NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAG55-98-C-0046 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06879-7
Limited copies are available from:
Board on Army Science and Technology
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20418
(202) 334-3118
Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
Box 285 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20055 (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM
JOHN B. CARBERRY, chair,
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
JOHN C. ALLEN,
ICF Kaiser, Boston, Massachusetts
LISA M. BENDIXEN,
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
JUDITH A. BRADBURY,
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
MARTIN C. EDELSON,
Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa
SIDNEY J. GREEN,
TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah
PAUL F. KAVANAUGH, consultant,
Fairfax, Virginia
DOUGLAS M. MEDVILLE, MITRE (retired),
Reston, Virginia
JAMES W. MERCER,
HSI GeoTrans, Inc., Sterling, Virginia
WINIFRED G. PALMER,
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Frederick, Maryland
GEORGE W. PARSHALL,
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company (retired), Wilmington, Delaware
JAMES P. PASTORICK, GEOPHEX UXO,
Alexandria, Virginia
WILLIAM J. WALSH,
Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.
RONALD L. WOODFIN,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison
E.R. (VALD) HEIBERG, III,
Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia
Staff
TRACY D. WILSON, study director (until 6/99)
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, study director
GREG EYRING, consultant
ROBERT J. KATT, consulting technical writer
HARRISON T. PANNELLA, research associate
SHIREL R. SMITH, senior project assistant (until 3/99)
DELPHINE D. GLAZE, administrative assistant (since 3/99)
MARGO L. FRANCESCO, publication manager
BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WILLIAM "BUD" H. FORSTER, chair,
Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
THOMAS L. MCNAUGHER, vice chair,
RAND Corporation, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation, Charleston, West Virginia
GILBERT S. DECKER, consultant,
Los Gatos, California
ROBERT J. HEASTON,
Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Naperville, Illinois
E.R. (VALD) HEIBERG III,
Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia
GERALD J. IAFRATE,
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
KATHRYN V. LOGAN,
Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
JOHN H. MOXLEY III,
Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California
STEWART D. PERSONICK,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MILLARD F. ROSE,
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
GEORGE T. SINGLEY III,
Hicks & Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia
CLARENCE G. THORNTON,
Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey
JOHN D. VENABLES,
Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland
JOSEPH J. VERVIER, ENSCO,
Inc., Melbourne, Florida
ALLEN C. WARD,
Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
Staff
BRUCE A. BRAUN, director
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, associate director
MARGO L. FRANCESCO, administrative associate
DEANNA SPARGER, senior project assistant
ALVERA V. WILSON, financial associate
Preface
The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program (see Appendix A) was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee has evaluated a U.S. Department of Defense assessment of plans for the disposal of chemical agent identification sets—test kits used for soldier training. In its second year, the committee will provide recommendations on the midterm plans for the non-stockpile disposal program.
During its initial meetings, the committee received a number of briefings (see Appendix B) and held subsequent deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals, particularly Colonel Edmund W. ("Ned") Libby, project manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, and his staff, who provided technical information and insights during these briefings. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee's work.
This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC's Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the support of Director Bruce A. Braun, and the board staff. The chair is also particularly grateful to the members of this committee, who along with the study director, the committee support staff, and the publication staff, worked diligently and effectively on a demanding schedule to produce this report.
John B. Carberry, chair
Committee on Review and Evaluation of the
Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
William B. Bacon, consultant
John C. Bailar, University of Chicago
Joan B. Berkowitz, Farkas Berkowitz & Company
P.L. Thibaut Brian, (retired) Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Peter L. deFur, Virginia Commonwealth University
Elisabeth M. Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Donald E. Gardner, Inhalation Toxicology Associates
David S. Kosson, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
David P. Rall, (retired) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Michael J. Ryan, Bechtel Jacobs Co., LLC
Barry M. Trost, Stanford University
While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
Figures, Tables, and Boxes
FIGURES
1-1 |
Army photographs of four CAIS types, |
|||
2-1 |
CAIS disposal alternatives, |
|||
3-1 |
Comparison of acute lethal concentrations of CAIS chemicals and some highly toxic industrial chemicals, |
TABLES
1-1 |
Chemical Names and Formulas of CAIS Chemicals, |
|||
1-2 |
Characteristics and Biological Effects of CAIS Chemicals, |
|||
1-3 |
CAIS Types and Components, |
|||
1-4 |
Recovered CAIS Currently in Storage, |
|||
1-5 |
Potential CAIS Burial Sites, as Reported to Congress by the Army, |
|||
1-6 |
Status of Agent Destruction at JACADS and TOCDF, as of April 25, 1999, |
|||
2-1 |
Commercial Incinerator Facilities with Hazardous Waste Permits, |
|||
3-1 |
Properties of Sulfur Mustard and Lewisite, |
|||
4-1 |
Summary Evaluation of the Commercial Incineration Option, |
|||
5-1 |
Summary Evaluation of the Mobile RRS Option, |
|||
5-2 |
Summary Evaluation of the Fixed RRS Option, |
|||
5-3 |
Summary Evaluation of Selected Nonincineration Options, |
|||
6-1 |
Summary Evaluation of all CAIS Disposal Options, |
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACAMS
Automatic Chemical Agent Monitoring System
ACWA
Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment Program
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ATA
Alternative Technologies and Approaches Program
CAIS
chemical agent identification sets
CAMDS
Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
CWC
Chemical Weapons Convention
CWM
chemical warfare materiel
DAAMS
Depot Area Air Monitoring System
DCD
Deseret Chemical Depot
DRE
destruction and removal efficiency
ECS
Expedient CAIS Disposal System
EDS
Emergency Destruction System
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
GB
sarin (nerve agent)
HD
sulfur mustard, distilled
JACADS
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
MEA
monoethanolamine
MMAS
Multiple Munitions Assessment System
MINICAMS
Miniature Continuous Air Monitoring System
MMD
munitions management device
NEPA
National Environmental Policy Act
NRC
National Research Council
NSCMP
Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCB
polychlorinated biphenyl
PIG
package in-transit gas shipment
PINS
portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RRS
Rapid Response System
SCWO
supercritical water oxidation
TDG
thiodiglycol
TOCDF
Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
TSDF
treatment, storage, and disposal facility
USC
United States Code
UXO
unexploded ordnance
VX
a nerve agent