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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
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References

American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association , and National Council on Measurement in Education in press Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

American Institutes for Research 1998a Background Paper Reviewing Laws and Regulations, Current Practice, and Research Relevant to Inclusion and Accommodations for Students with Disabilities. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, July 23.

1998b Background Paper Reviewing Laws and Regulations, Current Practice, and Research Relevant to Inclusion and Accommodations for Students with Disabilities. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Palo Alto, CA, November 6.

1998c Background Paper Reviewing Laws and Regulations, Current Practice, and Research Relevant to Inclusion and Accommodations for Students with Limited English Proficiency. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Palo Alto, CA, November 6.

1998d Cognitive Lab Report. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, July 29.

1998e Designs and Item Calibration Plans for Including NAEP Item Blocks in the 1999 Pilot Test of the VNT. Washington, DC, September 1.

1998f Designs and Item Calibration Plan for the 1999 Pilot Test. Washington, DC, July 24.

1998g Linking the Voluntary National Tests with NAEP and TIMSS: Design and Analysis Plans. Washington, DC, February 20.

1998h List of Groups and Agencies with Interests in Issues Related to Inclusion and Accommodations for Students with Disabilities. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Palo Alto, CA, November 6.

1998i List of Groups and Agencies with Interests in Issues Related to Inclusion and Accommodations for Students with Limited English Proficiency. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Palo Alto, CA, November 6.

1998j Proposed Plan for Calculator Use. Washington, DC, July 23.

1998k Revised Inclusion and Accommodations Workplan. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, May 8.

1998l Score Reporting, Draft. Washington, DC, October 20.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×

1998m Summary of VNT Activities and Plans Related to the Assessment of Students with Disabilities and Students with Limited English Proficiency. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Palo Alto, CA, November 6.

1998n Test Utilization, Draft. Washington, DC, October 13.

1998o VNT: Report on Scoring Rubric Development.

1999a Cognitive Lab Report: Lessons Learned. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, March 23.

1999b Content Coverage and Achievement Level Reviews of Items Developed in 1997-1998. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, February 3.

1999c Field Test Plans for the VNT: Design and Equating Issues. Scott Oppler and Steve Ferrara. Unpublished document presented at February 25 meeting of Committee on the Evaluation of the VNT, Year 2 .

1999d Flowchart of VNT New Item Production Process. Unpublished document presented at Feb. 25 meeting of Committee on the Evaluation of the VNT, Year 2. February 11.

1999e Proposed Year 3-5 Research Plan. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, April 28.

1999f Report on the Status of the Voluntary National Tests Item Pools as of March 1, 1999. Prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board in Support of Contract RJ97153001. Washington, DC, March 30.

1999g Score Reporting, Scoring Examinees, and Technical Specifications: How Should These Be Influenced by the Purposes and Intended Uses of the VNT? March 31.

1999h Selected Item Response Theory Scoring Options for Estimating Trait Values. Wendy Yen. Unpublished document presented at AIR TAC meeting. April 8.

1999i Technical Specifications, Revisions as of June 18, 1999.

1999j Training Materials for VNT Protocol Writing, February/March.

1999k VNT: Counts of Reading Passages Using Revised Taxonomies, June 24, 1999.

1999l VNT: Forms Assembly Procedures and Technical Specifications, July 20, 1999.

1999m VNT in Mathematics; Proposed Outline for the Expanded Version of the Test Specifications, February 2, 1999.

1999n VNT in Reading: Proposed Outline for the Expanded Version of the Test Specifications, February 12, 1999.

1999o VNT Interviewer Training Manual.

1999p VNT: Issues Concerning Score Reporting for the Voluntary National Tests: Results of Parent and Teacher Focus Groups, April 27.

1999q VNT: Plans for Continuing Work in Score Reporting, July 27.

1999r VNT: Proposed Score Reporting Metrics and Examinee Scoring Algorithms for the Voluntary National Tests, July 20.

Anderson, R.C., and P.D. Pearson 1984 A schema-theoretic view of basic processes in reading. Pp. 255-291 in Handbook of Reading Research, P.D. Pearson, R. Barr, M.L. Kamil, and P. Mosenthal, eds. New York: Longman.

Cizek, G.J., P.A. Kenney, M.J. Kolen, C.W. Peters, and W.J. Van der Linden 1999 Final Report of the Study Group Investigating the Feasibility of Linking Scores on the Proposed Voluntary National Tests and the National Assessment of Educational Progress, May draft. Study commissioned by the National Assessment Governing Board. University of Toledo.


Donahue, P.L., K.E. Voelki, J.R. Campbell, and J. Mazzeo 1999 The NAEP 1998 Reading Report Card for the Nation. NCES 1999-459. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics.


Ercikan, Kadriye 1999 Synthesis Paper on VNT Pilot Test Design Features, June 16. Paper commissioned by American Institutes for Research. University of British Columbia, Canada.


Graesser, A., M. Singer, and T. Trabasso 1994 Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review 101:371-395.

Guerra, Michael 1998 The National Assessment Governing Board and Voluntary National Tests: A Status Report. November 19, 1998. National Assessment Governing Board, Washington, DC.


Hambleton, R.K., R.L. Brennan, W. Brown, B. Dodd, R.A. Forsyth, W.A. Mehrens, J. Nelhaus, M. Reckase, D. Rindone, W.J. van der Linden, R. Zwick

1999 A Response to ''Setting Reasonable and Useful Performance Standards" in Grading the Nation's Report Card. Paper presented to the National Assessment Governing Board, May 13. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×

Hanson, Brad 1999 Evaluation of VNT Pilot Test Design, May 7. Paper commissioned by American Institutes for Research. ACT, Inc., Iowa City, IA.

Hoffman, R.G., and A.A. Thacker 1999 Evaluation of the Quality of the Voluntary National Test Item Pool: Content, Craftsmanship, and Achievement Level. Prepared for the Committee on the Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2 in Support of Contract EDUC-2487-99-001. May. Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, VA.

Johnson, Eugene G. 1999a Revised Plans for Linking the Voluntary National Test with NAEP, June 11. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ.

1999b VNT Pilot Design Features, May 28. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ.


Kintsch, W. 1988 Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.


Lorch, R.F., and R. van den Broek 1997 Understanding reading comprehension: Current and future contributions of cognitive science. Contemporary Educational Psychology 22(4):213-247.


Mazzeo, J. 1999 Increasing Participation of Special Needs Students in NAEP: Results of the 1996 Research Study. Unpublished document presented at the National Assessment Governing Board meeting. August 7. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ.


National Academy of Education 1993 Setting Performance Standards for Student Achievement, Robert Glaser, Robert Linn, and George Bohrnstedt, eds. Panel on the Evaluation of the NAEP Trial State Assessment. Stanford, CA: National Academy of Education.

National Assessment Governing Board 1998a Voluntary National Test: Inclusions and Accommodations for Test Development. Policy Statement. Draft, July 7.

1998b Voluntary National Test in 4th Grade Reading: Test Specifications Outline. March 7.

1998c Voluntary National Test in 8th Grade Mathematics: Test Specifications Outline. March 7.

1999a Overview: Determining the Purpose, Intended Use, Definition of the Term Voluntary, and Reporting for the Proposed Voluntary National Test.

1999b Public Hearings and Written Testimony on Students with Disabilities and the Proposed Voluntary National Test: October-November 1998 . Synthesis Report. Draft, February.

1999c Public Hearings and Written Testimony on Students with Limited English Proficiency and the Proposed Voluntary National Test: October-November 1998. Synthesis Report. Draft, February.

1999d Public Hearings and Written Testimony on the Purpose, Intended Use, Definition of the Term "Voluntary," and Reporting of the Proposed Voluntary National Test. Synthesis Report. April.

1999e The Voluntary National Test: Purpose, Intended Use, Definition of Voluntary and Reporting. Adopted unanimously by the National Assessment Governing Board, June 23.

National Research Council 1997 Educating One and All: Students with Disabilities and Standards-Based Reform. Lorraine M. McDonnell, Margaret J. McLaughlin, and Patricia Morison, eds. Committee on Goals 2000 and the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities, Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1998a Letter to Secretary Richard Riley, U.S. Department of Education and Mark D. Musick, National Assessment Governing Board, from Robert M. Hauser and Lauress L. Wise, co-principal investigators, Evaluation of the Voluntary National Test. Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC.

1998b Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Catherine E. Snow, M. Susan Burns, and Peg Griffin, eds. Committee on the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1999a Grading the Nation's Report Card: Evaluating NAEP and Transforming the Assessment of Educational Progress. Committee on the Evaluation of National and State Assessments of Educational Progress, James W. Pellegrino, Lee R. Jones, and Karen J. Mitchell, eds. Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×

1999b Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Phase I Report. Lauress L. Wise, Robert M. Hauser, Karen J. Mitchell, and Michael J. Feuer, eds. Project on Evaluation of the Voluntary National Test. Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1999c Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Interim Report . Committee on the Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2, Lauress L. Wise, Richard J. Noeth, and Judith A. Koenig, eds, Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1999d High Stakes: Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation. Committee on Appropriate Test Use, Jay P. Heubert and Robert M. Hauser, eds. Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1999e Uncommon Measures: Equivalence and Linkage Among Educational Tests . Committee on Equivalency and Linkage of Educational Tests, Michael J. Feuer, Paul W. Holland, Bert F. Green, Meryl W. Bertenthal, and F. Cadelle Hemphill, eds. Board on Testing and Assessment, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Washington DC: National Academy Press .

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine 1997 Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda. Diane August and Kenji Hakuta, eds. Committee on Developing a Research Agenda on the Education of Limited-English-Proficient and Bilingual Students, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Paulsen, Christine 1999 Using Social Moderation to Link the VNT to NAEP, June 18. American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC.

Popham, James W. 1990 Modern Educational Measurement: A Practitioner's Perspective. Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.


Reckase, Mark 1999 An Evaluation of the VNT Pilot Test Design, May 12. Paper commissioned by American Institutes for Research. Michigan State University.

Riley, Richard 1997 Letter to the editor. Washington Post August 30:A26.


Shaughnessy, C.A., J.E. Nelson, and N.A. Norris 1997 NAEP 1996 Mathematics Cross-State Data Compendium for the Grade 4 and Grade 8 Assessment. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics.


Yen, Wendy 1999 Brief Comments on the Linking Feasibility Team Report, July 31. CTB/McGraw Hill, Monterey, CA.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×
Page 85
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×
Page 86
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×
Page 87
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Evaluation of the Voluntary National Tests, Year 2: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9684.
×
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In his 1997 State of the Union address, President Clinton announced a federal initiative to develop tests of 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics that could be administered on a voluntary basis by states and school districts beginning in spring 1999. The principal purpose of the Voluntary National Tests (VNT) is to provide parents and teachers with systematic and reliable information about the verbal and quantitative skills that students have achieved at two key points in their educational careers. The U.S. Department of Education anticipated that this information would serve as a catalyst for continued school improvement, by focusing parental and community attention on achievement and by providing an additional tool to hold school systems accountable for their students' performance in relation to nationwide standards.

Shortly after initial development work on the VNT, Congress transferred responsibility for VNT policies, direction, and guidelines from the department to the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB, the governing body for the National Assessment of Educational Progress). Test development activities were to continue, but Congress prohibited pilot and field testing and operational use of the VNT pending further consideration. At the same time, Congress called on the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the VNT development activities. Since the evaluation began, the NRC has issued three reports on VNT development: an interim and final report on the first year's work and an interim report earlier on this second year's work. This final report includes the findings and recommendations from the interim report, modified by new information and analysis, and presents our overall conclusions and recommendations regarding the VNT.

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