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Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants
Michele A. Medinsky (Chair),
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Kevin E. Driscoll,
The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Charles E. Feigley,
University of South Carolina School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina
Donald E. Gardner,
Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, North Carolina
Sidney Green,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Rogene F. Henderson,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Carole A. Kimmel,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Hanspeter R. Witschi,
University of California, Davis, California
Garold S. Yost,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Staff
Kulbir S. Bakshi, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology
Abigail Stack, Project Director
Ruth E. Crossgrove, Editor
Linda V. Leonard, Senior Project Assistant
Lucy V. Fusco, Project Assistant
Christine Phillips, Project Assistant
Sponsor
U.S. Department of Defense
This page in the original is blank. |
Committee on Toxicology
Bailus Walker, Jr. (Chair),
Howard University Medical Center and American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Melvin E. Andersen,
Colorado State University, Denver, Colorado Germaine M. Buck, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
Gary P. Carlson,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Jack H. Dean,
Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malverne, Pennsylvania
Robert E. Forster II,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Paul M.D. Foster,
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
David W. Gaylor,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
Judith A. Graham,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Sidney Green,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
William E. Halperin,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
Charles H. Hobbs,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Florence K. Kinoshita,
Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware
Michael J. Kosnett,
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
Morton Lippmann,
New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
Thomas E. McKone,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, California
Ernest E. McConnell,
ToxPath, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina
David H. Moore,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, Maryland
Günter Oberdörster,
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
John L O'Donoghue,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York
George M. Rusch,
AlliedSignal, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey
Mary E. Vore,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Annetta P. Watson,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Staff
Kulbir S. Bakshi, Program Director
Susan N.J. Pang, Program Officer
Abigail Stack, Program Officer
Ruth E. Crossgrove, Publications Manager
Katherine Iverson, Manager of the Toxicology Information Center
Catherine M. Kubik, Senior Program Assistant
Linda V. Leonard, Senior Project Assistant
Lucy V. Fusco, Project Assistant
Christine Phillips, Project Assistant
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Gordon Orians (Chair),
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Donald Mattison (Vice Chair),
March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
David Allen,
University of Texas, Austin, Texas
May R. Berenbaum,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Eula Bingham,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Paul Busch,
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, New York
Peter L. deFur,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
David L. Eaton,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Robert A. Frosch,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
John Gerhart,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Mark Harwell,
University of Miami, Miami, Florida
Rogene Henderson,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Carol Henry,
American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Barbara Hulka,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Daniel Krewski,
Health Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
James A. MacMahon,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
Mario J. Molina,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Charles O'Melia,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Kirk Smith,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Margaret Strand,
Oppenheimer Wolff Donnelly & Bayh, LLP, Washington, D.C.
Terry F. Yosie,
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia
Senior Staff
James J. Reisa, Director
David J. Policansky, Associate Director and Senior Program Director for Applied Ecology
Carol A. Maczka, Senior Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
Raymond A. Wassel, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Kulbir Bakshi, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology
Lee R. Paulson, Program Director for Resource Management
Commission on Life Sciences
Michael T. Clegg (Chair),
University of California, Riverside, California
Paul Berg (Vice Chair),
Stanford University, Stanford, California
Frederick R. Anderson,
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
John C. Bailar III,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Joanna Burger,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
Sharon L. Dunwoody,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
David Eisenberg,
University of California, Los Angeles, California
John Emmerson,
Portland, Oregon
Neal First,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
David J. Galas,
Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Science, Claremont, California
David V. Goeddel,
Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California
Arturo Gomez-Pompa,
University of California, Riverside, California
Corey S. Goodman,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Henry Heikkinen,
University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
Barbara S. Hulka,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Hans J. Kende,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Cynthia Kenyon,
University of California, San Francisco, California
Margaret G. Kidwell,
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Bruce R. Levin,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Olga F. Linares,
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Miami, Florida
David Livingston,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
Donald R. Mattison,
March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
Elliot M. Meyerowitz,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
Robert T. Paine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Ronald R. Sederoff,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Robert R. Sokal,
State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
Charles F. Stevens,
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
Shirley M. Tilghman,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
John L. Vandeberg,
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Raymond L. White,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Warren R. Muir, Executive Director
Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline (1999)
Risk-Based Waste Classification in California (1999)
Arsenic in Drinking Water (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio (1998)
Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (1998)
The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997)
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (5 reports, 1989–1995)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 reports, 1994–1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes HV (1991–1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press (800) 624.6242 or (202) 334-3313 www.nap.edu
Other Reports of the Committee on Toxicology
Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emissions Toxicants (1998)
Review of A Screening Level Risk Assessment for the Naval Air Facility at Atsugi, Japan (Letter Report) (1998)
Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1 (1997)
Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents (1997)
The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997)
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions (1997)
Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)
Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), Volume 3 (1996)
Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)
Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)
Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)
Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)
Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)
Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)
Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)
Preface
The U.S. Army uses smokes and obscurants to screen armed forces from view, signal friendly forces, and mark positions. Military personnel are exposed to smokes and obscurants during training exercises. The Army would like to ensure that exposures to these substances do not adversely affect the health of Army personnel or the public living and working near military-training facilities. To assist with this effort, the Army requested the National Research Council (NRC) to independently review the available toxicity data on several obscuring smokes and recommend exposure guidance levels for each. In response, the NRC's Committee on Toxicology (COT) convened the Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, which prepared this report. The report reviews toxicity data and recommends exposure guidance levels for four obscuring smokes: white phosphorus, brass, titanium dioxide, and graphite.
Several individuals assisted the subcommittee by providing information on the uses and toxicity of the smokes addressed in this report. We gratefully acknowledge Colonel Francis L. O'Donnell, Major James Martin, Colonel David Wilder, and the Office of the Surgeon General of the U.S. Army for their interest and support of this project. We also thank Winnifred Palmer, Sandra Thomson, and Michael Burnham from the U.S. Army for providing information to the subcommittee.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.
The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals, who are neither officials nor employees of the NRC, for their participation in the review of this report: John Doull, University of Kansas Medical Center; Robert Forster, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Charles Hobbs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute; Florence Kinoshita, Hercules Incorporated; Richard Schlessinger, New York University Medical Center; and Loren Koller, Oregon State University (Review Coordinator).
The individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions. It must be emphasized, however, that responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring subcommittee and the NRC.
We are also grateful for the assistance of the NRC staff in the preparation of this report. The subcommittee wishes to acknowledge Kulbir Bakshi, program director of the Committee on Toxicology and Abigail Stack, project director for this report. Other staff members contributing to this report were Paul Gilman, former executive director of the Commission on Life Sciences; James Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Carol Maczka, senior program director for toxicology and risk assessment; Ruth Crossgrove, editor; and Lucy Fusco, Linda Leonard, and Christine Phillips, project assistants.
Finally, we would like to thank all the members of the subcommittee for their expertise and dedicated effort throughout the study.
MICHELE A. MEDINSKY, PH.D.
CHAIR, SUBCOMMITTEE ON MILITARY SMOKES AND OBSCURANTS
BAILUS WALKER JR., PH.D., M.P.H.
CHAIR, COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY