National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 6 Future Directions
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

References

Abassi, Z., S. Kotob, F. Pieruzzi, M. Abouassali, H. R. Keiser, J. C. Fratantoni, and A. I. Alayash. 1997. Effects of polymerization on the hypertensive action of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin in rats. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 129:603-610.

Abdennebi, H. B., J. P. Steghens, J. Margonari, S. Ramella-Virieux, A. Barbieux, and O. Boillot. 1998. Evolution of parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell injury after different conditions of storage and reperfusion. Transplantation International 11:365-372.

Abe, K., K. Kogure, H. Yamamoto, M. Imazawa, and K. Miyamoto. 1987. Mechanism of arachidonic acid liberation during ischemia in gerbil cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry 48:503-509.

Abraham, E. 1998. Cytokine modifiers: Pipe dream or reality? Chest 113(Suppl. 3): 24S-227S.

Adelson, E. W. Crosby, and W. H. Roeder. 1955. Further studies of hemostatic defect caused by intravenous dextran. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 45:441.

Ahmad, M., S. M. Srinivasula, L. Wang, R. V. Talanian, G. Litwack, T. Fernandes-Alnemri, and E. S. Alnemri. 1997. CRADD, a novel human apoptotic adaptor molecule for caspase-2 and FasL/tumor necrosis factor receptor-interacting protein RIP. Cancer Research 57:615-619.

Alexander, J. W., H. Saito, and C. Ogle. 1986. The importance of lipid type in diet after burn injury. Annals of Surgery 204:8.

Alkhamis, T. M, R. L. Beissinger, and J. R. Chediak. 1988. Red blood cell effect on platelet adhesion and aggregation in low stress shear flow. Myth or fact? ASAIO Transplantation 34:868-873.

Alkhamis, T. M., R. L. Beissinger, and J. R. Chediak. 1990. Artificial surface effect on red blood cells and platelets in laminar shear flow. Blood 75:1568-1575.

Allet, B., A. Hochmann, I. Martinou, A. Berger, M. Missotten, B. Antonsson, R. Sadoul, J. C. Martinou, and L. Bernasconi. 1996. Dissecting processing and apoptotic

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

activity of a cysteine protease by mutant analysis. Journal of Cell Biology 135:479-486.

Alvarez, B., G. Ferrer-Sueta, B. A. Freeman, and F. Radi. 1999. Kinetics of peroxynitrite reaction with amino acids and human serum albumin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:842-848.

American Association for Automotive Medicine. 1985. Abbreviated Injury Scale. Arlington Heights, II.: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma. 1997. Advanced Trauma Life Support® Student Manual (ATLS®). American College of Surgeons: Chicago.

American Heart Association. 1998. Utstein-Style Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Laboratory CPR Research [WWW document] . URL http://www.americanheart.org/Scientific/statements/1996/1101.html (accessed December 21, 1998).

Anderson, Y. S., N. J. Curtis, J. A. R. Hobbs, C. H. Thompson, C. G. Winearls, G. K. Radda, K. Clarke, and P. Altmann. 1997. High serum D-lactate in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association 12:981-983.

Andreeva, L., A. Tanveer, and M. Crompton. 1995. Evidence for involvement of a membrane-associated cyclosporin-A binding protein in the Ca2+-activated inner membrane pore of heart mitochondria. European Journal of Biochemistry 230:1125-1132.

Antonsson, B., F. Conti, A. M. Ciavatta, S. Montessuit, S. Lewis, I. Martinou, L. Bernasconi, A. Bernard, J. J. Mermod, G. Mazzei, K. Maundrell, F. Gambale, R. Sadoul, and J. C. Martinou. 1997. Inhibition of Bax channel-forming activity by Bcl-2. Science 277:370-372.

Arends, M. J., R. G. Morris, and A. H. Wyllie. 1990. Apoptosis. The role of the endonuclease. American Journal of Pathology 136:593-608.

Armoni, A. 1998. Use of neural networks in medical diagnosis. Medical Diagnosis Computing 15(2): 100-104.

Aust, S. D., and B. C. White. 1986. The role of iron in lipid peroxidation. In: Free Radicals. C. Rice-Evans, ed. London: Richelieu Press.

Ayala, A., W. Ertel, and I. H. Chaudry. 1996. Trauma-induced suppression of antigen presentation and expression of major histocompatibility class II antigen complex in leukocytes. Shock 5:79-90.

Ayala, A., M. M. Perrin, W. Ertel, and I. H. Chaudry. 1992. Differential effects of hemorrhage on Kupffer cells: Decreased antigen presentation despite increased inflammatory cytokine (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF) release. Cytokine 4:66-75.

Azuma, H., M. Ishikawa, and S. Sekizaki. 1986. Endothelium-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation. British Journal of Pharmacology 88:411-415.

Babbs, C. F. 1988. Reperfusion injury of postischemic tissues. Annals of Emergency Medicine 17:1148-1157.

Baker, S. P., B. O'Neill, W. Haddon, Jr., and W. B. Long. 1974. The injury severity score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma 14:187-196.

Bakhle, Y. S. 1983. Synthesis and catabolism of cyclo-oxygenase products. British Medical Bulletin 39:214-221.

Bandyopadhyhay, S. K., and G. C. Sen. 1992. Role of protein phosphorylation in activation of interferon-stimulated gene factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267:6389-6395.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Bauer, M., K. Feucht, T. Ziegenfuss, and I. Marzi. 1995. Attenuation of shock induced hepatic microcirculatory disturbances by the use of a starch-deferoxamine conjugate for resuscitation. Critical Care Medicine 23:316-322.

Baura G. D., D. M. Foster, K. Kaiyala, D. Porte, Jr., S. E. Kahn, and M. W. Schwartz. 1996. Insulin transport from plasma into the central nervous system is inhibited by dexamethasone in dogs. Diabetes 45:86-90.

Bazan, N. G. 1970. Effects of ischemia and electroconvulsive shock on free fatty acid pools in the brain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 218:1-10.

Beal, A.L. and F.B. Cerra. 1994. Multiple organ failure syndrome in the 1990s. Journal of the American Medical Association 271:226-233.

Beecher, H. K. 1955. Resuscitation of men severely wounded in battle. p. 3-39. In: Surgery in World War II. Volume II: General surgery. Coates, J. B., Jr., M. E. DeBakey, W. P. Giddings, and E. M. McFetridge, eds. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.

Begum, N. 1995. Stimulation of protein phosphatase-1 activity by insulin in rat adipocytes. Evaluation of the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270:709-714.

Bell, D. N., S. Spain, and H. L. Goldsmith. 1990. The effect of red blood cells on the ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets in flow through tubes. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 63:112-121.

Bellamy, R. F. 1984. The causes of death in conventional land warfare: Implications for combat casualty care research. Military Medicine 149:55-62.

Bellamy, R. F. 1987a. Death on the battlefield and the role of first aid . Military Medicine 152:634-635.

Bellamy, R. F. 1987b. How shall we train for combat casualty care? Military Medicine 152:617-621.

Bellamy, R. F. 1995. Combat trauma overview, pp. 1-42. In: Textbook of Military Medicine, Vol. 4: Anesthesia and Perioperative Care of the Combat Casualty. R. Zajtchuk and C. M. Grande, eds. Washington, D.C.: TMM Publications.

Bellamy, R. F. 1998. Trauma epidemiology of combat casualties. Presentation to Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Benumof, J. L. 1992. Laryngeal mask airway: Indications and contraindications (editorial). Anesthesiology 77:843-846.

Bergqvist, D. 1982. Dextran and haemostasis. Acta Chirgurie Scandinavia 148:633-640.

Berne, R. M. 1983. Interplay of central and peripheral factors in the control of the circulation. In: Physiology. R. M. Berne and M. M. Levy, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: C. V. Mosby.

Bernier, M., D. J. Hearse, and A. Manning. 1986. Reperfusion induced arrhythmias and oxygen-derived free radicals. Studies with ''anti-free radical'' interventions and a free radical-generating system in the isolated perfused rat heart. Circulation Research 58:331.

Bertin, J., R. C. Armstrong, S. Ottilie, D. A. Martin, Y. Wang, S. Banks, G. H. Wang, T. G. Senkevich, E. S. Alnemri, B. Moss, M. J. Lenardo, K. J. Tomaselli, and J. I. Cohen. 1997. Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both FAS- and TNFR 1-induced apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 94:1172-1176.

Bick, R. L. 1994. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Objective criteria for diagnosis and management. Medical Clinics of North America 78:511.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Bierer, B. E., S. L. Schreiber, and S. J. Burakoff. 1991. The effect of the immunosuppressant FK506 on alternate pathways of T cell activation. European Journal of Immunology 21:439-445.

Billiar, T. R. 1998. The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hemorrhagic shock. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Bishop, M. H., J. Joregens, W. C. Shoemaker, P. Appel, et al. 1991. The relationship between ARDS, pulmonary infiltration, fluid balance, and hemodynamics in critically ill surgical patients. American Surgeon 57:785-792.

Blajchman, M. A., J. O. Bordin, L. Bardossy, and N. M. Heddle. 1994. The contribution of the haematocrit to thrombocytopenic bleeding in experimental animals. British Journal of Haematology 86:347-350.

Blalock, A. 1940. Principles of surgical care, shock and other problems. St. Louis: Mosby.

Bohannon N. J., E. S. Corp, B. J. Wilcox, D. P. Figlewicz, D. M. Dorsa, and D. G. Baskin. 1988. Localization of binding sites for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the rat brain by quantitative autoradiography. Brain Research 444:205-213.

Boldt, J., M. Muller, D. Mentges, M. Papsdorf, and G. Hempelmann. 1998. Volume therapy in the critically ill: Is there a difference? Intensive Care Medicine 24:28-36.

Bosnjak, Z.J., Z. Dujic, D. L. Roerig, and J. P. Kampine. 1988. Effects of halothane on acetylcholine release and sympathetic ganglionic transmission. Anesthesiology 66:500-506.

Botha, A. J., F. A. Moore, E. E. Moore, V. M. Peterson, and A. W. Goode. 1997. Base deficit after major trauma directly relates to neutrophil CD11b expression: Proposed mechanism of shock-induced organ injury. Intensive Care Medicine 23:504-509.

Boudreaux, J. P., G. H. Bornside, and I. Cohn. 1983. Emergency autotransfusion: Partial cleansing of bacteria-laden blood by cell washing. Journal of Trauma 23:31.

Bowen, T. E., and R. F. Bellamy (eds.). 1998. Emergency War Surgery: Second United States Revision of the Emergency War Surgery NATO Handbook. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Bredesen, D. E. 1996. Keeping neurons alive: The molecular control of apoptosis. Neuroscientist 2:211-216.

Brenneman, F. D., B. R. Boulanger, B. A. McLellan, and D. A. Redelmeirer. 1998. Measuring injury severity: Time for a change? Journal of Trauma 44:580-582.

Brömme, H. J., and J. Holtz. 1996. Apoptosis in the heart: When and why? Molecular & Cell Biochemistry 163-164:261-275.

Brostrom C. O., S. B. Bocckino, and M. A. Brostrom. 1983. Identification of a Ca2+ requirement for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258:14390-14399.

Brostrom, C. O., S. B. Bocckino, M. A. Brostrom, and E. M. Galuska. 1985. Regulation of protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes by calcium-mobilizing hormones. Molecular Pharmacology 29:104-111.

Brostrom C. O., K. V. Chin, W. L. Wong, C. Cade, and M. A. Brostrom. 1989. Inhibition of translation initiation in eukaryotic cells by calcium ionophore. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264:1644-1649.

Bruce, A. J., W. Boling, M. S. Kindy, J. Peschon, P. J. Kraemer, M. K. Carpenter, F. W. Holtsberg, and M. P. Mattson. 1996. Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors. Nature Medicine 2:788-794.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Bruttig, S. P. 1998. Issues in trauma treatment on the battlefield. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Bubenik, G. A., D. E. Blask, G. M. Brown, G. J. Maestroni, S. F. Pang, R. J. Reiter, M. Viswanathan, and N. Zisapel. 1998. Prospects of the clinical utilization of melatonin. Biological Signals and Receptors 7:195-219.

Bulkley, G. B. 1983. The role of oxygen free radicals in human disease processes. Surgery 94:407-411.

Butler, F. K., C. J. Haymann, and E. E. G. Butler. 1996. Tactical combat casualty care in special operations. Military Medicine 161:3-16.

Caldwell, F. T. and B. H. Bowser. 1979. Critical evaluation of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions to resuscitate severely burned children: A prospective study. Annals of Surgery 189:546-552.

Cameron, P. A., K. Flett, E. Kaan, C. Atkin, and L. Dziukas. 1993. Helicopter retrieval of primary trauma patients by a paramedic helicopter service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 63:790-797.

Cameron A. M., J. P. Steiner, D. M. Sabatini, A. L. Kaplin, L. D. Walensky, and S. H. Snyder. 1995. Immunophilin FK506 binding protein associated with inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor modulates calcium flux. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:1784-1788.

Campbell, J. E. BTLS: Basic Trauma Life Support for the EMT-B and First Responder. (2nd ed.) Prentice Hall, 1996.

Canizaro, P. C., and G. T. Shires. 1973. Fluid resuscitation in injured patients. Surgical Clinics of North America 53:1341.

Cannon, W. B. 1923. Traumatic Shock. New York: D. Appleton Co., Inc.

Carafoli, E., and K. Crompton. 1978. The regulation of intracellular Ca2+ by mitochondria. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 307:269.

Carey, J. S. 1971. Cardiovascular response to acute hemodilution. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 62:103.

Carey, J. S., B. F. Scharschmidt, A. T. Culliford, J. E. Greenlee, and C. R. Scott. 1970. Hemodynamic effects of electrolyte and colloid solutions for replacements of simulated operative blood loss. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 131:679.

Cerra, F. B. 1987. Hypermetabolism, organ failure and metabolic support. Surgery 101:1-14.

Cervera, A. L., and G. Moss. 1975. Dilutional re-expansion with crystalloid after massive hemorrhage, saline versus balanced electrolyte solution for maintenance of normal blood volume and arterial pH. Journal of Trauma 15(6):498-503.

Champion, H. R., W. J. Sacco, A. J. Carnazzo, W. Copes, and W. J. Fouty. 1981. Trauma score. Critical Care Medicine 9:672-676.

Champion, H. R., W. J. Sacco, and T. K. Hunt. 1983. Trauma severity scoring to predict mortality. World Journal of Surgery 7:4-11.

Champion, H. R., W. J. Sacco, D. S. Hannan, R. L. Lepper, E. Atzinger, W. S. Copes, and R. H. Prall. 1980a. Assessment of injury severity: The triage index. Critical Care Medicine 8:201-208.

Champion, H. R., W. J. Sacco, R. L. Lepper, E. Atzinger, W. S. Copes, and R. H. Prall. 1980b. An anatomic index of injury severity. Journal of Trauma 20:197-202.

Champion, H. R., W. J. Sacco, W. S. Copes, D. S. Gann, T. A. Gennarelli, and M. E. Flanagan. 1989. A revision of the trauma score. Journal of Trauma 29:623-629.

Champion, H. R., W. S. Copes, W. J. Sacco, C. F. Frey, J. W. Holcroft, D. B. Hoyt, and J. A. Weigelt. 1996. Improved predictions from a severity characterization of

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

trauma (ASCOT) over Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): Results of an independent evaluation. Journal of Trauma 40:42-49.

Champion, H. R., W. S. Copes, W. J. Sacco, M. M. Lawnick, S. L. Keast, L. W. Bain, Jr., M. E. Flanagan, and C. F. Frey. 1990. The major trauma outcome study: Establishing national norms for trauma care . Journal of Trauma 30:1356-1365.

Chan, L., J. Slater, J. Hasbargen, D. N. Herndon, R. L. Veech, and S. Wolf. 1994. Neurocardiac toxicity of racemic D,L-lactate fluids. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 29:383-394.

Chang, T. M. S. 1998. Polyhemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase: A new blood substitute. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Chaudry, I., et al. In press.

Chen, X., and N. V. Christou. 1996. Relative contribution of endothelial cell and polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation in their interactions in systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Archives of Surgery 131:1148-1154.

Chiao, J. J., J. P. Minei, G. T. Shires, 3rd, and G. T. Shires. 1990. In vivo myocyte sodium activity and concentration during hemorrhagic shock. American Journal of Physiology 258:R684-R689.

Chien, S. 1967. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in hemorrhage. Physiology Review 47:214.

Chin, K. V., C. Cade, C. O. Brostrom, E. M. Galuska, and M. A. Brostrom. 1987. Calcium-dependent regulation of protein synthesis at translational initiation in eukaryotic cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262:16509-16514.

Churchill, E. D. 1972. Surgeon to Soldiers: Diary and Records of the Surgical Consultant, Allied Force Headquarters, World War II. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

Clapham, D. E. 1995. Calcium signalling. Cell 80:259-268.

Clemens, M. J., M. Bushell, and S. J. Morley. 1998. Degradation of eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF4G during apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines. p. 322. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Clement, A., M. Edeas, K. Chadelat, and J. S. Brady. 1992. Journal of Clinical Investigation 90:1812-1818.

Cloutier, C. T., B. D. Lowery, and L. C. Carey. 1969. The effect of hemodilutional resuscitation on serum protein levels in humans in hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma 9(6):514-521.

Coats, T. J., A. W. Wilson, and N. Xeropotamous. 1995. Pre-hospital management of patients with severe thoracic injury. Injury 26:581-585.

Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers. 1998. Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. British Medical Journal 317:235-240.

Coimbra, R., W. G. Junger, D. B. Hoyt, F. C. Liu, W. H. Loomis, and M. F. Evers. 1996. Hypertonic saline resuscitation restores hemorrhage-induced immunosuppression by decreasing prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-4 production. Journal of Surgical Research 64:203-209.

Coimbra, R., D. B. Hoyt, W. G. Junger, N. Angle, P. Wolf, W. Loomis, and M. F. Evers. 1997. Hypertonic saline resuscitation decreases susceptibility to sepsis after hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma 42:602-607.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Cooke, J. P., J. S. Stamler, N. Andon, P. F. Davies, G. McKinley, and J. Loscalzo. 1990. Flow stimulates endothelial cells to release a nitrovasodilator that is potentiated by reduced thiol. American Journal of Physiology 259:H804-H812.

Copes, W. S., H. R. Champion, W. J. Sacco, M. M. Lawnick, D. S. Gann, T. Gennarelli, E. MacKenzie, and S. Schwaitzberg. 1990. Progress in characterizing anatomic injury. Journal of Trauma 30:1200-1207.

Copes, W. S., H. R. Champion, W. J. Sacco, M. M. Lawnick, S. L. Keast, and L. W. Bain. 1988. The injury severity score revisited. Journal of Trauma 28:69-77.

Cori, C. F., and G. T. Cori. 1929. Glycogen formation in the rat liver from d- and l-lactic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry 81:389-403.

Cronberg, S., B. Robertson, I. M. Nilsson, and J. E. Nilehn. 1966. Suppressive effect of dextran on platelet adhesiveness. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 16:384.

Crowell, J. W., C. E. Jones, and E. E. Smith. 1969. Effect of allopurinol on hemorrhagic shock. American Journal of Physiology 216:744.

Cunningham, S. K., and T. V. Keaveny. 1978. Effect of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on adenine nucleotide degradation in hemorrhagic shock. European Surgical Research 10:305.

Cushing, H. 1901. Concerning the poisonous effects of pure sodium chloride solutions upon the nerve muscle preparation. American Journal of Physical Medicine 6:77-90.

Dahn, M. S., C. E. Lucas, A. M. Ledgerwood, et al. 1979. Negative intropic effect of albumin resuscitation for shock. Surgery 86:235-241.

Daughters, K., K. Waxman, A. Gassel, and S. Zommer. 1996. Anti-oxidant treatment for shock: Vitamin E but not vitamin C improves survival. American Surgeon 62:789-792.

Davies, P. R. F., S. Q. Tighe, G. L. Greenslade, and G. H. Evans. 1990. Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel. Lancet 336:977-979.

Davis, J. H., G. F. Sheldon, W. R. Drucker, R. S. Foster, Jr., R. L. Gamelli, D. S. Gann, E. E. Moore, and B. S. Pruitt, Jr. 1995. Surgery: A Problem-Solving Approach, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc.

Dawson, T. M., J. P. Steiner, V. L. Dawson, J. L. Dinerman, G. R. Uhl, and S. H. Snyder. 1993. Immunosuppressant FK506 enhances phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase and protects against glutamate neurotoxicity. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences USA 90:9808-9812.

Deakin, C. D., G. Davies, and A. Wilson. 1995. Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. Journal of Trauma 39:373-374.

Deb, S., L. Sun, B. Martin, E. Talens, D. Burns, C. Kaufmann, N. Rich, and P. Rhee. 1999a. Resuscitation with Hetastarch and Lactated Ringer's induces early apoptosis in the lung through the Bax protein following hemorrhagic shock. Submitted to Journal of Trauma. Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. January 14, Orlando, Fla.

Deb, S., B. Martin, L. Sun, P. Ruff, D. Burris, N. Rich, S. DeBreux, B. Austin, and P. Rhee. 1999b. Lactated Ringer's resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock rats induces immediate apoptosis. Journal of Trauma 46:1-8.

Debek, W., L. Chyczewski, M. Makarewicz. 1998. Platelet-activating factor receptor-antagonist (BN 52021) stabilizes the oxidative-antioxidative balance and attenuates the morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 50(1):19-25.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

DeFelippe, J., Jr., I. J. Timoner, I. T. Velasco, O. U. Lopes, M. Rocha e Silva, Jr. 1980. Treatment of refractory hypovolemic shock by 7.5% sodium chloride injections. Lancet 2:1002-1004.

DeGracia, D. J., J. M. Sullivan, R. W. Neumar, S. S. Alousi, K. R. Hikade, J. E. Pittman, B. C. White, J. A. Rafols, and G. S. Krause. 1997. Effect of brain ischemia and reperfusion on the localization of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 17:1291-1302.

DeGracia, D. J., R. W. Neumar, B. C. White, and G. S. Krause. 1996. Global brain ischemia and reperfusion: Modifications in eukaryotic initiation factors are associated with inhibition of translation initiation. Journal of Neurochemistry 67:2005-2012.

DeGracia, D. J., S. Adamczyk, A. J. Folbe, L. L. Konkoly, E. Pittman, and R. A. Schmidt. 1998. Forebrain eIF2α kinase and phosphatase activity following global cerebral ischemia in the rat, p. 82. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Delman, K., S. K. Malek, S. Bundz, N. N. Abumrad, C. H. Lang, and P. E. Molina. 1996. Resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution after hemorrhage: Lack of cardiac toxicity. Shock 5:298-303.

DeLorenzo, R. A. 1997. Military and civilian emergency aeromedical services: Common goals and different approaches. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 68:56-60.

Demetriades, D., L. S. Chan, G. Velmahos, T. V. Berne, E. E. Cornwell, 3rd, H. Belzberg, J. A. Asensio, J. Murray, J. Berne, and W. Shoemaker. 1998. TRISS methodology in trauma: The need for alternatives. British Journal of Surgery 85:379-384.

Demir S., and M. Inal-Erden. 1998. Pentoxifylline and N-acetylcysteine in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Clinica Chimica Acta 275:127-135.

Demling, R., C. LaLonde, and K. Ikegami. 1996. Fluid resuscitation with deferoxamine hetastarch complex attenuates the lung and systemic response to smoke inhalation. Surgery 119:340-348.

Der, S. D., Y. L. Yang, C. Weissmann, and B. R. G. Williams. 1997. A double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway mediating stress-induced apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:3279-3283.

Dillon, J., L. J. Lynch, R. Myers, H. R. Butcher, Jr., and C. A. Moyer. 1966. A bioassay of treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Archives of Surgery 98:537-561.

Dinarello, C. A. 1997. Interleukin-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Review 8:253-265.

Doldwell M. J., M. Stonley, M. MacFarlane, and A. E. Willis. 1998. Study of translational regulation of APAF-1, p. 68. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Dombi, G. W., P. Nandi, J. M. Saxe, A. M. Ledgerwood, and C. E. Lucas. 1995. Prediction of rib fracture injury outcome by an artificial neural network. Journal of Trauma 39:915-921.

Drenth, J., C. M. Enzing, K. H. Kalk, and J. C. Vessies. 1976. Structure of porcine pancreatic prephospholipase A2. Nature 264:373-377.

Dronen, S. C., S. Stern, J. Baldursson, C. Irvin, and S. Syverud. 1992. Improved outcome with early blood administration in a near-fatal model of porcine hemorrhagic shock. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 10:533-537.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Duke, M., and W. H. Abelmann. 1969. The hemodynamic response to chronic anemia. Circulation 39:503-515.

Duke, P. C., D. Fownes, and J. Wade. 1977. Halothane depresses baroreflex control of heart rate in man. Anesthesiology 46:184-187.

Duke, W. W. 1910. The relation of blood platelets to hemorrhagic disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 60:1185-1192.

Ekman, T., B. Risberg, U. Bagge, and M. Braide. 1994. Blocking of endothelial-leukocyte interaction (rolling) does not improve reflow in the rat gastric mucosa after hemorrhagic shock and retransfusion. Shock 2:257-261.

Ellis, R. E., D. M. Jacobson, and H. R. Horvitz. 1991. Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in C. elegans. Genetics 129:79-94.

Endres, M., S. Namura, M. Shimizu-Sasamata, C. Waeber, L. Zhang, T. Gomez-Isla, B. T. Hyman, and M. A. Moskowitz. 1998. Attenuation of delayed neuronal death after mild focal ischemia in mice by inhibition of the caspase family. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 18:238-247.

Ernst, V., D. H. Levin, J. G. Foulkes, and I. M. London. 1982. Effects of skeletal muscle protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 on protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79:7092-7096.

Estaquier, J., M. Tanaka, T. Suda, S. Nagata, P. Golstein, and J. C. Emeisen. 1996. Fasmediated apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: Differential in vitro preventive effect of cytokines and protease antagonists. Blood 87:4959-4966.

Evans, G. E. 1911. The abuse of normal salt solution. Journal of the American Medical Association 57:2126-2127.

Evans, P. A., J. R. Glenn, S. Heptinstall, and W. Madira. 1998. Effects of gelatin-based resuscitation fluids on platelet aggregation. British Journal of Anaesthesiology 81:190-202.

Eversole, R. R., S. L. Smith, L. J. Beuving, and E. D. Hall. 1993. Protective effect of the 21-aminosteroid lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad mesylate (U74006F) on hepatic endothelium in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Circulatory Shock 40:125-131.


Fabian, T. C., J. D. Richardson, M. A. Croce, J. S. Smith, Jr., G. Rodman, Jr., P. A. Kearney, W. Flynn, A. L. Ney, J. B. Cone, F. A. Luchette , D. H. Wisner, D. J. Scholten, B. L. Beaver, A. K. Conn, R. Coscia, D. B. Hoyt, J. A. Morris, Jr., J. D. Harviel, A. B. Peitzman, R. P. Bynoe, D. L. Diamond, M. Wall, J. D. Gates, J. A. Asensio, B. L. Enderson, et al. 1997. Prospective study of blunt aortic injury: Multicenter trial of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Journal of Trauma 42:374-380.

Fakhry, S. M., and G. F. Sheldon. 1994. Blood transfusions and disorders of surgical bleeding. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders & Company.

Fan, J., J. C. Marshall, M. Jimenez, P. N. Shek, J. Zagorski, and O. D. Rotstein. 1998. Hemorrhagic shock primes for increased expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in the lung: Role in pulmonary inflammation following lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Immunology 161:440-447.

Fantini, G. A., B. J. Zadch, J. Chiao, K. H. Krieger, O. W. Isom, and G. T. Shires. 1987. Effect of hypothermia on cellular membrane function during low-flow extracorporeal circulation. Surgery 102:132-139.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Fantone, J. C., and P. A. Ward. 1982. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals and metabolites in leukocyte-dependent inflammatory reactions. American Journal of Pathology 107:395-418.

Federal Register. October 2, 1996. 61(192):51498.

Fischer, S., S. Michnick, and M. Karplus. 1993. A mechanism for rotamase catalysis by the FK506 binding protein (FKBP). Biochemistry 32:13830-13837.

Fleckenstein, A. E., S. L. Smith, K. L. Linseman, L. J. Beuving, and E. D. Hall. 1991. Comparison of the efficacy of mechanistically different antioxidants in the rat hemorrhagic shock model. Circulatory Shock 35:223-230.

Fleming, N., and L. Mellow. 1995. Arachidonic acid stimulates intracellular calcium mobilization and regulates protein synthesis, ATP levels, and mucin secretion in submandibular gland cells. Journal of Dental Research 74:1295-1302.

Flora, J. D. 1978. A method for comparing survival of burn patients to a standard survival curve. Journal of Trauma 18:701-705.

Flynn, D. M., A. J. Buda, P. R. Jeffords, and D. J. Lefer. 1996. A sialyl Lewis(x)-containing carbohydrate reduces infarct size: Role of selectins in myocardial reperfusion injury. American Journal of Physiology 271:H2086-H2096.

Fogelman, M. J., and B. J. Wilson. 1960. A different concept of volume replacement in traumatic hypovolemia. American Journal of Surgery 99:694-701.

Forsstrom, J. J., and K. J. Dalton. 1995. Artificial neural networks for decision support in clinical medicine. Annals of Medicine 27:509-517.

Foulkes, J. G., V. Ernst, and D. H. Levin. 1983. Separation and identification of type 1 and type 2 protein phosphatases from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258:1439-1443.

Frank, L., and G. E. McLaughlin. 1993. Protection against acute and chronic hyperoxic inhibition of neonatal rat lung development with the 21-aminosteroid drug U74389F. Pediatric Research 33:632-638.

Fraser, M. J., S. J. Tynan, A. Papaioannou, C. M. Ireland, and S. M. Pittman. 1996. Endo-exonuclease of human leukaemic cells: Evidence for a role in apoptosis. Journal of Cell Science 109:2343-2360.

Friedman L. M., C. D. Furberg, and D. L. DeMets (eds). 1985. Fundamentals of Clinical Trials, 2nd ed. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.

Fukuoka, S., and H. Yeh. 1989. Effect of insulin on acute experimental cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Stroke 20:396-399.

Gainer, J. L., D. B. Rudolph, and D. L. Caraway. 1993. The effect of crocetin on hemorrhagic shock in rats. Circulation and Shock 41:1-7.

Gaken, J. A., M. Tavassoli, S. U. Gan, S. Vallian, I. Giddings, D. C. Darling, J. Galea-Lauri, M. G. Thomas, H. Abedi, V. Schreiber, J. Menissier-de Murcia, M. K. Collins, S. Shall, and F. Farzaneh. 1996. Efficient retroviral infection of mammalian cells is blocked by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. Journal of Virology 70:3992-4000.

Galat, A. 1993. Peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerases: Immunophilins. European Journal of Biochemistry 216:689-707.

Gao, W. S., T. Hijioka, K. A. Lindert, J. C. Caldwell-Kenkel, J. J. Lemasters, and R. G. Thurman. 1991. Evidence that adenosine is a key component in Carolina Rinse responsible for reducing graft failure after orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 52:992-998.

Gattinoni, L., D. Mascheroni, A. Torresin, R. Marcolin, R. Fumagalli, S. Vesconi, G. P. Rossi, F. Rossi, S. Baglioni, F. Bassi et al. 1986. Morphologic response to PEEP in

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

acute perspiratory failure. Computerized tomography study. Intensive Care Medicine 1:137-142.

Gearheart, P. A., R. Wuerz, and A. R. Localio. 1997. Cost-effectiveness analysis of helicopter EMS for trauma patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine 30:500-506.

Gennarelli, T. A., H. R. Champion, W. S. Copes, and W. J. Sacco. 1994. Comparison of mortality, morbidity, and severity of 59,713 head injured patients with 114,447 patients with extracranial injuries. Journal of Trauma 37:962-968.

Gennarelli, T. A., H. R. Champion, W. J. Sacco, W. S. Copes, and W. M. Alves. 1989. Mortality of patients with head injury and extracranial injury treated in trauma centers. Journal of Trauma 29:1193-1202.

Geyer, R. P., R. G. Monroe, and K. Taylor. 1968. Survival of rats perfused with a perfluorocarbon-detergent preparation, pp. 85-95. In: Organ Perfusion and Preservation. J. V. Norman, J. Folkman, L. E. Hardison, L. E. Ridolf, and F. J. Veith, eds. New York: Appleton-Crofts.

Gillardon, F., B. W. Botiger, B. Schmitz, and K. A. Hossmann. 1997. Activation of CPP-32, an ICE-related protease, in hippocampal neurons following ischemia and epilepsy. Journal of Cerebal Blood Flow and Metabolism 17(Suppl. 1):S445.

Glinz, W. 1986. Priorities in diagnosis and treatment of blunt chest injuries. Injury 17:318-321.

Gluckman, P. D., J. Guan, E. J. Beilharz, N. D. Klempt, M. Klempt, O. Miller, E. Sirimanne, M. Dragunow, and C. E. Williams. 1993. The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in neuronal rescue. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 692:138-148.

Goldfarb, B., and H. Cohen. 1990. True colors: Measuring end-tidal carbon dioxide. Journal of Emergency Medical Services 15(6):68-73.

Goodin, T. H., E. B. Grossbard, R. J. Kaufman, T. J. Richard, R. J. Kolata, J. S. Allen, and T. E. Layton. 1994. A perfluorochemical emulsion for prehospital resuscitation of experimental hemorrhagic shock. A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Critical Care Medicine 22:690-689.

Gopinath, S. P., C. S. Robertson, C. F. Contant, R. K. Narayan, R. G. Grossman, and B. Chance. 1995. Early detection of delayed traumatic intracranial hematomas using near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Neurosurgery 83:438-444.

Gould, S. A., E. E. Moore, D. B. Hoyt, J. M. Burch, J. B. Haenel, J. Garcia, R. DeWoskin, and G. S. Moss. 1998. The first randomized trial of human polymerized hemoglobin as a blood substitute in acute trauma and emergent surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 187:113-120.

Granger, D. N., J. McCord, J. M. Parks, and M. E. Hollwarth. 1986. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors attenuate ischemia-induced vascular permeability changes in the cat intestine. Gastroenterology 90:80.

Greene, S. P., D. M. Soucy, W. C. Song, A. E. Barber, F. N. Hagedorn, H. P. Illness, and G. T. Shires. 1998. Early isotonic saline resuscitation from uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats. Surgery 124:568-574.

Griffith, T. M., D. H. Edwards, R. L. Davies, et al. 1987. EDRF coordinates the behaviour of vascular resistance vessels. Nature 329:442-445.

Grisham, M. B., and J. M. McCord. 1986. Chemistry and cytotoxicity of reactive oxygen metabolites In: Physiology of Oxygen Radicals. A. E. Taylor, S. Matalon, and P. A. Ward, eds. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society.

Gross, D., E. H. Landau, A. Assalia, and M. M. Krausz. 1988. Is hypertonic saline resuscitation safe in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock? Journal of Traume 28:751-756.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Gross, D., E. H. Landau, B. Klin, and M. M. Krausz. 1989. Quantitative measurement of bleeding following hypertonic saline therapy in "uncontrolled" hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma 29:779-783.

Gu, Y., C. Sarnecki, R. A. Aldape, D. J. Livingston, and M. S. Su. 1995. Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme and its homologues TX and Nedd2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270:18715-18718.

Guy, J., K. Haley, and S. J. Zuspan. 1993. Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 28:158-161.

Guyton, A. 1986. Circulatory shock and physiology of its treatment. In Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

Hale, A. J., C. A. Smith, L. C. Sutherland, V. E. A. Stoneman, V. L. Longthorne, A. C. Culhane, and G. T. Williams. 1995. Apoptosis: Molecular regulation of cell death. European Journal of Biochemistry 236:1-26.

Hallaway, P. E., J. W. Eaton, S. S. Panter, and B. E. Hedlund. 1989. Modulation of deferoxamine toxicity and clearance by covalent attachment to biocompatible polymers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86:10108-10112.

Halliwell, B. 1989. Protection against tissue damage in vivo by deferrioxamine: What is its mechanism of action? Free Radical Biology and Medicine 7:645-651.

Hannon, J. P., C. E. Wade, C. A. Bossone, M. M. Hunt, R. I. Coppes, and J. A. Loveday. 1990. Blood gas and acid-base status of conscious pigs subjected to fixed-volume hemorrhage and resuscitated with hypertonic saline dextran. Circulatory Shock 32:19-29.

Hara, H., R. M. Friedlander, V. Gagliardini, C. Ayata, K. Fink, Z. Huang, M. Shimizu-Sasamata, J. Yuan, and M. A. Moskowitz. 1997. Inhibition of interleukin 1β converting enzyme family proteases reduces ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:2007-2012.

Harbrecht, B. G., B. Wu, S. C. Watkins, T. R. Billiar, and A. B. Peitzman. 1998. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during severe shock but not after resuscitation increases hepatic injury and neutrophil accumulation in hemorrhaged rats. Shock 8:415-421.

Hartmann, A. F. 1934. Theory and practice of parenteral fluid administration. Journal of the American Medical Association 103:1349-1354.

Hauser, C. J., W. C. Shoemaker, I. Turpin, and S. J. Goldberg. 1980. Oxygen transport responses to colloids and crystalloids in critically ill surgical patients. Surgery 150:811-816.

Hedlund, B. E. 1998. Beyond volume expansion: Treatment of reperfusion injury by iron chelation. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 18, Washington, D.C.

Hedlund, B. E., and P. E. Hallaway. 1991. Role of iron and oxygen radicals in hemorrhage and shock. Klinische Wochenschrift 69:1113-1117.

Hellem, A. J., C. F. Borchgrevink, and S. B. Ames. 1961. The role of red cells in hemostasis: The relation between hematocrit, bleeding time and platelet adhesiveness . British Journal of Haematology 7:42-50.

Henderson, S., D. Huen, M. Rowe, C. Dawson, G. Johnson, and A. Rickinson. 1993. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BHRF1 protein, a viral homologue of B-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:8479-8483.

Hess, M. L., N. H. Manson, and E. Okabe. 1982. Involvement of free radicals in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease. Canadian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology 60:1382.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Hierholzer, C., B. Harbrecht, J. M. Menezes, J. Kane, J. MacMicking, C. F. Nathan, A. B. Peitzman, T. R. Billiar, and D. J. Tweardy. 1998. Essential role of nitric oxide in the initiation of the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Experimental Medicine 187:917-928.

Hill, J. M., M. A. Lesniak, C. B. Pert, and J. Roth. 1986. Autoradiographic localization of insulin receptors in rat brain: Prominence in olfactory and limbic areas. Neuroscience 17:1127-1138.

Holcik, M., C. A. Lefebvre, and Korneluk. 1998. Rgl X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis is translated by internal ribosome initiation which potentiates enhanced cytoprotection, p. 309. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Holcroft, J. W., M. J. Vassar, J. E. Turner, R. W. Derlet, and G. C. Kramer. 1987. 3% NaCl and 7.5% NaCl/dextran 70 in the resuscitation of severely injured patients. Annals of Surgery 206:279-288.

Holcroft, J. W., and D. D. Trunkey. 1975. Pulmonary extravasation of albumin during and after hemorrhagic shock in baboons. Journal of Surgical Research 18:91-97.

Homer, L. D., P. Weathersby, and L. A. Kiesow. 1981. Oxygen gradients between the red blood cells in the microcirculation. Microvascular Research 22:308-323.

Horton, J. W., D. J. White, and J. L. Hunt. 1995. Delayed hypertonic saline dextran administration after burn injury. Journal of Trauma 38:281-286.

Horton, J. W., W. J. Mileski, D. J. White, and P. Lipsky. 1996. Monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 reduces cardiac contractile dysfunction after burn injury in rabbits. Journal of Surgical Research 64:49-56.

Hotvedt, R. I. S. Kristiansen, O. H. Forde, J. Thoner, S. M. Almdahl, G. Bjorsvik, L. Berge, A. C. Magnus, K. Mamen, T. Sparr, and K. Ytre-Arne. 1996. Which groups of patients benefit from helicopter evacuation? Lancet 347:1362-1366.

Hubbard, M. J., and P. Cohen. 1993. On target with a new mechanism for the regulation of protein phosphorylation. Trends in Biochemical Science 18:172-177.

Hughes, G. S., E. J. Antal, P. Locker, S. F. Francom, W. J. Adams, and E. Jacobs. 1996. Physiology and pharmacokinetics of a novel hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier in humans. Critical Care Medicine 24:756-764.

Ignarro, L. J., G. M. Buga, K. S. Wood, R. E. Byrns, and G. Chaudry. 1987. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 84:9265-9269.

Illes, R. W., N. A. Silverman, I. B. Krukenkamp, P. J. del Nido, S. Levitsky. 1989. Amelioration of postischemic stunning by deferoxamine-blood cardioplegia. Circulation 80(5 Pt 2):III30-III35.

Imm, A., and R. W. Carlson. 1993. Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock. Circulatory Shock 9:313-333.

Ingebritsen, T. S., and P. Cohen. 1983. The protein phosphatases involved in cellular regulation. 1. Classification and substrate specificities. European Journal of Biochemistry 132:255-261.

Institute of Medicine. 1999. The Burden of Injury. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Irmler, M., K. Hofmann, D. Vaux, and J. Tschopp. 1997. Direct physical interaction between the C. elegans ''death proteins'' CED-3 and CED-4. FEBS Letters 406: 189-190.


Jacobson, M. D., J. F. Burne, and M. C. Raff. 1994. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus. EMBO Journal 13:1899-1910.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Jagus, R., and M. M. Gray. 1994. Proteins that interact with PKR. Biochimie 76:779-791.

James, C., S. Gschmeissner, A. Fraser, and G. I. Evan. 1997. CED-4 induces chromatin condensation in S. pombe and is inhibited by direct physical interaction with CED-9. Current Biology 7:246-252.

Jenkins, M. T., R. F. Jones, B. Wilson, and C. A. Moyer. 1950. Congestive atelectasis: A complication of the intravenous infusion of fluids. Annals of Surgery 132:327-347.

Jordan, J., M. F. Galindo, and R. J. Miller. 1997. Role of calpain-and ICE-like proteases in the beta-amyloid-induced death of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. Journal of Neurochemistry 68:1612-1621.

Jui, H. Y., Y. Suzuki, D. Acili and S. I. Taylor. 1994. Expression of a cDNA encoding the human insulin-receptor-related receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269:22446-22452.

Junger, W. G., D. B. Hoyt, M. Hamreus, F. C. Liu, C. Herdon-Remelius, W. Junger, and A. Altman. 1997a. Hypertonic saline activates protein tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in T-cells. Journal of Trauma 42:437-443.

Junger, W. G., R. Coimbra, F. C. Liu, C. Herdon-Remelius, W. Junger, H. Junger, W. Loomis, D. B. Hoyt, and A. Altman. 1997b. Hypertonic saline resuscitation: A tool to modulate immune function in trauma patients? Shock 8:235-241.

Kajstura, J., W. Cheng, K. Reiss, W. A. Clark, E. H. Sonnenblick, S. Krajewski, J. C. Reed, G. Olivetti, and P. Anversa. 1996. Apoptotic and necrotic myocyte cell deaths are independent contributing variables in infarct size in rats. Laboratory Investigation 74:86-107.

Kamlya, T., Y. Katayama, S. Aoyama, H. Muramatsu, H. Abe, and A. Terashi. 1997. Neuroprotective effects of immunosuppressant FK506 in focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: The effect on cerebral infarction, brain edema, immediate-early genes, and heat shock protein hsp72 . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 17(Suppl 1):S372.

Kapoor, R., J. Kalra, and K. Prasad. 1997. Cardiac depression and cellular injury in hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion: Role of free radicals. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 176:291-301.

Kar, S., J. G. Chabot, and R. Quirion. 1993. Quantitative autoradiographic localization of [125I] insulin-like growth factor I, [125I] insulin-like growth factor II, and [125I] insulin receptor binding sites in developing and adult rat brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 333:375-397.

Karmeli, F., R. Eliakim, E. Okon, A. Samuni, and D. Rachmilewitz. 1995. A stable nitroxide radical effectively decreases mucosal damage in experimental colitis. Gut 37:386-393.

Katayama, Y., T. Kamlya, H. Muramatsu, H. Abe, and A. Terashi. 1997. Immunosuppressant FK506 enhances immediate-early gene expression and prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 17(Suppl. 1):S492.

Katsuki, H., and S. Okuda. 1995. Arachidonic acid as a neurotoxic and neurotrophic substance. Progress in Neurobiology 46:607-636.

Kaufman R. J., and S. P. Srivastava. 1996. PKR: General transducer of the cellular stress response leading to apoptosis. p. 127. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Kaufman, R. J., K. U. Kumar, S. Wu, and S. P. Srivastava. 1998. Regulation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and its role in apoptosis. p.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

330. In: Translational Control. Cold Springs Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Kazzaz, J. A., J. Xu, T. A. Palaia, L. Mantell, A. M. Fein, and S. Horowitz. 1996. Cellular oxygen toxicity: Oxidant injury without apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271:15182-15186.

Keipert, P. E. 1998. Perfluorochemical emulsions: Future alternatives to transfusion. pp. 127-156. In: Blood Substitutes: Principles, Methods, Products and Clinical Trials. T. M. S. Chang, ed. Basel: Karger Landes Systems.

Kelly, E., N. S. Shah, N. N. Morgan, S. C. Watkins, A. B. Peitzman, and T. R. Billiar. 1997. Physiologic and molecular characterization of the role of nitric oxide in hemorrhagic shock. Shock 7:157-163.

Kien, N. D., P. G. Moore, J. M. S. Pascual, J. A. Reitan, and G. C. Kramer. 1997. Effects of hypertonic saline on regional function and blood flow in canine hearts during acute coronary occlusion. Shock 7:274-281.

Kimball, S. R., and L. S. Jefferson. 1992. Regulation of protein synthesis by modulation of intracellular calcium in rat liver. Endocrinology and Metabolism 26:E958-E964.

Kinnula, V. L., L. Y. Chang, Y. S. Ho, and D. Crapo. 1992. Hydrogen peroxide release from alveolar macrophages and alveolar type I cells during adaptation to hyperoxia en vivo. Experimental Lung Research 18:655-673.

Klein, H. G., R. Y. Dodd, W. H. Dzik, N. L. Luban, P. M. Ness, P. Pisciotto, P. D. Schiff, and E. L. Snyder. 1998. Current status of solvent/detergent-treated frozen plasma. Transfusion 38(1):102-107.

Koehler, R. H., S. Smith, and T. Bacaner. 1994. Triage of American combat casualties: The need for change. Military Medicine 159:541-547.

Kotrly, K. J., T. J. Ebert, E. Vucines, F. O. Egler, J. A. Barney, and J. P. Kampine. 1984. Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate during isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 60:173-179.

Kotrly, K. J., T. J. Ebert, E. Vucins, D. L. Roerig, and J. P. Kampine. 1985. Effects of halothane on cardiopulmonary baroreflex function in man. Anesthesiology 61:668-674.

Kramer, G. C., and L. F. Poli de Figueiredo. 1995. Hypertonic 7.5% saline: Evaluations of efficacy and safety from human trials. In: Shock: From Molecular and Cellular Level to Whole Body. Third International Shock Congress.

Kramer, G. C., P. R. Perron, D. C. Lindsey, H. S. Ho, R. A. Gunther, and W. A. Boyle. 1986. Small volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline dextran solution. Surgery 100:239-246.

Krause, G. S., N. R. Nayini, B. C. White, T. J. Hoenher, A. M. Garritano, B. J. O'Neil, and S. D. Aust. 1987. Natural course of iron delocalization and lipid peroxidation following a 15 minute cardiac arrest in dogs. Annals of Emergency Medicine 16:1200-1205.

Krausz, M. M. 1998. Resuscitation strategies in the Israeli Army. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Kretzschmar, M., L. Pfeiffer, C. Schmidt, and W. Schirrmeister. 1998. Plasma levels of glutathione, alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxides in polytraumatized patients: Evidence for a stimulating effect of TNF alpha on glutathione synthesis. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 50:477-483.

Krishna, M. C., and A. Samuni. 1994. Nitroxides as antioxidants. Methods in Enzymology 234:580-589.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Krome, R. L. 1983. Resuscitation of the multiply injured patient. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 1:571-582.

Ksontini, R., S. L. McKay, and L. L. Moldawer. 1998. Revisiting the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha and the response to surgical injury and inflammation. Archives of Surgery 133:558-567.

Kuida, K., T. S. Zheng, S. Na, C. Kuan, D. Yang, H. Karasuyama, P. Rakic, and R. A. Flavell. 1996. Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32-deficient mice. Nature 384:368-372.

Kumar, K., M. Goosman, G. S. Krause, and B. C. White. 1987. Ultrastructural and ionic changes in global ischemic dog brain. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 73:393-399.

Kumar, R. V., A. Wolfman, R. Panniers, and E. C. Henshaw. 1989. Mechanism of inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation in calcium-depleted Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Journal of Cell Biology 108:2107-2115.

Lam, M., G. Dubyak, L. Chen, G. Nuñez, R. L. Miesfeld, and C. W. Distelhorst. 1994. Evidence that Bcl-2 represses apoptosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum-associated Ca2+ fluxes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91:6569-6573.

Lavery, R. F., J. Doran, B. J. Tortella, and R. Cody. 1992. A survey of life support practices in the United States. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 7:144-150.

Lavine, S. D., F. M. Hofman, and B. V. Zlokovic. 1998. Circulating antibody against tumor necrosis factor-α protects rat brain from reperfusion injury. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 18:52-58.

Le Roith, D., H. Werner, T. N. Faria, H. Kato, M. Adamo, and C. T. Roberts, Jr. 1993. Insulin-like growth factor receptors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 692:22-32.

Le Romancer, M., S. C. Cosulich, S. P. Jackson, and P. R. Clarke. 1996. Cleavage and inactivation of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit during apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts. Journal of Cell Science 109(Pt 13):3121-3127.

Lee, E. S., A. G. Greenburg, P. W. Maffuid, E. D. Melcher, and T. S. Velky. 1987. Superoxide radicals and hemorrhagic shock: Are intravascular radicals associated with mortality? Journal of Surgical Research 42:1-6.

Lefer, A. M. 1978. Properties of cardioinhibitory factors produced in shock. Federal Proceedings 37:2734.

Lefer, A. M. 1985. Eicosanoids as mediators of ischemia and shock. Federal Proceedings 44:275.

Leibold, W. C., C. E. Lucas, A. M. Ledgerwood, E. F. Mammen, R. Denis, D. Grabow, and R. J. Staricco. 1983. Effect of albumin resuscitation on canine coagulation activity and content. Annals of Surgery 198:630-633.

Lemasters, J. J. 1998. The mitochondrial permeability transition: From biochemical curiosity to pathophysiologic mechanism. Gastroenterology 115:783-786.

Lemasters, J. J., X. X. Peng, S. Bachmann, R. T. Currin, W. Gao, and R. G. Thurman. 1995. Dual role of Kupffer cell activation and endothelial cell damage in reperfusion injury to livers stored for transplantation surgery. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 10 Suppl 1:S84-S87.

Lesniak, M. A., J. M Hill, W. Kiess, M. Rojeski, C. B. Pert, and J. Roth. 1988. Receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II: Autoradiographic localization in rat brain and comparison to receptors for insulin . Endocrinology 123:2089-2099.

Levene, E., A. Rosen, L. Sehgal, S. Gould, H. Sehgal, and G. Moss. 1990. Physiologic effects of acute anemia. Transfusion 30:11-14.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Lewis, F. R., V. B. Elings, and J. A. Sturm. 1979. Bedside measurement of lung water. Journal of Surgical Research 27:250.

Lilly, M. P., G. J. Gala, D. E. Carlson, B. E. Sutherland, and D. S. Gann. 1992. Saline resuscitation after fixed-volume hemorrhage. Annals of Surgery 126:161-171.

Linden, J. V., B. Paul, K. P. Dressier. 1992. A report of 104 transfusion errors in New York State. Transfusion 32:601.

Liu J., M. W. Albers, T. J. Wandless, S. Luan, D. G. Alberg, P. J. Belshaw , P. Cohen, C. MacKintosh, C. B. Klee, and S. L. Schreiber. 1992. Inhibition of T cell signaling by immunophilin-ligand complexes correlates with loss of calcineurin phosphatase activity. Biochemistry 31:3890-3901.

Longnecker, D. E., and B. C. Sturgill. 1976. Influence of anesthetic agent on survival following hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 45:516-521.

Longnecker, D. E., and W. C. Seyde. 1986. Anesthetic regimens: Advantages and disadvantages. In Microcirculatory Technology. C. H. Baker and W. L. Nastuk, eds. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc.

Longnecker, D. E., D. C. Ross, and I. A. Silver. 1982. Anesthetic influence on arteriolar diameters and tissue oxygen tension in hemorrhaged rats. Anesthesiology 57:177-182.

Loscalzo, J. 1995. Nitric oxide and vascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 333:251-253.

Lowe, R. J., G. S. Moss, J. Jilek, and H. D. Levine. 1979. Crystalloid versus colloid in the etiology of pulmonary failure after trauma: A randomized trial in man. Critical Care Medicine 7:107-112.

Lowell, J. A., C. Schifferdecker, D. F. Driscoll, P. N. Benotti, and B. R. Bistrian. 1990. Post-operative fluid overload (FO): Not a benign problem. Critical Care Medicine (Suppl. 18) 18 :S193.

Lowery, B. D., C. T. Cloutier, and L. C. Carey. 1971. Electrolyte solutions in resuscitation in human hemorrhagic shock. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 133:273.

Lucas, C. E., A. M. Ledgerwood, R. J. Higgins, and D. W. Weaver. 1980. Impaired pulmonary function after albumin resuscitation from shock. Journal of Trauma 20:446-451.

Lucas, C. E., D. J. Martin, A. M. Ledgerwood, J. Hoschner, M. D. McGonigal, K. Kithier, and V. M. Sardesai. 1986. Effect of fresh-frozen plasma resuscitation on cardiopulmonary function and serum protein flux. Archives of Surgery 121:559-596.

Lucas, C. E., D. Weaver, R. F. Higgins, A. M. Ledgerwood, S. D. Johnson, and D. L. Bouwman. 1978. Effects of albumin vs. non-albumin resuscitation on plasma volume and renal excretory functions. Journal of Trauma 18:564.

Luthje, J. 1989. Extracellular adenosine compounds, red blood cells, and hemostasis: Facts and hypothesis. Blut 59:367-374.

Lyons, W. S. 1996. Perioperative ARDS. Pan American Medical Association Journal 1996:42-44.

Lyons, W. S. 1997. Rhyme, reason, and Ringer's lactate. Virginia Pulmonary Journal 3(3):4.

Mabry, E. W., R. A. Munson, and L. A. Richardson. 1993. The wartime need for aeromedical evacuation physicians: The U.S. Air Force experience during the operation Desert Storm. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 64:941-946.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Macintyre, E., I. J. Mackie, D. Ho, J. Tinker, C. Bullen, and S. J. Machin. 1985. The haemostatic effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) used as a volume expander. Intensive Care Medicine 11:300-303.

MacLean, L. D. 1985. Shock. A century of progress. Annals of Surgery 201:407.

Maier, R. V., and E. M. Bolger. 1996. Endothelial changes after shock and injury. New Horizon 4:211-223.

Makarewicz-Plonska, M., A. Witek, and R. Farbiszewski. 1998. BN 52021, PAF-receptor antagonist, improves diminished antioxidant defense system of lungs in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. Polish Journal of Pharmacology 50:265-269.

Maningas, P. A., and R. F. Bellamy. 1986a. Hypertonic sodium chloride solutions for the prehospital management of traumatic hemorrhagic shock: A possible improvement in the standard of care? Annals of Emergency Medicine 15:1411-1414.

Maningas, P. A., L. R. Guzman, F. J. Tillman, C. S. Hinson, K. J. Priegnitz, K. A. Volk, and R. F. Bellamy. 1986b. Small-volume infusion of 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 for the treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock in swine. Annals of Emergency Medicine 15:1131-1137.

Manson, J., R. J. Smith, and D. W. Wilmore. 1988. Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis during hypercaloric parenteral nutrition. Annals of Surgery 208:136-142.

Marcus, A. J. 1990. Thrombosis and inflammation as multicellular processes: Pathophysiologic significance of transcellular metabolisms. Blood 76:1903-1907.

Margolin, N., S. A. Raybuck, K. P. Wilson, W. Chen, T. Fox, Y. Gu, and D. J. Livingston. 1997. Substrate and inhibitor specificity of interleukin-I beta-converting enzyme and related caspases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 7223-7228.

Marks, A. M. 1997. Intracellular calcium-release channels: Regulators of cell life and death. American Journal of Physiology 272:H597-H605.

Marks, A. R. 1996. Cellular functions of immunophilins. Physiological Reviews 76:631-649.

Martin, P. D., A. M. Cyna, W. A. H. Hunter, J. Henry, and P. Ramayya. 1993. Training nursing staff in airway management for resuscitation: A clinical comparison of the facemask and laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 48:33-37.

Martins, L. M, T. Kottke, P. W. Mesner, G. S. Basi, S. Sinha, N. Frigon, Jr., E. Tatar, J. S. Tung, K. Bryant, A. Takahashi, P. A. Svingen, B. J. Madden, D. J. McCormick, W. C. Earnshaw, and S. H. Kaufmann. 1997. Activation of multiple interleukin-1β converting enzyme homologues in cytosol and nuclei of HL-60 cells during etoposide-induced apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 72:7421-7430.

Mashima, T., M. Naito, K. Noguchi, D. K. Miller, D.W. Nicholson, T. Tsuruo. 1997. Actin cleavage by CPP-32/apopain during the development of apoptosis. Oncogene 14:1007-1012.

Massberg, S., R. Leiderer, A. P. Gonzalez, M. D. Menger, and K. Messmer. 1998. Carolina rinse attenuates postischemic microvascular injury in rat small bowel isografts. Surgery 123:181-190

Matsuda, T., H. Tanaka, H. M. Reyes, H. M. Richter, M. M. Hanumadass, S. Shimazaki, H. Matsuda, and L. M. Nyhus. 1995. Antioxidant therapy using high dose vitamin C: Reduction of postburn resuscitation fluid volume requirements. World Journal of Surgery 19:287-291.

Matsuda, T., H. Tanaka, S. Williams, M. Hanumadass, M. Abcabrian, and H. Reyes. 1991. Reduced fluid volume requirement for resuscitation of third-degree burns with high-dose vitamin C. Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation 12:525-532.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Matsuyama, T., R. Hata, M. Tagaya, Y. Yamamoto, T. Nakajima, J. Furuyama, A. Wanaka, and M. Sugita. 1994. Fas antigen mRNA induction in postischemic murine brain. Brain Research 657:342-346.

Mattox, K. 1998. Complications of fluid resuscitation. Presentation to Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Mattox, K. L., P. A. Maningas, and E. E. Moore. 1991. Prehospital hypertonic saline/dextran infusion for post-traumatic hypotension. The USA Multicenter Trial. Annals of Surgery 213:482-491.

Maughon, J. S. 1970. An inquiry into the nature of wounds resulting in killed in action in Vietnam. Military Medicine 135:8-13.

Mazur, A., S. Baez, and E. Shorr. 1955. The mechanism of iron release from ferritin as related to its biological properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry 213:147-160.

Mazur, A., S. Green, A. Saha, and A. Carleton. 1958. Mechanism of release of ferritin iron in vivo by xanthine oxidase. Journal of Clinical Investigation 37:1809-1817.

McCord, J. M., and I. Firdovich. 1968. The reduction of cytochrome c by milk xanthine oxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 243:5723.

McSwain, N. E., Paturas J.L., Wertz E, eds. 1994. PHTLS—Basic and Advanced Prehospital Trauma Life Support (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby-Yearbook.

Meltzer, M. S., and C. A. Nacy. 1987. Cell-cell interactions during inflamation: The role of the macrophages. p. 119-131. In: Critical Care: State of the Art. W. C. Shoemaker, ed. Fullerton, Calif.: Society of Critical Care Medicine.

Menasché, P., C. Pasquier, S. Bellucci, P. Lorente, P. Jaillon, and A. Piwnica. 1988. Deferoxamine reduces neutrophil-mediated free radical production during cardiopulmonary bypass in man. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 96:582-589.

Mendelsohn, M. E., S. O'Neill, D. George, and J. Loscalzo. 1990. Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to human platelets by S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265:19028-19034.

Merin, R.G. 1996. Cardiovascular effects of anesthesia. International Practice of Anaesthesia. Ch. 29. C. Prys-Roberts, and B.B. Brown Jr., eds. Butterworth, Heinemann. Oxford, Great Britain.

Merrick, W. C. 1992. Mechanism and regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Microbiology Review 56:291-315.

Metildi, L. A., S. R. Shackford, R. W. Vergilio, and R. M. Peters. 1984. Crystalloid versus colloid in fluid resuscitation of patients with severe pulmonary insufficiency. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 158:207-212.

Michelson, A. D., S. E. Benoit, M. I. Furman, W. L. Breckwoldt, M. J. Rohrer, M. R. Barnard, and J. Loscalzo. 1996. Effects of nitric oxide/EDRF on platelet surface glycoproteins. American Journal of Physiology 270(5 Pt 2):H1640-1648.

Middleton, E. S., R. Matthews, and G. T. Shires. 1969. Radiosulphate as a measure of extracellular fluid in acute hemorrhagic shock. Annals of Surgery 170:174-186.

Mileski, W., R. Winn, J. Harlan, and C. Rice. 1991. Transient inhibition of neutrophil adherence with monoclonal antibody 60.3 does not increase susceptibility to abdominal sepsis. Surgery 109:497-501.

Mileski, W., R. Winn, T. Pholman, N. Vedder, J. Harlan, and C. Rice. 1990. Inhibition of neutrophil (PMN) adherence with the monoclonal antibody (Mab) 60.3 during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in primates. Surgery 108:206-212.

Mishler, J. M. 1982. Pharmacology of Hydroxyethyl Starch: Use in Therapy and Blood Banking. New York: Oxford University Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Mohsen, M., A. Pinson, R. Zhang, and A. Samuni. 1995. Do nitroxides protect cardiomyocytes from hydrogen peroxide or superoxide? Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 145(2):103-110.

Molina, P. E., S. Malek, C. H. Lang, L. Qian, R. Naukam, and N. N. Abumrad. 1997. Early organ-specific hemorrhage-induced increases in tissue cytokine content: Associated neurohormonal and opioid alterations. Neuroimmunomodulation 4:28-36.

Monafo, W. W., J. D. Halverson, and K. Schechman. 1984. The role of concentrated sodium solution in the resuscitation of patients with severe burns. Surgery 95:129-134.

Montague J. W., F. M. Hughes, J. A. Cidlowski. 1997. Native recombinant cyclophilins A, B, and C degrade DNA independently of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase activity. Potential roles of cyclophilins in apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272:6677-6684.

Montague, J. W., M. L. Gaido, C. Frye, and J. A. Cidlowski. 1994. The calcium-dependent nuclease from apoptotic rat thymocytes is homologous with cyclophilin. Recombinant cyclophilins A, B, and C have nuclease activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 169:18877-18880.

Moon, M. R., C. E. Lucas, A. M. Ledgerwood, and J. P. Kosinski. 1989. Free water clearance after supplemental albumin resuscitation for shock. Circulatory Shock 28:1-8.

Moreno, J., A. L. Caplan, and P. R. Wolpe. 1998. Updating protections for human subjects involved in research. Journal of the American Medical Association 280:1951-1958.

Morris, A. H. 1994. Adult respiratory distress syndrome and new modes of mechanical ventilation: Reducing the complications of high volume and high pressure. New Horizons 2:19-33.

Morton, M., P. C. Duke, and B. Ong. 1980. Baroreflex control of heart rate in man awake and during enflurane and enflurane nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 52:221-223.

Moskowitz, N., W. Schook, and S. Puskin. 1984. Regulation of endogenous calcium-dependent synaptic membrane phospholipase A2. Brain Research 290:273-280.

Moss, G. S., H. J. Proctor, J. D. Homer, C. M. Herman, and B. D. Litt. 1969. A comparison of asanguinous fluids and whole blood in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 129:1247.

Moss, G. S., R. J. Lowe, J. Jilck, and H. D. Levine. 1981. Colloid or crystalloid in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: A controlled clinical trial. Surgery 89:434-438.

Moss, G. S., T. K. Das Gupta, R. Brinkman, L. Sehgal, and B. Newsom. 1979. Changes in lung ultrastructure following heterologous and homologous serum albumin infusion in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Annals of Surgery 189:236-242.

Muakkassa, F. F., M. J. Koruda, F. M. Ramadan, M. Kawakami, and A. A. Meyer. 1991. Effect of dietary fish oil on plasma thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1x levels in septic rats. Annals of Surgery 126:179-182.

Muzio, M., G. S. Salvesen, and V. M. Dixit. 1997. FLICE-induced apoptosis in a cell-free system. Cleavage of caspase zymogens. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272:2952-2956.

Nagata, S., and P. Golstein. 1995. The Fas death factor. Science 267:1449-1456.

Nakayama, S., G. C. Kramer, R. C. Carlsen, and J. W. Holcroft. 1985. Infusion of very hypertonic saline to bled rats: Membrane potentials and fluid shift. Journal of Surgery and Resuscitation 38:180-186.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

National Institutes of Health Director's Panel on Clinical Research. 1997. Report of the NIH Director's Panel on Clinical Research. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health.

National Research Council. 1942. Minutes of Committee on Transfusion.

Neumar, R. W., D. J. DeGracia, L. L. Konkoly, J. I. Khoury, B. C. White, and G. S. Krause. 1998. Calpain mediates eukaryotic initiation factor 4G degradation during global brain ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 18:876-881.

Ni, B., X. Wu, Y. Du, Y. Su, E. Hamilton-Byrd, P. K. Rockey, P. Rosteck, Jr., G. G. Poirier, and S. M. Paul. 1997. Cloning and expression of a rat brain interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE-related protease (IRP)) and its possible role in apoptosis of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 17:1561-1569.

Nieminen, A. L., A. M. Byrne, B. Herman, and J. J. Lemasters. 1997. Mitochondrial permeability transition in hepatocytes induced by t-BuOOH: Nad(P)H and reactive oxygen species. American Journal of Physiology 272(Cell Physiology 41):C1286-C1294.

Novelli, G. P. 1992. Oxygen radicals in experimental shock: Effects of spin-trapping nitrones in ameliorating shock pathophysiology. Critical Care Medicine 20:499-507.

Obana, I., and Y. Fukui. 1996. Role of chaos in trial-and-error problem solving by an artificial neural network. International Journal of Neural Systems 7:101-108.

O'Neil, B. J., G. S. Krause, L. I. Grossman, G. Grunberger, J. A. Rafols, D. J. DeGracia, R. W. Neumar, B. R. Tiffany, and B. C. White. 1996. Global brain ischemia and reperfusion by cardiac arrest and resuscitation: Mechanisms leading to death of vulnerable neurons and a fundamental basis for therapeutic approaches. In: Cardiac Arrest: The Science and Practice of Resuscitation Medicine. N. A. Paradis, et al., eds. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

O'Neill, L. A. 1995. Interleukin-1 signal transduction. International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research 25(4):169-177.

Ordog, G. J., J. Wasserberger, and S. Balasubramanium. 1984. Wound ballistics: Theory and practice. Annals of Emergency Medicine 13:1113-1122.

Ouimet, C. C., E. F. da Cruz e Silva, and P. Greengard. 1995. The alpha and gamma 1 isoforms of protein phosphatase 1 are highly and specifically concentrated in dendritic spines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:3396-3400.


Pagel, P. S., J. P. Kampine, W. T. Schmeling, and D. C. Warltier. 1991a. Comparison of the systemic and coronary hemodynamic actions of desflurane, isoflurane, halothane, enflurane in the chronically instrumented dog. Anesthesiology 74:539-551.

Pagel, P. S., J. P. Kampine, W. T. Schmeling, and D. C. Warltier. 1991b. Influence of volatile anesthetics on myocardial contractility in vivo: Desflurane versus isoflurane. Anesthesiology 74:900-907.

Pagel, P. S., J. P. Kampine, W. T. Schmeling, and D. C. Warltier. 1991c. Alteration of left ventricular diastolic function by desflurane, isoflurane and halothane in the chronically instrumented dog with autonomic nervous system blockade. Anesthesiology 74:1103-1114.

Pagel, P. S., J. P. Kampine, W. T. Schmeling, and D. C. Warltier. 1992. Ketamine depresses myocardial contractility as evaluated by the preload recruitable stroke work relationship in chronically instrumented dogs with autonomic nervous system blockade. Anesthesiology 76:564-572.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Palmer, R. M., A. G. Ferrige, and S. Moncada. 1987. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327:524-526.

Parks, D. A., G. B. Bulkey, D. N. Granger, S. R. Hamilton, and J. M. McCord. 1982. Ischemic injury in the cat small intestine: Role of superoxide radicals. Gastroenterology 82:9.

Parr, M. J., M. B. Bally, and P. R. Cullis. 1993. The presence of GM1 in liposomes with entrapped doxorubricin does not prevent RES blockade. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1168:249-252.

Pascual, J. M., J. C. Watson, A. E. Runyon, C. E. Wade, and G. C. Kramer. 1992. Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia: A comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic hyperoncotic solutions in swine. Critical Care Medicine 20:200-210.

Paz, K., R. Hemi, D. LeRoith, A. Karasik, E. Elhanany, H. Kanety, and Y. Zick. 1997. A molecular basis for insulin resistance. Elevated serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-I and IRS-2 inhibits their binding to the juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor and impairs their ability to undergo insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272:29911-29918.

Pearson, J.D. 1994. Endothelial cell function and thrombosis. Baillieres Clinical Haematology 7:441.

Pennant, J. H., and M. B. Walker. 1992. Comparison of the endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask in airway management by paramedical personnel. Anesthesiology and Analgesics 74:531-534.

Pennant, J. H., and P. F. White. 1993. The laryngeal mask airway: Its uses in anesthesiology. Anesthesiology 79:144-163.

Petryshyn, R. A., J. Li, and R. Judware. 1994. Activation of the dsRNA-dependent kinase. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 14:1-14.

Physicians' Desk Reference. 1999. Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale, N.J.: Medical Economics Company.

Poole, G. V., J. W. Meredith, T. Pennell, and S. A. Mills. 1982. Comparison of colloids and crystalloids in resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 154:577-586.

Powell, S. R. and A. Tortolani. 1992. Recent advances in the role of reactive oxygen intermediates in ischemic injury. Journal of Scientific Research 53:417-429.

Proctor, K. 1998. Models of Combined Hemorrhage and Injury. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Prostko, C. R., M. A. Brostrom, and C. O. Brostrom. 1993. Reversible phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha in response to endoplasmic reticular signaling. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 127/128:255-265.

Prostko, C. R., M. A. Brostrom, E. M. Malara, and C. O. Brostrom. 1992. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2 alpha and inhibition of eIF2B in GH3 pituitary cells by perturbation of early protein processing that induces GRP78. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267:16751-16754.

Proud, C. G. 1995. PKR: New name and new roles. Trends in Biochemical Science 20:241-246.

Radomski, M. W., R. M. Palmer, and S. Moncada. 1987. Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits human platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium. Lancet 2:1057-1058.

Rao, P.S., M. V. Cohen, and H. S. Mueller. 1983. Production of free radicals and lipid peroxides in early experimental ischemia. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 15:713.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Ray, J. F., L. Yost, S. Moallem, G. M. Sanoudos, P. Villemena, R. M. Paredes, and R. H. Clauss. 1974. Immobility, hypoxemia, and pulmonary shunting. Archives of Surgery 109:537-541.

Redpath, N. T., and C. G. Proud. 1990. Activity of protein phosphatases against initiation factor-2 and elongation factor-2. Biochemistry Journal 272:175-180.

Rehncrona, S., E. Westerberg, B. Akesson, and B. Siesjo. 1982. Brain cortical fatty acids and phospholipids during and following complete and severe incomplete ischemia. Journal of Neurochemistry 38:84-93.

Reilly, P. M., H. J. Schiller, and G. M. Bulkley. 1991. Pharmacologic approach to tissue injury mediated by free radicals and other reactive oxygen metabolites. American Journal of Surgery 161:488-503.

Reinhart, D. J., and G. Simmons. 1994. Comparison of placement of the laryngeal mask airway with endotracheal tube by paramedics and respiratory therapists. Annals of Emergency Medicine 24:260-263.

Rhee, P. 1998. Stimulation of inflammation by standard resuscitation fluids. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 17, Washington, D.C.

Rhee, P., D. Burris, C. Kaufman, M. Pikoulis, B. Austin, G. Ling, D. Harviel, and K. Waxman. 1998. Lactated Ringer's solution causes neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma 44:313-319.

Rhee, P., D. Wang, P. Ruff, P. Austin, S. DeBraux, K. Wolcott, D. Burris, G. Ling, and L. Sun. 1996. Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Society of Critical Care Medicine Symposium.

Rhee, P., D. Wang, P. Ruff, K. Wolcott, S. DeBraux, B. Austin, D. Burris, L. Sun. In press. Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids . Critical Care Medicine.

Richards, I. M., R. L. Griffin, S. F. Fidler, and E. J. Jacobson. 1993. Effect of the 21-aminosteroid U-74389F on hyperotic lung injury in rats. Agents Action 39:C136-138.

Ringer, S. 1883. A further contribution regarding the influence of the different constituents of the blood on the contraction of the heart. Journal of Physiology 4:29-42.

Roberts, J. P., J. D. Roberts, C. Skinner, G. T. Shires III, H. Illner, P. C. Canizaro, and G. T. Shires. 1985. Extracellular fluid deficit following operation and its correction with Ringer's lactate. Annals of Surgery 202(1):1-8.

Roberts, J. S., and S. L. Bratton. 1998. Colloid volume expanders. Problems, pitfalls and possibilities. Drugs 55:621-630.

Robertson, C. S., S. P. Gopinath, and B. Chance. 1995. A new application for near-infrared spectroscopy: Detection of delayed intracranial hematomas after head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 12:591-600.

Robertson, C. S., S. P. Gopinath, and B. Chance. 1997. Use of near infrared spectroscopy to identify traumatic intracranial hematomas. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2:31-41.

Roorda, J., E. F. van Beeck, J. W. Stapert, and W. ten Wolde. 1996. Evaluating performance of the revised trauma score as a triage instrument in the prehospital setting. Injury 27:163-167.

Rosenthal, D. S., R. Ding, C. M. G. Simbulan-Rosenthal, B. Cherney, P. Vanek, and M. Smulson. 1997. Detection of DNA breaks in apoptotic cells utilizing the DNA binding domain of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase with fluorescence microscopy. Nucleic Acids Research 15:1437-1441.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Roth, E., L. C. Lax, and J. V. Maloney, Jr. 1969. Ringer's lactate solution and extracellular fluid volume in the surgical patient: A critical analysis. Annals of Surgery 169:149-164.

Rothe, C. F. 1963. Control of total vascular resistance in hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Circulation Research 12:667.

Rotman, E. I., M. A. Brostrom, and C. O. Brostrom. 1992. Inhibition of protein synthesis in intact mammalian cells by arachidonic acid. Biochemistry Journal 282:487-494.

Rowlands, A. G., R. Panniers, and E. Henshaw. 1988. The catalytic mechanism of guanine nucleotide exchange factor action and competitive inhibition by phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:5526-5533.

Rudloff, E., and R. Kirby. 1998. Fluid therapy: Crystalloids and colloids. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28:297-328.

Rutledge, R., T. Osler, S. Emery, and S. Kromhout-Schiro. 1998. The end of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): ICISS, an International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision-base prediction tool, outperforms both ISS and TRISS as predictors of trauma patient survival, hospital charges, and hospital length of stay. Journal of Trauma 44:41-49.

Rutledge, R., and T. Osler. 1998. The ICD-9-based illness severity score: A new model that outperforms both DRG and APR-DRG as predictors of survival and resource utilization. Journal of Trauma 45:791-799.

Sacco, W. J., J. W. Jameson, W. S. Copes, and H. R. Champion. 1988. PARTITION: A quantitative method for evaluating prehospital services for trauma patients. Computers in Biology and Medicine 18:221-227.

Sacco, W. J., H. R. Champion, P. S. Gainer, S. A. Morelli, S. Fallen, and M. A. Lawnick. 1984. The trauma score as applied to penetrating trauma. Annals of Emergency Medicine 13:415-418.

Sacks, T., C. F. Moldow, P. R. Craddock, T. K. Bowers, and H. S. Jacob. 1978. Oxygen radicals mediate endothelial cell damage by complement-simulated granulocytes. An in vitro model of immune vascular damage. Journal of Clinical Investigation 61:1161.

Salzman, A. 1998. Treatment of hemorrhage with MEG. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 18, Washington, D.C.

Samuel, C. E. 1993. The eIF-2α protein kinases, regulators of translation in eukaryotes from yeasts to humans. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268:7603-7606.

Sanan, S., G. Sharma, R. Malhotra, D. P. Sanan, P. Jain, and P. Vadhera. 1989. Protection by desferrioxamine against histopathological changes of the liver in the post-oligaemic phase of clinical haemorrhagic shock in dogs: Correlation with improved survival rate and recovery. Free Radical Research 6:29-38.

Saniabadi, A. R., G. D. Lowe, R. Madhok, K. Spowart, B. Shaw, J. C. Barbenel, and C. D. Forbes. 1987. Red blood cells mediate spontaneous aggregation of platelets in whole blood. Artherosclerosis 66:175-180.

Santos, M. T., J. Valles, A. J. Marcus, L. B. Safier, M. J. Broekman, N. Islam, H. L. Ullman, A. M. Eiroa, and J. Aznar. 1991. Enhancement of platelet reactivity and modulation of eicosanoid production by intact erythrocytes. A new approach to platelet production and recruitment. Journal of Clinical Investigation 87:571-580.

Sazama, K. 1990. Reports of 355 transfusion associated deaths: 1976 through 1985. Transfusion 30:583.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Schweizer, M., J. Schlegel, D. Baumgartner, and C. Richter. 1993. Sensitivity of mitochondrial peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, pyridine nucleotide hydrolysis, and Ca2+ release to cyclosporin A and related compounds. Biochemical Pharmacology 45:641-646.

Seagard, J. L., E. O. Elegbe, F. A. Hopp, J. H. von Colditz, J. H. Kalbfleisch, and J. P. Kampine. 1983. Effects of isoflurane on the baroreceptor reflex. Anesthesiology 59:511-520.

Seagard, J. L., F. A. Hopp, J. H. Donegan, and J. P. Kampine. 1985. Effects of halothane on cardiopulmonary baroreflex function in man. Anesthesiology 61:668-674.

Seaghell, L. R., A. L. Rosen, S. A. Gould, et al. 1990. Artificial blood: Current status of fluorocarbon and hemoglobin solution. Anesthesiology Review 17(Suppl. 3):38.

Secretary of Defense. 1999. Annual Report to the President and Congress. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense.

Sella, O., J. Bernstein, G. Gerlitz, and O. Elroy-Stein. 1998. Structure-function analysis of the D-IRES element of PDGF2/c-sis, p. 250. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Seyde, W. C., and D. E. Longnecker. 1984. Anesthetic influences on regional hemodynamics in normal and hemorrhaged rats. Anesthesiology 61:686-698.

Seyde, W. C., L. McGowan, N. Lund, B. Duling, and D. E. Longnecker. 1985. Effects of anesthetics on regional hemodynamics in normovolemic and hemorrhaged rats. American Journal of Physiology 249 (Heart Circulatory Physiology 18):H164-H173.

Shackford, S. R. 1992. Hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions: The ideal prehospital fluid for trauma victims? Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 7:170-171.

Shah, G. M., D. Poirer, S. Desnoyers, S. Saint-Martin, J. C. Hoflack, P. Rong, M. Apsimon, J. B. Kikland, and G. G. Poirer. 1996. Complete inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity prevents the recovery of C3H10T1/2 cells from oxidative stress. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1312:1-7.

Sharkey J., and S. P. Butcher. 1994. Immunophilins mediate the neuroprotective effects of FK506 in focal cerebral ischemia. Nature 371:336-339.

Sharp, A. H., P. S. McPherson, T. M. Dawson, C. Aoki, K. P. Campbell, and S. H. Snyder. 1993. Differential immunohistochemical localization of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate- and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channels in rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience 13:3051-3063.

Shelby, J. 1998. Melatonin therapy in acute trauma. Presentation to Institute of Medicine Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties. September 18, Washington, D.C.

Shinomiya, N., S. Suzuki, A. Hashimoto, N. Ito, Y. Takaai, and H. Oiwa. 1998. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in murine lung. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 69:1-7.

Shires, G. T., F. T. Brown, and P. C. Canizaro. 1960a. Distributional changes in extracellular fluid during acute hemorrhagic shock. Surgical Forum 11:115.

Shires, T. 1966. The role of sodium containing solutions in the treatment of oligemic shock. Surgical Clinics of North America 92:743.

Shires, T., D. Cohn, J. Carrico, and S. Lightfoot. 1964. Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock. Archives of Surgery 88:688.

Shires, T., J. Williams, and F. T. Brown. 1960b. A method for the simultaneous measurement of plasma volume, red blood cell mass, and extracellular fluid space in man using radioactive 131I, S35O, and CR51. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 55:776.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Shires, T., J. Williams, and F. Brown. 1961. Acute change in extracellular fluids associated with major surgical procedures. Annals of Surgery 154:803-810.

Shoemaker, W. C. 1976. Comparison of the relative effectiveness of whole blood transfusions and various types of fluid therapy in resuscitation. Critical Care Medicine 4:71-78.

Shoemaker, W. C., and D. O. Monson. 1973. Effect of whole blood and plasma expanders on volume flow relationships in critically ill patients. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 137:453.

Shoemaker, W. C., M. Schluchter, J. A. Hopkins, P. L. Appel, S. Schwartz, and P. C. Chang. 1981. Comparison of the relative effectiveness of colloids and crystalloids in emergency resuscitation. American Journal of Surgery 142:73-81.

Siegel, D. C., A. Cochin, T. Geocaris, and G. S. Moss. 1973. Effects of saline and colloid resuscitation to renal function. Annals of Surgery 177:51.

Simmons, R. S., G. G. Berdine, J. J. Seidenfeld, T. J. Prihoda, G. D. Harris, T. J. Gilbert, E. Mota, and W. G. Johanson, Jr. 1987. Fluid balance and the adult respiratory disease syndrome. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 135:924-929.

Slater, A. F., C. S. Nobel, E. Maellaro, J. Bustamante, M. Kimland, S. Orrenius. 1995. Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis. Biochemical Journal 306(Pt 3):771-778.

Smith, G. J., G. C. Kramer, P. R. Perron, S. Nakayama, R. A. Gunther, and J. W. Holcroft. 1985. A comparison of several hypertonic solutions for resuscitation of bled sheep. Journal of Surgical Research 39:517-528.

Smith, I., and G. Joshi. 1993. The laryngeal mask airway for outpatient anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 5(Suppl. 1):22S-28S.

Somerson, S. J., and M. R. Sicilia. 1993. Update for nurse anesthetists—beyond the laryngoscope: Advanced techniques for difficult airway management. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 61:64-71.

Sood, R., A. C. Porter, D. S. Olsen, D. R. Cavener, and R. C. Wek. 1998. GCN2, an eIF2 protein kinase containing sequences related to aminoacyl tRNA synthetases is conserved from yeast to mammals, p. 333. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Spector, M. S., S. Desnoyers, D. J. Hoeppner, and M. O. Hengartner. 1997. Interaction between the C elegans cell-death regulators CED-9 and CED-4. Nature 385:653-656.

Squier, M. K., and J. J. Cohen. 1997. Calpain, an upstream regulator of thymocyte apoptosis. Journal of Immunology 158:3690-3697.

Srinivasan M., and N. Begum. 1994. Regulation of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A activities by insulin during myogenesis in rat skeletal muscle cells in culture. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269:12514-12520.

Srinivasan, A., L. M. Foster, M. P. Testa, T. Ord, R. W. Keane, D. E. Bredesen, and C. Kayalar. 1996. Bcl-2 expression in neural cells blocks activation of ICE/CED-3 family proteases during apoptosis. Journal of Neuroscience 16:5654-5660.

Stein, B., A. Iin, P. Einat, R. Skaliter, Z. Grossman, and E. Keshet. 1998. Translation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by internal ribosome entry: Implications for translation under hypoxia. p. 258. In. Translational Control. Cold Spring Habor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Steinberg, H., D. K. Das, W. Moy, et al. 1979. Injury to pulmonary endothelium introduced to superoxide radical. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 119:364-?

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Stekiel, T. A., M. Tominaga, Z. J. Bosnjak, and J. P. Kampine. 1992. The inhibitory effect of halothane on mesenteric venoconstriction and related reflex responses during acute graded hypoxia in rabbits. Anesthesiology 77:709-720.

Stekiel, T. A., M. Tominaga, A. Stadnicka, Z. J. Bosnjak, and J. P. Kampine 1995. Isoflurane medicated inhibition of the constriction of mesenteric capacitance veins and related circulatory responses to acute graded hypoxia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 80:994-1001.

Stern, S. A., S. C. Dronen, A. J. McGoron, X. Wang, K. Chaffins, R. Millard, P. E. Keipert, and N. S. Faithfull. 1995. Effect of supplemental perfluorocarbon administration on hypotensive resuscitation of severe uncontrolled hemorrhage. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 13:269-275.

Stogner, S. W., and D. K. Payne. 1992. Oxygen toxicity. Pharmacotherapy 26:1554-1562.

Stone, B. J., A. B. Leach, C. A. Alexander, D. R. Ruffer, et al. 1994. The use of the laryngeal mask airway by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anaesthesia 49:3-7.

Strong, A. J., J. E. Fairfield, E. Monteiro, M. Kirby, A. R. Hogg, M. Snape, and L. Ross-Field. 1990. Insulin protects cognitive function in experimental stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 53:847-853.

Stump, D. C., R. G. Strauss, R. A. Henriksen, A. Zaleski, and R. E. Peterson. 1983. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch on blood coagulation of normal males. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 50:246.

Sullivan, J. M., D. J. DeGracia, J. A. Rafols, B. C. White, and G. S. Krause. 1998. Insulin induces dephosphorylation of eIF2α(P) and recovery of protein synthesis in selectively vulnerable hippocampal neurons during reperfusion. p. 261. In: Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Sun, L., P. Ruff, B. Austin, S. Deb, B. Martin, D. Burris, and P. Rhee. In press. Early upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in rats with hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Shock.

Sun, X. M., X. W. Qu, W. Huang, D. N. Granger, M. Bree, and W. Hsueh. 1996. Role of leukocyte beta 2-integrin in PAF-induced shock and intestinal injury. American Journal of Physiology 270(1 Pt 1):G184-G190.

Suter, P. M., G. Domenighetti, M. D. Schaller, M. C. Laverriere, R. Ritz, C. Perret. 1994. N-Acetylcysteine enhances recovery from acute lung injury in man. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Chest 105:190-194.

Szabó, C., and T. R. Billiar. In press. Invited review: Novel roles of nitric oxide in hemorrhagic shock. Shock.

Szabó, C. and H. Hoshima. 1997. DNA injury induced by peroxynitrite. Nitric Oxide Biology and Chemistry 1:323-385.

Szabó, C. 1996. The role of peroxynitrite in the pathophysiology of shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 6:79-88.

Szabó, C. 1998. Potential role of the peroxynitrate-poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase pathway in a rat model of severe hemorrhagic shock. Shock 9:341-344.

Takada, M., K. C. Nadeau, W. W. Hancock, H. S. Mackenzie, G. D. Shaw, A. M. Waaga, A. Chandraker, M. H. Sayegh, and N. L. Tilney. 1998. Effects of explosive brain death on cytokine activation of peripheral organs in the rat. Transplantation 65:1533-1542.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Takizawa, N., Y. Mizuno, Y. Ito, and K. Kikuchi. 1994. Tissue distribution of isoforms of type-1 protein phosphatase (PP1) in mouse tissue and its diabetic alteration. Journal of Biochemistry 116:411-415.

Takizawa, T., R. Fukuda, T. Miyawaki, K. Ohashi, and Y. Nakanishi. 1995. Activation of the apoptotic FAS antigen-encoding gene upon influenza virus infection involving spontaneously produced β-interferon. Virology 209:288-296.

Tamion, F., V. Richard, S. Lyoumi, M. Daveau, G. Bonmarchand, J. Leroy, C. Thuillez, and J. P. Lebreton. 1997. Gut ischemia and mesenteric synthesis of inflammatory cytokines after hemorrhagic or endotoxic shock. American Journal of Physiology 273(2 Pt 1):G314-G321.

Tan, L. R., K. Waxman, L. Clark, L. Eloi, N. Chhieng, B. Miller, and A. Young. 1993. Superoxide dismutase and allopurinol improve survival in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock. Annals of Surgery 59:797-800.

Tanaka, H., H. Ogura, J. Yokota, H. Sugimoto, T. Yoshioka, and T. Sugimoto. 1991. Acceleration of superoxide production from leukocytes in trauma patients. Annals of Surgery 214:187.

Tanveer, A., S. Virji, L. Andreeva, N. F. Totty, J. J. Hsuan, J. M. Ward, and M. Crompton. 1996. Involvement of cyclophilin D in the activation of a mitochondrial pore by Ca2+ and oxidant stress. European Journal of Biochemistry 238:166-172.

Thiemermann, C., C. Szabó, J. A. Mitchell, and J. R. Vane. 1993. Vascular hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictor agents and hemodynamic decompensation in hemorrhagic shock is mediated by nitric oxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:267-271.

Thomas, C. E., L. A. Morehouse, and S. D. Aust. 1985. Ferritin and superoxide dependent lipid peroxidation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260:3275-3281.

Thomson, A. W., C. A. Bonham, and A. Zeevi. 1995. Mode of action of tacrolimus (FK506): Molecular and cellular mechanisms. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 17:584-591.

Thurn, J. R., G. L. Pierpont, C. W. Ludvigsen, and J. H. Eckfeldt. 1985. D-Lactate encephalopathy

. American Journal of Medicine 79:717-721.

Timermann, A. P., G. Wiederrecht, A. Marcy, and S. Fleischer. 1995. Characterization of an exchange reaction between soluble FKBP12 and the FKBP-ryanodine receptor complex. Modulation by FKBP mutants deficient in peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270:2451-2459.

Tolley, P. M., D. J. Watts, and J. A. Hickman. 1992. Comparison of the use of the laryngeal mask and face mask by inexperienced personnel. British Journal of Anaesthesia 6:320-321.

Tominaga, G. T., S. Bailey, K. Daughters, I. J. Sarfeh, and K. Waxman. 1995. The effect of polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase on gastric mucosa and survival in shock with tissue injury. Annals of Surgery 61:925-929.

Troy, C. M., L. Stefanis, L. A. Greene, and M. L. Shelanski. 1997. Nedd2 is required for apoptosis after trophic factor withdrawal, but not superoxide dismutase (SOD1) downregulation, in sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. Journal of Neuroscience 17:1911-1918.

Turitto, V. T., and H. J. Weiss. 1980. Red blood cells: Their dual role in thrombosis formation. Science 207:541-543.

Uchida, K., M. Uchida, S. Hanai, Y. Ozawa, Y. Ami, S. Kushida, and M. Miwa. 1993. Isolation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-encoding cDNA from Xenopus laevis: Phylogenetic conservation of the functional domain. Gene 137:293-297.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Uehara, A., M. Yasukochi, and I. Imanaga. 1996. Modulation of ryanodine binding to the cardiac Ca2+ release channel by arachidonic acid. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 18:43-51.

Umemura, A. 1990. Regional difference in free fatty acids release and the action of phospholipase during ischemia in rat brain. No To Shinkei 42:979-986.

Unger, J., T. H. McNeill, R. T. Moxley III, M. White, A. Moss, and J. N. Livingston. 1989. Distribution of insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience 31:143-157.

Uzuner, K., N. Tuncel, Y. Aydin, M. Tuncel, F. Gurer, P. Benli, and D. Ak. 1995. The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in renal tissues of rats exposed to hemorrhagic ischemia-reperfusion. Peptides 16:911-915.

Vacchiano, C. A., G. R. Osborne, and G. E. Tempel. 1998. production by alveolar macrophages exposed to hyperoxia. Shock 9:266-273.

Vagner, S., C. Touriol, B. Galy, S. Audigier, M. C. Gensac, F. Amalric, F. Bayard, H. Prats, and A. C. Prats. 1996. Translation of CUG- but not AUG-initiated forms of human fibroblast growth factor 2 is activated in transformed and stressed cells. Journal of Cell Biology 135:1391-1402.

Valeri, C. R., J. P. Crowley, and J. Loscalzo. 1998. The red cell transfusion trigger: Has a sin of commission now become a sin of omission? Transfusion 38:602-608.

Valles, J., M. T. Santos, J. Aznar, A. J. Marcus, V. Martinez-Sales, M. Portoles, M. J. Broekman, and L. B. Safier. 1991. Erythrocytes metabolically enhance collagen-induced platelet responsiveness via increased thromboxane production, adenosine diphosphate release, and recruitment. Blood 78:154-162.

Van de Craen, M., P. Vandenabeele, W. Declercq, I. Van den Brande, G. Van Loo, F. Molemans, P. Schotte, W. Van Criekinge, R. Beyaert, and W. Fiers. 1997. Characterization of seven murine caspase family members. FEBS Letters 403:61-69.

Vandegriff, K. D., and R. M. Winslow. 1995. A theoretical analysis of oxygen transport: A new strategy for the design of hemoglobin-based red cell substitutes, pp. 143-154. In: Blood Substitutes. R. M. Winslow, K. D. Vandegriff, and M. Intaglietta, eds. Boston: Birkhauser.

Vassar, M. J., C. A. Perry, and J. W. Holcroft. 1990. Analysis of potential risks associated with 7.5% sodium chloride resuscitation of traumatic shock. Archives of Surgery 125:1309-1315.

Vassar, M. J., C. A. Perry, and J. W. Holcroft. 1993a. Prehospital resuscitation of hypointensive trauma patients with 7.5% NaCl versus 7.5% NaCl with added dextran: A controlled trial. Journal of Trauma 34:622-633.

Vassar, M. J., R. P. Fischer, P. E. O'Brien, B. L. Bachulis, J. A. Chambers, D. B. Hoyt, and J. W. Holcroft. 1993b. A multicenter trial for resuscitation of injured patients with 7.5% sodium chloride. Archives of Surgery 128:1003-1013.

Veech, R. L. 1986. The toxic impact of parenteral solutions on the metabolism of cells: A hypothesis for physiological parenteral therapy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44:519-551.

Veech, R. L. 1991. The metabolism of lactate. NMR in Biomedicine (Chichester) 4(2):53-58.

Veech, R. L., W. L. Gitomer, M. T. King, R. S. Balaban, J. L. Costa, and E. D. Eancs. 1986. The effects of short chain fatty acid administration on hepatic glucose, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium metabolism, pp. 617-646. In: Myocardial and Skeletal Muscle Bioenergetics. N. Brautbar, ed. New York: Raven Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Velasco, I. T., M. Rocha e Silva, M. A. Oliviera, and R. I. N. Silva. 1989. Hypertonic and hyperoncotic resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock in dogs. A comparative study. Critical Care Medicine 17:261-264.

Velasco, I. T., V. Pontieri, M. Rocha e. Silva, Jr., and O. U. Lopes. 1980. Hyperosmotic NaCl and severe hemorrhagic shock. American Journal of Physiology 239:H664-H673.

Vermeulen, L. C., Jr., T. A. Ratko, B. L. Erstad, M. E. Brecher, and K. A. Matuszewski. 1995. A paradigm for consensus. The University Hospital Consortium guidelines for the use of albumin, non-protein colloid, and crystalloid solutions. Archives of Internal Medicine 155:373-379.

Viele, M. K., and R. B. Weiskopf. 1994. What can we learn about the need for transfusion from patients who refuse blood? The experience with Jehovah's Witnesses. Transfusion 34:396-401.

Virág, L., G. S. Scott, S. Cuzzocrea, D. Marmer, A. L. Salzman, and C. Szabó. 1998. Peroxynitrite-induced thymocyte apoptosis: The role of caspases and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) activation. Immunology 94:345-355.

Virgilio, R. W., L. A. Metildi, R. M. Peters, and S. R. Shackford. 1979. Colloid vs. crystalloid volume resuscitation of patients with severe pulmonary insufficiency. Surgical Forum 30:166-168.

Voll, C. L., and R. N. Auer. 1991a. Insulin attenuates ischemic brain damage independent of its hypoglycemic effect. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 11:1006-1014.

Voll, C. L., and R. N. Auer. 1991b. Postischemic seizures and necrotizing brain damage: Neuroprotective effect of postischemic diazepam and insulin. Neurology 41:423-428.

Vukmir, R. B., M. B. Heller, and K. L. Stein. 1991. Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: A miniaturized infrared qualitative CO2 detector. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20:726-729.

Wade, C. E., J. J. Grady, G. C. Kramer, R. N. Younes, K. Gehlsen and J. W. Holcroft. 1997b. Individual patient cohort analysis of the efficacy of hypertonic saline/dextran in patients with traumatic brain injury and hypotension. Journal of Trauma 42:S61-S65.

Wade, C. E., J. J. Grady, T. Fabian, R. N. Younes, and G. C. Kramer. 1997a. Efficacy of hypertonic 7.5% saline and 6% dextran-70 in treating trauma: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies. Surgery 122:609-616.

Wade, C. E., J. P. Hannon, and C. A. Bossone. 1990. Superiority of hypertonic saline/dextran over hypertonic saline during the first 30 minutes of resuscitation following hemorrhagic hypotension in conscious swine. Resuscitation 20:49-56.

Wagner, S. J., L. I. Friedman, and R. Y. Dodd. 1994. Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7:290-302.

Walker, M. B., A. P. L. Goodwin, and C. Verghese. 1993. Use of the laryngeal mask and face mask by inexperienced personnel. British Journal of Anaesthesiology 70:114-115.

Walker, S. H., and D. B. Duncan. 1967. Estimation of the probability of an event as a function of several independent variables. Biometrika 54:167-179.

Weiskopf, R. B., M. I. Townsley, K. K. Riordan, K. Chadwick, M. Baysinger, and E. Mahoney. 1981. Comparison of cardiopulmonary responses to graded hemorrhage during enflurance, halothane, isoflurane, and ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesiology and Analgesics 60:481-491.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Weiskopf, R. B., M. K. Viele, J. Feiner, S. Kelley, J. Lieberman, M. Noorani, J. M. Leung, D. M. Fisher, W. R. Murray, P. Toy, and M. A. Moore. 1998. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. Journal of the American Medical Association 279:217-221.

Wek, R. C. 1994. eIF2 kinases: Regulators of general and gene-specific translation initiation. Trends in Biochemical Science 19:491-496.

Welte, M., P. Lackermeier, O. Habler, M. Kleen, G. Kemming, and L. Frey. 1997. Effect of hypertonic saline/dextran on post-stenotic myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and function during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in anesthetized pigs. Shock 7:119-130.

Welte, M., T. Goresch, L. Frey, K. Holzer, B. Zwissler, and K. Messmer. 1995. Hypertonic saline dextran does not increase cardiac contractile function during small volume resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in anesthetized pigs. Anesthesiology and Analgesics 80:1099-1107.

Werther, G. A., A. Hogg, B. J. Oldfield, M. J. McKinley, R. Figdor, A. M. Allen, and F. A. O. Mendelsohn. 1987. Localization and characterization of insulin receptors in rat brain and pituitary gland using in vitro autoradiography and computerized densitometry. Endocrinology 121:1562-1570.

Whitacre, C. M., H. Hashimoto, M. L. Tsai, S. Chatterjee, S. J. Berger, and N. A. Berger. 1995. Involvement of NAD-poly (ADP-ribose) metabolism in p53-regulation and its consequences. Cancer Research 55:3697-3701.

White, B. C., J. A. Rafols, D. J. DeGracia, J. M. Skjaerlund, and G. S. Krause. 1993. Fluorescent histochemical localization of lipid peroxidation during brain reperfusion. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 86:1-9.

Wichmann, M. W., A. Ayala, and I. H. Chaudry. 1997. Male sex steroids are responsible for depressing macrophage immune function after trauma-hemorrhage. American Journal of Physiology 273(4 Pt 1):C1335-1340.

Wiggers, C. J. 1950. Physiology of Shock. New York: Commonwealth Fund.

Wine, R. N., W. W. Ku, L. H. Li, and R. E. Chapin. 1997. Cyclophilin A is present in rat germ cells and is associated with spermatocyte apoptosis. Biology of Reproduction 56:439-446.

Wisner, D. H., L. Schuster, and C. Quinn. 1990. Hypertonic saline resuscitation of head injury: Effects on cerebral water content . Journal of Trauma 30(1):75-78.

Wolfe, R. R., F. Jahoor, and W. H. Hartl. 1989. Protein and amino acid metabolism after injury. Diabetes/Metabolism Review 5:149-164.

Wright, C. J. 1974. Regional effects of hypovolemia and resuscitation with whole blood, saline, or plasma. Journal of Surgical Research 18:9-15.

Xu, Y. X., M. W. Wichmann, A. Ayala, W. G. Cioffi, and I. H. Chaudry. 1997. Trauma-hemorrhage induces increased thymic apoptosis while decreasing IL-3 release and increasing GM-CSF. Journal of Surgical Research 68:24.


Yamashita, M., and M. Yamashita. 1998. Responses of hepatic TNF-alpha mRNA to repeated hemorrhage in the conscious rat. American Journal of Physiology 275:E27-E31.

Yaoita, H., K. Ogawa, K. Maehara, and Y. Maruyama. 1998. Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by a caspase inhibitor. Circulation 97:276-281.

Yasuda, H., K. Kishiro, N. Izumi, and M. Nakanishi. 1985. Biphasic liberation of arachidonic and stearic acids during cerebral ischemia. Journal of Neurochemistry 45:168-172.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×

Yoshida, S., S. Inoh, T. Asano, K. Sano, M. Kubota, H. Shimazaki, and N. Ueta. 1980. Effect of transient ischemia on free fatty acids and phospholipids in the gerbil brain. Journal of Neurosurgery 53:323-331.

Young, J. S., D. Bassam, G. A. Cephas, W. J. Brady, K. Butler, and M. Pomphrey. 1998. Interhospital versus direct scene transfer of major trauma patients in a rural trauma system. American Surgeon 64:88-91.

Zalstein, S., and P. A. Cameron, 1997. Helicopter emergency medical services: Their role in integrated trauma care. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 67:593-598.

Zhang, B., and R. A. Roth. 1992. The insulin receptor-related receptor. Tissue expression, ligand binding specificity, and signaling capabilities. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267:18320-18328.

Zhang, R., A. Pinson, and A. Samuni. 1998. Both hydroxylamine and nitroxide protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 24:66-75.

Zhang, Z. G., M. Chopp, A. Goussev, and C. Powers. 1997. Tumor necrosis factor receptor expression following focal embolic cerebral ischemia in mice. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 17(Suppl 1):S531.

Zhou, Q., S. Snipas, K. Orth, M. Muzio, V. M. Dixit, and G. S. Salvesen. 1997. Target protease specificity of the viral serpin CrmA. Analysis of five caspases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272:7797-7800.

Zhu, C. Z., and R. N. Auer. 1994. Intraventricular administration of insulin and IGF-1 in transient forebrain ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 14:237-242.

Zhu, X. L., R. Zellweger, X. H. Zhu, A. Ayala, and I. H. Chaudry. 1995. Cytokine gene expression in splenic macrophages and Kupffer cells following hemorrhage. Cytokine 7:8-14.

Zingarelli, B., H. Ischiropoulos, A. L. Salzman, and C. Szabó. 1997. Amelioration by mercaptoethylguanidine of the vascular and energetic failure in haemorrhagic shock in the anesthetized rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 338:55-65.

Zollei, I., G. Karacsony, B. Baltas, and S. Nagy. 1989. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric lesions of rats. Acta Biologica Hungarica (Budapest) 73:357-362.

Zou, H., W. J. Henzel, X. Liu, A. Lutschg, and X. Wang. 1997. Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase 3. Cell 90:405-413.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 125
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 126
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 132
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 137
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 138
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 139
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 140
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 142
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 143
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 145
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 146
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 147
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 148
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 149
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 150
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 151
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 152
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 153
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 154
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 155
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9625.
×
Page 156
Next: A: Acknowledgments »
Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $48.00 Buy Ebook | $38.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Historically, 20% of all injured combatants die on the battlefield before they can be evacuated to a field hospital. Blood loss—hemorrhage—is the single major cause of death among those killed in action whose lives might otherwise be saved. Fluid resuscitation and the treatment of hypovolemia (the abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body) offer the greatest opportunity for reducing mortality and morbidity associated with battlefield casualties.

In Fluid Resuscitation, a committee of experts assess current resuscitation fluids and protocols for the treatment of combat casualties and make recommendations for future research. Chapters focus on the pathophysiology of acute hemorrhagic shock, experience with and complications of fluid resuscitation, novel approaches to the treatment of shock, protocols of care at the site of injury, and future directions for research.

The committee explicitly describes the similarities and differences between acute medical care during combat and civilian emergency trauma care. Fluid Resuscitation should help energize and focus research in both civilian and military emergency care and help save the lives of citizens and soldiers alike.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!