.D. Tobin, J.S. Soeldner, and G.F. Cahill. 1969. Amino acid balance across tissue of forearm in postabsorptive man. Effect of insulin at two dose levels. J. Clin. Invest. 48:2273-2282.

Price, G.M., D. Halliday, P.J. Pacy, M.R. Quevedo, and D.J. Millward. 1994. Nitrogen homeostasis in man: 1. Influence of protein intake on the amplitude of diurnal cycling of body nitrogen. Clin. Sci. 86:91-102.

Price, S.R., J.L. Bailey, X. Wang, C. Jurkovitz, B.K. England, X. Ding, L. S. Phillips, and W.E. Mitch. 1996. Muscle wasting in insulinopenic rats results from activation of the ATP-dependent, ubiquitin-proteosome proteolytic pathway by a mechanism including gene transcription. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 1703-1708.

Puche, R.C., and S. Feldman. 1992. Relative importance of urinary sulfate and net acid excretion as determinants of calciuria in normal subjects. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 52:220-224.

Puche, R.C., A.F. Carlomagno, A. Gonzalez, and A. Sanchez. 1987. A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of calciuria in normal subjects and idiopathic stone formers. Bone Miner. 2:405-411.

Quevedo, M.R., G.M. Price, D. Halliday, P.J. Pacy, and D.J. Millward. 1994. Nitrogen homeostasis in man: 3. Diurnal changes in nitrogen excretion, leucine oxidation and whole body leucine kinetics during a reduction from a high to a moderate protein intake. Clin. Sci. 86:185-193.

Rand, W.M., V.R. Young, and N.S. Scrimshaw. 1976. Change of urinary nitrogen excretion in response to low protein diets in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29:639-644.

Rand, W.M., N.S. Scrimshaw, and V.R. Young. 1979. An analysis of temporal patterns in urinary nitrogen excretion of young adults receiving constant diets at two nitrogen intakes for 8 to 11 weeks. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:1408-1414.

Rand, W.M., N.S. Scrimshaw, and V.R. Young. 1981. Conventional (''long-term") nitrogen balance studies for protein quality evaluation in adults: Rationale and limitations. Pp. 61-94 in Protein Quality in Humans: Assessment and In Vitro Estimation, C.E. Bodwell, J.S. Adkin, and D.T. Hopkins, eds. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Rand, W.M., N.S. Scrimshaw, and V.R. Young. 1985. A retrospective analysis of long-term metabolic balance studies: Implications for understanding dietary nitrogen and energy utilization. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42:1329-1350.

Rao, P.N., V. Prendiville, A. Buxton, D.G. Moss, and N.J. Blacklock. 1982. Dietary management of urinary risk factors in renal stone formers. Br. J. Urol. 54:578-583.

Rauch, T.M., and H.R. Lieberman. 1990. Pre-treatment with tyrosine reverses hypothermia induced behavioral depression. Brain Res. Bull. 24:147-150.

Reddy, V. 1971. Lysine supplementation of wheat and nitrogen retention in children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24:1246-1249.

Reed, M.J., J.T. Brozinick, M.C. Lee, and J.L. Ivy. 1989. Muscle glycogen storage postexercise: Effect of mode of carbohydrate administration. J. Appl. Physiol. 66:720-726.

Reed, R.L., L. Pearlmutter, K. Yochum, E.E. Meredith, and A.D. Mooradian. 1991. The relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 39:555-561.

Reeds, P.J. 1990. Amino acid needs and protein scoring patterns. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49:489-497.

Reeds, P.J., and P.R. Becket. 1996. Protein and amino acids. Pp. 67-86 in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th ed., E.E. Ziegler and L.J. Filer, eds. Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press.

Reeds, P.J., M.F. Fuller, and B.A. Nicholson. 1985. Metabolic basis of energy expenditure with particular reference to protein. Pp. 46-47 in Substrate and Energy Metabolism in Man, J. S. Garrow and D. Halliday, eds. London: John Libby.

Rennie, M.J. 1996. Influence of exercise on protein and amino acid metabolism. Pp. 995-1035 in American Physiological Society Handbook of Physiology on Exercise, Chapter 12, Section 12, Control of Energy Metabolism During Exercise, R. L. Terjung, ed. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society .

Rennie, M.J., P. Babij, P.M. Taylor, H.S. Hundal, P. MacLennan, P.W. Watt, M.M. Jepson, and D.J. Millward. 1986. Characteristics of a glutamine carrier in skeletal muscle have important consequences for nitrogen loss in injury, infection and chronic disease. Lancet 2:1008-1012.

Roberts, S.B., M.B. Heyman, W.J. Evans, P. Fuss, R. Tsay, and V.R. Young. 1990. Dietary requirements of young adult men, determined using doubly labeled water method. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:499-505.

Roberts, S.B., P. Fuss, M.B. Heyman, and V.R. Young. 1995. Influence of age on energy requirements. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:1053S-1058S.

Robertson, W.G., M. Peacock, and A. Hodgkinson. 1979a. Dietary changes and the incidence of urinary calculi in the U.K. between 1958 and 1976. J. Chronic Dis. 32:469-476.

Robertson, W.G., P.J. Heyburn, M. Peacock, F.A. Hanes, and R. Swaminathan. 1979b. The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium-stone-formation in the urinary tract. Clin. Sci. 57:285-288.

Robertson, W.G., M. Peacock, P.J. Heyburn, F.A. Hanes, A. Rutherford, E. Clementson, R. Swaminathan, and P.B. Clark. 1979c. Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians? Brit J. Urol. 51:427-431.

Rocher, L.L., and R.D. Swartz. 1987. Kidney donors and protein intake [letter to the editor]. Ann. Intern. Med. 107:427.

Rohde, T., D.A. MacLean, A. Hartkopp, and B.K. Pedersen. 1996. The immune-system and serum glutamine during a triathlon. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occupat. Physiol. 14:425-434.

Romijn, J.A., E.F. Coyle, L. Sidossis, A. Castaldelli, J.F. Horowitz, E. Endert, and R.R. Wolfe. 1993. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity. Am. J. Physiol. 265:E380-E391.

Rooyackers, O., and K.S. Nair. 1997. Hormonal regulation of human muscle protein metabolism. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 17:457-485.

Rooyackers, O.E., D.B. Adey, P.A. Ades, and K.S. Nair. 1996. Effect of age on in vivo synthesis rates of mitochondrial protein in human skeletal muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:15364-15369.

Rose, M.S. and D.E. Carlson. 1986. Effects of A Ration meals on body weight during sustained field operations. Technical Report T2-87. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Rose, M.S., P.C. Szlyk, R.P. Francesconi, L.S. Lester, L. Armstrong, W. Matthew, A.V. Cardello, R.D. Popper, I. Sils, G. Thomas, D. Schilling, and R. Whang. 1989. Effectiveness and acceptability of nutrient solutions in enhancing fluid intake in the heat. Technical Report No. T10-89. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Rose, R.W., C.J. Baker, W. Wisnaskas, J.S.A. Edwards, and M.S. Rose. 1989. Dietary assessment of U.S. Army basic trainees at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Technical Report No. T6-89. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Rose, W.C. 1957. The amino acid requirements of adult man. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 27:631-647.

Rose, W.C., A. Borman, M.J. Coon, and G.F. Lambert. 1955a. The amino acid requirements of man. X. The lysine requirement. J. Biol. Chem. 214:579-587.

Rose, W.C., B.E. Leach, M.J. Coon, and G.F. Lambert. 1955b. The amino acid requirements of man. IX. The phenylalanine requirement. J. Biol. Chem. 213:913-922.

Ross, R., H. Pedwell, J. Rissanen. 1995. Response of total and regional lean tissue and skeletal muscle to a program of energy restriction and resistance exercise. Int J Obes. 19:781-787.

Rothman, J.E., and F.T. Wieland. 1996. Protein sorting by transport vesicles. Science 272: 227-234.

Rowbottom, D.G., D. Keast, C. Goodman, and A.R. Morton 1995. The haernatological, biochemical and immunological profile of athletes suffering from the overtraining syndrome. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:502-509.

Rowbottom, D.G., D. Keast, and A.R. Morton. 1996. The emerging role of glutamine as an indicator of exercise stress and overtaining. Sports Med. 11:80-97.

Rowland, I.R., T. Granli, O.C. Bockman, P.E. Key, and R.C. Massey. 1991. Endogenous N nitrosation in man assessed by measurement of apparent total N nitroso compounds in faeces. Carcinogenesis 12:1359-1401.

Rudman, D., D.E. Mattson, A.G. Feller, R. Cotter, and R.C. Johnson. 1989. Fasting plasma amino acids in elderly men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49:559-566.

Rush, D., Z. Stein, and M.A. Susser. 1980. A randomized controlled trial of prenatal nutritional supplementation in New York City. Pediatrics 65:683-697.

Sahlin, K., A. Katz, and S. Broberg. 1990. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in human muscle during prolonged exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 159:C834-C841.

Sahlin, K., L. Jorfeldt, and K.G. Henriksson. 1995. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates during incremental exercise in healthy subjects and in patients with McArdle's disease. Clin. Sci. 19:687-693.

Said, A.K., and D.M. Hegsted. 1970. Response of adult rats to low dietary levels of essential amino acids. J. Nutr. 100:1363-1376.

Sakurai, Y., and S. Klein. 1998. Metabolic alteration in patients with cancer. Nutritional implications. Surg. Today 28(3):247-257

Sakurai, Y., A. Aarsland, D.N. Herndon, D. L. Chinkes, E. Pierre, T.T. Nguyen, B.W. Patterson, and R.R. Wolfe. 1995. Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by long-term insulin infusion in severely burned patients. Ann. Surg. 222(3):283-297.

Salter, C. 1989. Dietary tyrosine as an aid to stress resistance among troops. Milit. Med. 154:144-146.

Samuels, J.P., R.P. McDevitt, M.C. Bollman, W. Maclinn, L.M. Richardson, and L.G. Voss. 1947. Ration Development: A Report of Wartime Problems in Subsistence Research and Development, Vol. 12. Chicago, Ill.: Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, Research and Development Branch, Office of the Quartermaster General.

Sandage, B.W., Jr., L. Sabounjian, R. White, and R.J. Wurtman. 1992. Choline citrate may enhance athletic performance. Paper presented at the American Physiological Society Conference on Integrative Biology of Exercise, Colorado Springs, Colo.

Santos, A.A., M.R. Scheltinga, E. Lynch, E.F. Brown, P. Lawton, E. Chambers, J. Browning, and C.A. Dinarello. 1993. Receptor antagonist is not attenuated by glucocorticoids after endotoxemia. Arch. Surg. 128(2):138-143.

Saris, W.H.M. 1997. Limits of human endurance: Lessons from the Tour do France. Pp. 451-462 in Physiology, Stress, and Malnutrition: Functional Correlates, Nutritional Intervention, J.M. Kinney and H.N. Tucker, eds. New York: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

Sayegh, R., I. Schiff, J. Wurtman, P. Spiers, J. McDermott, and R.J. Wurtman. 1995. The effect of a carbohydrate-rich beverage on mood, appetite, and cognitive function in women with premenstrual syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 86:520-528.

Scheltinga, M.R., L.S. Young, K. Benfell, R.L. Bye, T.R. Ziegler, A.A. Santos, J.H. Antin, P.R. Schloerb, and D.W. Wilmore. 1991. Glutamine-enriched intravenous feedings attenuate extracellular fluid expansion after a standard stress. Ann. Surg. 214:385-393.

Schimmel, P. 1993. GTP hydrolysis in protein synthesis: Two for tu? Science 259:1264-1265.

Schneider, W., and E. Menden. 1988. [The effect of long-term increased protein administration on mineral metabolism and kidney function in the rat I. Renal and entered metabolism of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfate and acid]. Z. Ernährungwiss. 27:170-185.

Schuette, S.A., and H.M. Linkswiler. 1982. Effects on Ca and P metabolism in humans by adding meat, meat plus milk, or purified proteins plus Ca and P to a low protein diet J. Nutr. 112:338-349.

Schuette, S.A., M. Hegsted, M.B. Zemel, and H.M. Linkswiler. 1981. Renal acid, urinary cyclic AMP, and hydroxyproline excretion as affected by the level of protein, sulfur amine acid, and phosphorus intake. J. Nutr. 111:2106-2116.

Schwartz, R.S. 1995. Trophic factor supplementation: effect on the age-associated changes in body composition. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 50:151-156.

Scrimshaw, N.S., M.A. Hussain, E. Murray, W.M. Rand, and V.R. Young. 1972. Protein requirements of man: Variations in obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in young men. J. Nutr. 102:1595-1604.

Scrimshaw, N.S., Y. Taylor, and V.R. Young. 1973. Lysine supplementation of wheat gluten at adequate and restricted energy intakes in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26:965-972.

Segura, R., and J.L. Ventura. 1988. Effect of l-tryptophan supplementation on exercise performance. Int. J. Sports Med. 9:301-305.

Seltzer, S., D. Dewart, R. L. Pollack, and E. Jackson. 1983. The effects of dietary tryptophan on chronic maxillofacial pain and experimental pain tolerance. J. Psychiat. Res. 17(2):181-186.

Shapses, S.A., S.P. Robins, E.I. Schwartz, and H. Chowdhury. 1995. Short-term changes in calcium but not protein intake alter the rate of bone resorption in healthy subjects as assessed by urinary pyridinium cross-link excretion. J. Nutr. 125:2814-2821.

Sharp, T., S.R. Bramwell, and D.G. Grahame-Smith. 1992. Effect of acute administration of L-tryptophan on the release of 5-HT in rat hippocampus in relation to serotoninergic neuronal activity: An in vivo microdialysis study. Life Sci. 50:1215-1223.

Shippee, R., E.W. Askew, M. Mays, B. Fairbrother, K. Friedl, J. Vogel, R. Hoyt, L. Marchitelli, B. Nindl, P. Frykman, L. Martinez-Lopez, E. Bernton, M. Kramer, R. Tulley, J. Rood, J. DeLany, D. Jezior, and J. Arsenault. 1994. Nutritional and immunological assessment of Ranger students with increased caloric intake. Technical Report No. T95-5. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Shippee, R.L., S. Wood, P. Anderson, T.R. Kramer, M. Neita, and K. Wolcott. 1995. Effects of glutamine supplementation on immunological responses of soldiers during the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course [abstract]. FASEB J. 9:731.

Shukitt-Hale, B., M.J. Stillman, and H.R. Lieberman. 1996. Tyrosine administration prevents hypoxia-induced decrements in learning and memory. Physiol. Behav. 59:867-871.

Shurtleff, D., J.R. Thomas, S.T. Ahlers, and J. Schrot. 1993. Tyrosine ameliorates a cold-induced delayed matching-to-sample performance decrement in rats. Psychopharmacol. 112:228-232.

Shurtleff, D., J.R. Thomas, J. Schrot, K. Kowalski, and R. Harford. 1994. Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 47(4):935-941.

Sierakowski, R., B. Finlayson, R.R. Landes, C.D. Finlayson, and N. Sierakowski. 1978. The frequency of urolithiasis in hospital discharge diagnoses in the United States. Invest. Urol. 15:435-441.

Simat, T., B. van Wickern, H. Eulitz, and H. Steinhart. 1996. Contaminants in biotechnologically manufactured l-tryptophan. J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. 685:41-51.

Singh, P.P., F. Hussain, R.C. Gupta, A.K. Pendse, R. Kiran, and R. Ghosh. 1993. Effect of dietary methionine and inorganic sulfate with and without calcium supplementation on urinary calcium excretion of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 31:96-97.

Sipila S., H. Suominen. 1991. Ultrasound imaging of the quadriceps muscle in elderly athletes and untrained men. Muscle and Nerve 14:527-533.

Sjöström, L.A. 1991. A computer-tomography based multicompartment body composition technique and anthropometric predictions of lean body mass, total and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Int J Obesity. 15:19-30.

Smith, S.E., R.O. Pihl, S.N. Young, and F.R. Ervin. 1987. A test of possible cognitive and environmental influences on the mood lowering effect of tryptophan depletion in normal males. Psychopharmacology. 91:451-457.

Snyder W.S., M.J. Cook. E.S. Nasset, L.R. Karhausen, G.P. Howells, I.H. Tipton. 1975. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Soares, M.J., L.S. Piers, P.S. Shetty, S. Robinson, A.A. Jackson, and J.C. Waterlow. 1991. Basal metabolic rate, body composition and whole body protein turnover in Indian men with differing nutritional status. Clin. Sci. Colch. 81(3):419-425.

Solomon, F., R.C. Cuneo, R. Hesp, and P.H. Sonksen. 1989. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. New Engl. J. Med. 321:1797.

Souba, W.W. 1991. Glutamine: A key substrate for the splanchnic bed. Ann. Rev. Nut. 11:285-308.

Souba, W.W., and D.W. Wilmore. 1994. Diet and nutrition in the care of the patient with surgery, trauma, and sepsis. Pp. 1207-1240 in Modem Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th e., M.E. Shils, J.A. Olson, and M. Shike, eds. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

Spencer, H., and L. Kramer. 1986. The calcium requirements and factors causing calcium loss. Fed. Proc. 45(12):2758-2762.

Spencer, H., L. Kramer, and D. Osis. 1988. Do protein and phosphorus cause calcium loss? J. Nutr. 118:657-660.

Spring, B. 1984. Recent research on the behavioral effects of tryptophan and carbohydrate. Nutr. Health 3:55-67.

Starnes, H.F., R.S. Warren, M. Jeevanandam, J.L. Gabrilove, W. Larchian, H.F. Oettgen, and M.F. Brennan. 1988. Tumor necrosis factor and the acute metabolic response to tissue injury in man. J. Clin. Invest. 82:1321-1325.

Stein, T.P., R.W. Hoyt, M.O. Toole, M.J. Leskiw, and M.D. Schluter. 1989. Protein and energy metabolism during prolonged exercise in trained athletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 10:311-316.

Stensrud, T., F. Ingjer, H. Holm, and S.B. Strømme. 1992. l-Tryptophan supplementation does not improve running performance. Int. J. Sports Med. 13:481-485.

Stephen, A.M., and J.H. Cummings. 1979. The influence of dietary fibre on fecal nitrogen excretion in man. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 38:141A.

Stone, E. A. 1975. Stress and catecholamines. Pp. 31-71 in Catecholamines and Behavior, A.J. Freidhoff, ed. New York: Plenum Press.

Stroud, M.A., A.A. Jackson, and J.C. Waterlow. 1996. Protein turnover rates of two human subjects during an unassisted crossing of Antarctica. Br. J. Nutr. 16:165-174.

Struder, H.K., W. Hollmann, P. Platen, J. Duperly, H.G. Fischer, and K. Weber. 1996. Alterations in plasma-free tryptophan and large neutral amine acids. Int. J. Sports Med. 17:73-79.

Stucky, W.P., and A.E. Harper. 1962. Effects of altering indispensable to dispensable amino acids in diets for rats. J. Nutr. 78:278-286.

Svanberg, E., A.C. Moller-Loswick, D.E. Mathews, U. Korner, M. Andersson, and K. Lundholm. 1996. Effects of amine acids on synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle proteins in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 271:E718-E724.

Szeto, E.G., D.E. Carlson, T.B. Dugan, and J.C. Buchbinder. 1987. A comparison of nutrient intakes between a Ft. Riley contractor-operated and a Ft. Lewis military-operated garrison dining facility. Technical Report No. T2-88. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Szeto, E.G., T.B. Dugan, and J.A. Gallo. 1988. Assessment of habitual diners' nutrient intakes in a military-operated garrison dining facility, Ft. Devens I. Technical Report No. T3-89. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Szeto, E.G., J.A. Gallo, and K.W. Samonds. 1989. Passive nutrition intervention in a military-operated garrison dining facility, Ft. Devens II. Technical Report No. T7-89. Natick, Mass: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Tanaka, N., K. Kubo, K. Shiraki, H. Koishi, and H. Yoshimura. 1980. A pilot study on protein metabolism in the Papuan New Guinea highlanders. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 26:247-259.

Tapp, D.C., S. Kobayashi, G. Fernandes, and M.A. Venkatachalam. 1989a. Protein restriction or calorie restriction? A critical assessment of the influence of selective calorie restriction on the progression of experimental renal disease [review]. Seminars in Nephrol. 9(4):343-353.

Tapp, D.C., W.G. Wortham, J.F. Addison, D.N. Hammonds, J.L. Barnes, and M.A. Venkatachalam. 1989b. Food restriction retards body growth and prevents end-stage renal pathology in remnant kidney of rats regardless of protein intake. Lab. Invest. 60:184-195.

Tarnopolsky, M.A., J.D. Mac Dougal, and S.A. Atkinson. 1988. Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J. Appl. Physiol. 64:187-193.

Tarnopolsky, M.A., P.W.R. Lemon, J.D. MacDougall, and J.A. Atkinson. 1990a. Effect of body building exercise on protein requirements. Can. J. Sport Sci. 15:225-226.

Tarnopolsky, L.J., J.D. MacDougall, S.A. Atkinson, M.A. Tarnopolsky, and J.R. Sutton. 1990b. Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise . J. Appl. Physiol. 68:302-308.

Tarnopolsky, M.A., S.A. Atkinson, S.M. Phillips, and J.D. Mac Dougal. 1995. Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78:1360-1368.

Taylor, H.L., E.R. Buskirk, J. Brozek, J.T. Anderson, and F. Grande. 1957. Performance capacity and effects of caloric restriction with hard physical work on young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 10:421-429.

Tessari, P., S.L. Nissen, J. Miles, and M.W. Haymond. 1986. Inverse relationship of leucine flux and oxidation to flee fatty acid availability in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 77:575-581.

Tessari, P., M. Zanetti, R. Barazonni, M. Vettore, and F. Michielan. 1996. Mechanisms of postprandial protein accretion in human skeletal muscle. Insight from leucine and phenylalanine forearm kinetics. J. Clin. Invest. 98:1361-1372.

Tharion, W.J., A.D. Cline, N. Hotson, W. Johnson, P. Niro, C.J. Baker-Fulco, S. McGraw, R.L. Shippee, T.M. Skibinski, R.W. Hoyt, J.P. Delany, R.E. Tulley, J. Rood, W.R. Santee, S.H.M. Boquist, M. Bordic, M. Kramer, S.H. Slade, and H.R. Lieberman. 1997. Nutritional challenges for field feeding in a desert environment: Use of the Unitized Group Ration (UGR) and a supplemental carbohydrate beverage. Technical Report No. T97-9. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Thomas, C.D., K.E. Friedl, M.Z. Mays, S.H. Mutter, R.J. Moore, D.A. Jezior, C.J. Baker-Fulco, L.J. Marchitelli, R.T. Tulley, and E.W. Askew. 1995. Nutrient intakes and nutritional status of soldiers consuming the Meal, Ready-To-Eat (MRE XIII) during a 30-day field training exercise. Technical Report No. T95-6. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Thompson, G.N., P.J.H. Pacy, H. Merritt, G.C. Ford, M.A. Read, K.N. Cheng, and D. Halliday. 1989. Rapid measurement of whole body and forearm protein turnover using a [²H₅]phenylalanine model. Am. J. Physiol. 256:E631-E639.

Tiao, G., S. Hobler, J.J. Wang, T.A. Meyer, F.A. Luchette, J.E. Fischer, and P-0. Hasselgren. 1997. Sepsis is associated with increased mRNAs of ubiquitin-proteosome proteolytic pathway in human skeletal muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 99:163-168.

Tipton, K.D., and R.R. Wolfe. 1998. Exercise-induced changes in protein metabolism. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162(3):377-387.

Tobin, J., and D. Spector. 1986. Dietary protein has no effect on future creatinine clearance. Gerontologist 25:59A.

Todd, K.S., G.E. Butterfield, and D.H. Calloway. 1984. Nitrogen balance in men with adequate and deficient energy intake at three levels of work. J. Nutr. 114:2107-2118.

Tolbert, B., and J.H. Watts. 1963. Phenylalanine requirements of women consuming a minimal tyrosine diet and the sparing effect of tyrosine on the phenylalanine requirement. J. Nut. 80, 111-117.

Tollardona, D., C.I. Harris, E. Milne, and M.F. Fuller. 1994. The contribution of intestinal microflora to amino acid requirements in pigs. Pp. 245-248 in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs, W.B. Souffran, and H. Hagemeister, eds. Dummerstorf, Germany: Forsch. Inst. Biol. Landwirtsch. Nutztiere.

Tom, K., V.R. Young, T. Chapman, T. Masud, L. Akpele, and B.J. Maroni. 1995. Long-term adaptive responses to dietary restriction in chronic renal failure. Am. J. Physiol. 268:E668-E677.

Tomlinson B.E., J.N. Walton, J.J. Rebeiz. 1969. The effects of aging and of cachexia upon skeletal muscle. A histopathological study. J Neurol Sci. 9:321-346.

Trilok, G., and H.H. Draper. 1989. Sources of protein-induced endogenous acid production and excretion by human adults. Calcif. Tissue Int. 44:335-338.

Trinchieri, A., A. Mandressi, P. Luongo, and E. Pisani. 1991. The influence of diet on urinary risk factors for stones in healthy subjects and idiopathic renal calcium stone formers. Brit. J. Urol. 67:230-236.

Tschope, W., and E. Ritz. 1985. Sulfur-containing amino acids are the major determinant of urinary calcium. Mineral Electrolyte Metab. 11:137-139.

Ungerstedt, U., C. Forster, M. Herrera-Marschitz, I. Hoffman, U. Junguelius, U. Tossman, and T. Zetterstrom. 1982. Brain dialysis: A new in vivo technique for studying neurotransmitter release and metabolism. Neuroscience Lett. 10(Suppl.):S493.

Urban, R.J., Y.H. Bodenburg, C. Gilkison, J. Foxworth, R.R. Wolfe, and A. Ferrado. 1995. Testosterone administration to healthy elderly men increases muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 296:E820-E826.

Urivetzky, M., J. Motola, S. Braverman, and A.D. Smith. 1987. Dietary protein levels affect the excretion of oxalate and calcium in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria type II. J. Urol. 137:690-692.

USACDEC/USARIEM (U.S. Army Combat Developments and Experimentation Center and U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine). 1986. Combat Field Feeding System-Force Development Test and Experimentation (CFFS-FDTE) Technical Report CDEC-TR-85-006A. Vol. 1, Basic Report; vol. 2, Appendix A; vol. 3, Appendixes B through L. Fort Ord, Calif.: U.S. Army Combat Developments and Experimentation Center.

U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center. 1992. Operational Rations of the Department of Defense. Natick PAM 30-2. Natick, Mass: U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center.

U.S. Department of the Army. 1947. Army Regulation 40-250. Nutrition. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. 1985. Army Regulation 40-25/Naval Command Medical Instruction 10110.1/Air Force Regulation 160-95. Nutritional Allowances, Standards, and Education. May 15. Washington, D.C.

U.S. War Department. 1944. Nutrition. War Department Circular No. 98. Washington, D.C.

Van Acker, B.A.C, K.W.E. Hulsewé, A.J.M. Wagenmakers, N.E.P. Deutz, B.K. Van Kreel, P.B. Soeters, and M.F. Von Meijenfeldt. 1996. Measurement of glutamine metabolism in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Clin. Nutr. 15(Suppl. 1):1.

Van der Hulst, R.R., B.K. van Kreel, M.F. von Meyenfeldt, R.J. Brummer, J.W. Arends, N.E. Deutz, and P.B. Soeters. 1993. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 341(8857):1363-1365.

Van Hall, G. 1996. Amino acids, ammonia and exercise in man. Thesis, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.

Van Hall, G., J.S.H. Raaymakers, W.H.M. Saris, and A.J.M. Wagenmakers. 1995a. Ingestion of branched chain amino acids and tryptophan during sustained exercise in man: Failure to affect performance. J. Physiol. Load. 186:789-794.

Van Hall, G., B. Saltin, G.J. Van der Vusse, K. Söderlund, and A.J.M. Wagenmakers. 1995b. Deamination of amino acids as a source for ammonia production in human skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise. J. Physiol. 489:251-261.

Van Hall, G., D.A. MacLean, B. Saltin, and A.J.M. Wagenmakers. 1996. Mechanisms of activation of muscle branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase during exercise in man. J. Physiol. 494:899-905.

Varnier, M., G.P. Leese, J. Thompson, and M.J. Rennie. 1995. Stimulatory effect of glutamine on glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 269:E309-E315.

Varnier, M., P. Sarto, D. Martines, L. Lora, F. Carmignoto, G.P. Leese, and R. Naccarato. 1994. Effect of infusing branched-chain amino acids during incremental exercise with reduced muscle glycogen content. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 69:26-31.

Vinnars, E., J. Bergström, and P. Fürst. 1975. Influence of the postoperative state on the intracellular free amino acids in human muscle tissue. Annals Surg. 182:665-671.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M. 1996. Muscle glycogen depletion and fatigue. The Physiologist 39:A68.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M., and P.B. Soeters. 1995. Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Pp. 67-83 in Amino Acid Metabolism and Therapy in Health and Nutritional Disease, L.A. Cynober, ed. New York, CRC Press.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M., H.J.M. Salden, and J.H. Veerkamp. 1985. The metabolic fate of branched-chain amino acids and 2-oxo acids in rat muscle homogenates and diaphragms. Int. J. Biochem. 17:957-965.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M., J.H. Coakley, and R.H.T. Edwards. 1990. Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids and ammonia during exercise: Clues from McArdle's disease. Int. J. Sports Med. 11:S101-S113.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M., E.J. Beckers, F. Brouns, H. Kuipers, P.B. Soeters, G.J. van der Vusse, and W.H.M. Saris. 1991. Carbohydrate supplementation, glycogen depletion, and amino acid metabolism during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 260:E883-E890.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M., G. Van Hall, and B. Saltin. 1996. Excessive muscle proteolysis during one leg exercise is exclusively attended by increased de novo synthesis of glutamine, not of alanine. Clin. Nutr. 15(Suppl. 1):1.

Wagenmakers, A.J.M., G. Van Hall, P.A.I. Van de Schoor, and W.H.M. Sags. 1997. Glutamine does not stimulate glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle. Med. Sci. Sport Ex. 29:S280

Wallace, W.M. 1959. Nitrogen content of the body and its relation to retention and loss of nitrogen. Fed. Proc. 18:1125-1130.

Walser, M. 1961a. Calcium clearance as a function of sodium clearance in the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 200:1099-1104.

Walser, M. 1961b. Ion association. VII. Dependence of calciuresis on natriuresis during sulfate infusion. Am. J. Physiol. 201:769-773.

Walser, M. 1986. The roles of urea production, ammonium excretion, and amino acid oxidation in acid-base balance. Am. J. Physiol. 250:F181-F188.

Walser, M. 1992. Dietary proteins and their relationship to kidney disease. Pp. 168-178 in Dietary Proteins in Health and Disease, G.U. Liepa, ed. Champaign, Ill.: American Oil Chemists' Society.

Walser, M., and A.A. Browder. 1959. Ion association. III. The effect of sulfate infusion on calcium excretion. J. Clin. Invest. 38:1404-1411.

Walser, M., and J.R. Trounce. 1961. The effect of diuresis and diuretics upon the renal tubular transport of alkaline earth cations. Biochem. Pharmacol. 8:157.

Walters, J.K., M. Davis, M.H. Sheard. 1979. Tryptophan-free diet: effects on the acoustic startle reflex in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 62(2):103-109.

Wang, H., and P.A. Murphy. 1994. Isoflavone composition of American and Japanese soybeans in Iowa: Effects of variety, crop year and location. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:1674-1677.

Wang, T.C., and M.F. Fuller. 1989. The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion. Br. J. Nutr. 62(1):77-89.

Wang Z., R.N. Pierson Jr, and S.B. Heymsfield. 1992. The five-level model: A new approach to organizing body composition research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:19-28.

Wang Z., S. Heshka, R. Pierson, S.B. Heymsfield. 1995. Systematic organization of body-composition methodology: An overview with emphasis on component-based methods. Am J Clin Nutr. 61: 457-65.

Wang, Z., D. Gallagher, M. Nelson, D. Matthews, S.B. Heymsfield. 1996a. Total body skeletal muscle mass: Evaluation of 24 hour urinary creatinine excretion method by computerized axial tomography. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:863-869.

Wang, Z., M. Visser, R. Ma, R. Baumgartner, D. Kotler, D. Gallagher, and S.B. Heymsfield. 1996b. Skeletal muscle mass: Evaluation of neutron activation and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry methods. J. Appl. Physiol. 80(3):824-831.

Wang, Z., P. Deurenberg, D.E. Matthews, and S.B. Heymsfield. 1998. Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion: Association with total body skeletal muscle mass by computerized axial tomography. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 22(2): 82-86.

Wannamacher, R.W., Jr. 1975. Protein metabolism (applied biochemistry). P. 133 in Total Parenteral Nutrition: Premises and Promises, H. Ghadimi, ed. New York: John Wiley.

Warber, J.P., F.M. Kramer, S.M. McGraw, L.L. Lesher, W. Johnson, and A.D. Cline. 1996. The Army Food and Nutrition Survey, 1995-97. Technical Report. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Waterlow, J.C. 1996. The requirements of adult man for indispensable amino acids. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:S151-176.

Waterlow, J.C., and D.J. Millward. 1989. Energy cost of turnover of protein and other cellular constituents. Pp. 277-282 in Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms, W. Wieser and E. Gnaiger, eds. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.

Waterlow, J.C., P.J. Garlick, and D.J. Millward. 1978. Protein Turnover in Mammalian Tissues and the Whole Body. Amsterdam: North Holland Elsevier.

Watters, J.M., P.Q. Bessey, C.A. Dinarello, S.M. Wolf, and D.W. Wilmore. 1986. Both inflammatory and endocrine mediators stimulate host responses to sepsis. Arch. Surg. 121:179-190.

Welle, S., C. Thornton, R. Jozefowicz, and M. Statt. 1993. Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old men. Am. J. Physiol. 264:E693-E698.

Welle, S., C. Thornton, M. Statt, and B. McHenry. 1996. Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:3239-3243.

Weller, L.A., D.H. Calloway, S. Margen. 1971. Nitrogen balance of men fed amino acid mixtures based on Rose's requirements, egg white protein, and serum free amino acid patterns . J. Nutr. 101(11):1499-1507.

Wibom, R., and E. Hultman. 1990. ATP production rate in mitochondria isolated from microsamples of human muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 159:E204-E209.

Williams, C. 1995. Macronutrients and performance. J. Sports Sci. 13(Spec. No.):S1-10.

Williams, H.H., A.E. Harper, D.M. Hegsted, G. Arroyave, L.E. Hold, Jr. 1974. Nitrogen and amino acid requirements. Pp. 23-63 in Improvement of Protein Nutritive Value. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Wilmore, D.W. 1977. The Metabolic Management of the Critically Ill. New York: Plenum Medical.

Wilmore, D.W. 1991. Catabolic illness: Strategies for enhancing recovery. N. Engl. J. Med. 325(10):695-702.

Wilmore, D.W. 1997a. Glutamine saves lives! What does it mean? Nutrition 13(4):375-376.

Wilmore, D.W. 1997b. Homeostasis: Bodily changes in trauma and surgery. Pp. 55-67 in Textbook of Surgery, 15th ed., D.C. Sabiston, ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Wilmore, D.W., J.A. Moylan, B.F. Bristow, H.D. Mason, Jr., and B.A. Pruitt, Jr. 1974. Anabolic effects of growth hormone and high caloric feedings following thermal injury. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 138:875-884.

Wilmore, D.W., C.W. Goodwin, L.H. Aulick, M.C. Powanda, A.D. Mason, Jr., and B.A. Pruitt, Jr. 1980. Effect of injury and infection on visceral metabolism and circulation. Ann. Surg. 192:491-504.

Windmueller, H.G., and A.E. Spaeth. 1974. Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 249:5070-5079.

Wolf, R.F., D.B. Pearlstone, E. Newman, M.J. Heslin, A. Gonenne, M.E. Burg and M.F. Brennan. 1992. Growth hormone and insulin reverse net whole body and skeletal muscle protein catabolism in cancer patients. Ann. Surg. 216:280-288.

Wood, S., J. Mortola, Y.F. Chan, F. Moossazadeh, and S. Yen. 1992. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with fluoxetine: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Obstet. Gynecol. 80:339-344.

Working Group (G. Clugston, K.G. Dewey, C. Field, J. Millward, P. Reeds, N.S. Scrimshaw, K. Tontisirin, J.C. Waterlow, and V.R. Young). 1996. Report of the working group on protein and amino acid requirements. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50(Suppl. 1):S193-S195.

Wurtman, J.J., and J.D. Fernstrom. 1979. Free amino acid, protein and fat contents of breast milk from Guatemalan mothers consuming a corn-based diet. Early Human Development 3:67-77.

Wurtman, R.J., F. Hefti, and E. Melamed. 1981. Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmacol. Rev. 32:315-335.

Yanovski, S.Z., V.S. Hubbard, S.B. Heymsfield, H.C. Lukasksi. 1996. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement. Proceedings of a National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference. Bethesda, Maryland, December 12-14, 1994. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 64(3S):387-532S.

Yarasheski, K.E., J.J. Zachwieja, T.J. Angelopoulos, and D.M. Bier DM. 1993a. Short term growth hormone treatment does not increase muscle protein synthesis in experienced weight lifters. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:3073-3076.

Yarasheski, K.E., J.J. Zachwieja, and D.M. Bier. 1993b. Acute effects of resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate in young and elderly men and women. Am. J. Physiol. 265:E210-E214.

Yarasheski, K.E., J.J. Zachwieja, J.A. Campell, and D.M. Bier. 1995. Effect of growth hormone and resistance training on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am. J. Physiol. 268:E268-E276.

Yates, F.E., 1983. Contribution of statistics to ethics of science. Am. J. Physiol 13:R3-R5.

Yeboah, N., E. Al-Sing, A. Bodalloo, T. Forrester, A. Jackson, and D.J. Millward. 1996. Transfer of ¹⁵N from urea to the circulating lysine pool in the human infant. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 55:37A.

Yeghiayan, S.K., C. Amendola, T.H. Wu, T.J. Maher, and H.R. Lieberman. In press. Hyperthermia and tyrosine administration affect behavioral performance but not hippocampal catecholamines. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts.

Yoshida, A. 1983. Specificity of amino acids for the nutritional evaluation of proteins. Pp. 163-182 in Proceedings of the International Association of Cereal Chemists Symposium on Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Cereal Proteins, R. Lasztity and M. Hidvegi, eds. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.

Yoshida, A. 1986. Nutritional aspects of amino acid oxidation. Pp. 378-382 in Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Nutrition, T.G. Taylor and N.K. Jenkins, eds. London: John Libbey and Co., Ltd.

Young, S. 1993. Use of diet and dietary components. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 18(5):235-244.

Young, S.N. 1996. Behavioral effects of dietary neurotransmitter precursors: Basic and clinical aspects. Neurosci. Behav. Rev. 20(2):313-323.

Young, V.R. 1986. Nutritional balance studies: Indicators of human requirements or adaptive mechanisms. J. Nutr. 116:700-703.

Young, V.R. 1987. McCollum Award Lecture: Kinetics of human amino acid metabolism: Nutritional implications and some lessons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46:709-725.

Young, V.R. 1991a. Nutrient interactions with reference to amino acid and protein metabolism in nonruminants: Particular emphasis on protein-energy relations in man. Z. Ernährungwiss 30:239-267.

Young, V.R. 1991b. Soy protein in relation to human and amino acid nutrition. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 91:828-835.

Young, V.R. 1992. Protein and amino acid requirements in humans: Metabolic basis and current recommendations. Scand. J. Nutr. Naringsforskning 36:47-56.

Young, V.R. 1994. Adult amino acid requirement: The case for a major revision in current recommendations. J. Nutr. 124:1517S-1523S.

Young, V.R. 1997. Paper 5. Dietary protein standards can be halved (Chittenden, 1904). J. Nutr. 127:1025S-1027S.

Young, V.R., and A. E. El-Khoury. 1995a. Can amino acid requirements for nutritional maintenance in adult humans be approximated from the amino acid composition of body mixed proteins? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 921:300-304.

Young, V.R., and A.E. El-Khoury. 1995b. The notion of the nutritional essentiality of amino acids, revisited, with a note on the indispensable amino acid requirements in adults. Pp. 191-232 in Amino Acid Metabolism and Therapy in Health and Nutritional Disease, L.A. Cynober, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Young, V.R., and A.E. El-Khoury. 1996. Human amino acid requirements: A re-evaluation. Food Nutr. Bull. 17:191-203.

Young, V.R., and J.S. Marchini. 1990. Mechanisms and nutritional significance of metabolic responses to altered intakes of protein and amino acids, with reference to nutritional adaptation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:270-289.

Young, V.R., and N.S. Scrimshaw. 1968. Endogenous nitrogen metabolism and plasma amino acids in young adults given a ''protein-free" diet. Br. J. Nutr. 22:9-20.

Young, V.R., and P.L. Pellett. 1985. Wheat proteins in relation to protein requirements and availability of amino acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41:1077-1090.

Young, V.R., and P.L. Pellett. 1990. Current concepts concerning indispensable amino acid needs in adults and their implications for international nutrition planning. Food. Nutr. Bull. 12:289-300.

Young, V.R., and Y.M. Yu. 1996. Protein and amino acid metabolism. Pp. 159-200 in Nutrition and Metabolism in the Surgical Patient, 2nd edition, Josef E. Fischer, ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Young, V.R., Y.S.M. Taylor, W.R. Rand, and N.S. Scrimshaw. 1973. Protein requirements of man: Efficiency of egg protein utilization at maintenance and sub-maintenance levels in young men. J. Nutr. 103:1164-1174.

Young, V.R., L. Fajardo, E. Murray, W.M. Rand, and N.S. Scrimshaw. 1975. Protein requirements of man: Comparative nitrogen balance response within the submaintenance-to-maintenance range of intakes of wheat and beef proteins. J. Nutr. 105:534-544.

Young, V.R., M. Puig, E. Queiroz, N.S. Scrimshaw, and W.M. Rand. 1984. Evaluation of the protein quality of an isolated soy protein in young men: Relative nitrogen requirements and effect of methionine supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39:16-24.

Young, V.R., D.M. Bier, and P.L. Pellet. 1989. A theoretical basis for increasing current estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult man with experimental support Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:80-92.

Young, V.R., N.S. Scrimshaw, and P.L. Pellett. 1998. Significance of dietary protein source in human nutrition: Animal or plant proteins. Pp. 205-212 in Feeding a World Population of More than Eight Billion People: A Challenge to Science, J.C. Waterlow, D.G. Armstrong, L. Fowden and R. Riley, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zawadzki, K.M., B.B. Yaspelkis, and J.L. Ivy. 1992. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:1854-1859.

Zello, G.A., P.B. Pencharz, and R.O. Ball. 1990. Phenylalanine flux, oxidation and conversion to tyrosine in humans studied with l-[l¹³C]phenylalanine. Am. J. Physiol. 259:E835-E843.

Zello, G.A., P.B. Pencharz, and R.O. Ball. 1992. Lysine requirement in young adult males. Am. J. Physiol. 264:E677-E685.

Zello, G.A., P.B. Pencharz, and R.O. Ball. 1993. Dietary lysine requirement of young adult males determined by oxidation of l-[l-¹³C]phenylalanine. Am. J. Physiol. 264:E677-E685.

Zello, G.A., L.J. Wykes, R.O. Ball, and B. Pencharz. 1995. Recent advances in methods of assessing dietary amino acid requirements for adult humans. J. Nutr. 125:2907-2915.

Zemel, M.B. 1988. Calcium utilization: Effect of varying level and source of dietary protein. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 48:880-883.

Zemel, M.B., S.A. Schuette, M. Hegsted, and H.M. Linkswiler. 1981. Role of sulfur-containing amino acids in protein-induced hypercalciuria in man. J. Nutr. 111:545-552.

Zhao, X.H., Z.M. Wen, C.N. Meredith, D.E. Matthews, D.M. Bier, and V.R. Young. 1986. Threonine kinetics at graded threonine intakes in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:795-802.

Ziegler, T.R., L.S. Young, K. Benfell, M. Scheltinga, K. Hortos, R. Bye, F.D. Morrow, D.O. Jacobs, R.J. Smith, J.H. Antin, and D.W. Wilmore. 1992. Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation . A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann. Intern. Med. 116(10):821-828.

Ziegler, T.R., R.L. Bye, R.L. Persinger, L.S. Young, J.H. Antin, and D.W. Wilmore. 1994. Glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition increases circulating lymphocytes after bone marrow transplantation. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 18:17S.

Ziegler, T.R., M.P. Mantell, J.C. Chow, J.H. Rombeau, and R.J. Smith. 1996. Gut adaptation and the insulin-like growth factor system: Regulation by glutamine and IGF-I administration. Am. J. Physiol. 271:G866-G875.

Ziegler, T.R., R.L. Bye, R.L. Persinger, L.S. Young, J.H. Antin, and D.W. Wilmore. 1998. Effects of glutamine supplementation on circulating lymphocytes after bone marrow transplantation: A pilot study. Am. J. Med. Sci. 315:4-10.

Zurlo, F., K. Larson, C. Bogardus, and E. Ravussin. 1990. Skeletal muscle is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1423-1427.