Index
A
Adaptive processes, 2, 3, 10-11, 23-25, 26, 30-32, 34, 56
cultural, 220
glia, 16
mathematical models, 47-48
neural network models, 16
technological aids, general, 5, 11, 29-30, 35, 63, 166-188,
see Technological factors for specific subcategories
theory, 47
Adenosine monophosphate, see AMP
Affect, see Attitudes;
Emotion
African Americans, 26, 27, 33, 192, 194
Alzheimer's disease, 2, 14, 15
anti-inflammatory drugs, 124
CREB levels, 118
hippocampus, 84-85, 89, 91, 92
homeostatic processes, 115, 116-117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129-130
neural circuits, 83, 84-85, 87, 89, 91-93 101, 105-106
neuron death, 15, 89, 91, 92, 120, 122, 123
oxidative stress, 122, 125, 126, 129-131
transplantation strategies, 101
Amygdala, 45
Animal colonies, 5, 56-57, 63, 134-135
Animal research, 5, 8, 20, 134-135
behavioral interventions, 7, 20, 122
behaviorally impaired animals, 97-100
estrogen replacement therapy, 97, 100
GluR receptor binding, 95
homeostatic processes, 121, 122, 125, 134-135
primates, nonhuman, 5, 51, 62, 238-250
neural circuits, 88, 90, 95, 97-100, 101-102, 104
oxidative stress, 130
synaptic processes, 88, 90, 97
transgenic models, 18, 20, 94, 99, 118, 134-135, 240, 244, 249
see also Primates, nonhuman
Apoptosis, 14, 15-17, 18, 19, 114, 119, 120, 122-131, 132
genetic factors, 123
intervention strategies, 121;
see also Antioxidants
plasticity and, 16, 114, 120, 123
see also Oxidative stress
Artificial intelligence, 55, 56
Asians, see Cultural factors
Assays, behavioral, 19
ATMs, see Automated teller machines
cultural factors, 224, 225-226
driving motor vehicles, 175-176
nonneurological diseases and, 195, 196, 197, 201-202, 205
research recommendations, 56, 160
technological aids, 175-176, 179, 180
Attitudes, 230
decision making, (146.n1)
motivation, 25, 31, 34, 44, 152
toward technology, 29-30
see also Cultural factors;
Emotion;
Psychological factors
Auditory perception, see Hearing
Automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180
Automobiles, see Driving motor vehicles
B
Bayesian inference, 48
BDNF, see Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Behavioral factors, ix-x, 2, 4, 5, 13, 39-40
animals, behavioral interventions, 7, 20, 122
animals, behaviorally impaired, 97-100
assays, 19
dynamic factor analysis, 49
homeostatic processes and, 121-122, 134, 135
interventions, 6-8, 13, 17, 20, 121-122, 134
environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122, 134
physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194
life experiences, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22-23, 25-29, 34
models and, 49-50
multivariate analysis, 52-53
physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194
see also Diet
regional changes in the brain, 45-46
research recommendations, 3, 4, 5, 17-18, 19-20, 35, 51, 52, 55, 56, 61
structure of the mind, 5, 37, 45-47, 49-50, 51, 52-53
theory development, 46-47
see also Cultural factors;
Psychological factors;
Social factors
Behavioral science, ix-x, 1, 8-11, 19
conceptual framework, 9-11
Biochemical processes, general, 7, 19
free radicals, 15-16, 17, 114, 123, 125
homeostatic processes, 116, 130
hypertension, 199
interventions, 17-18;
see also Drugs
memory loss, 15, 83-85, 87, 88-89, 92-94, 97-100
neural circuits, 15, 84, 85, 87-89, 92-99, 101-102, 105
neuroanatomy and, 83-85, 95, 97-100
neurotoxicity, 117, 122, 123, 126, 190, 192
see also Apoptosis;
Inflammation;
Molecular processes;
Oxidative stress;
Receptor-mediated processes
Black persons, see African Americans
Blood flow, 51, 193-194, 199, 238, 242, 243
Blood pressure, see Hypertension;
Low blood pressure
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 118, 119, 121
C
Cardiovascular system, 42-43, 192, 193-203, 205
cognitive functioning, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-203
hormones, 43
hypertension, 42-43, 192, 193, 194-201, 203
intervention strategies, 44, 192, 198, 200, 202-203
low blood pressure, 200-201
myocardial infarction, 192, 202, 205
stroke, 6, 49, 62-63, 193, 194, 202
see also Hypertension;
Low blood pressure;
Stroke
Caudate nucleus, 45
Cellular processes, 12-13, 19-20
see Apoptosis
stem cells, 102-103
T cells, 131-133
see also Genetic factors;
Homeostasis;
Neurons
Cerebellum, 45
Chemical processes, see Biochemical processes
Chip technology, 19
global positioning systems, 169
Cognition in context, 2, 3, 9-10, 13, 18, 21-36
see also Behavioral factors;
Cultural factors;
Social factors;
Technological factors
Cognitive functioning and performance, 1, 7, 23-24, 37
cardiovascular diseases, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-203
conceptual framework, 9
decision processes and judgment, 9, 29, 31-32, 144-165
education and training, 26-27
executive functions, 52, 190, 195, 196, 201-202, 206
health status, nonneurological, 27-28, 42-44, 189-207 (passim)
hypertension, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-202, 203
life histories, variations, 38-39
low blood pressure, 200-201
problem-solving processes, 24, 25, 31, 146-151
research recommendations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17-19, 30-36, 50-53
theory development, 46-47, 146
see also Cultural factors;
Health status;
Social factors;
specific functions (e.g., Attention; Language abilities; Memory)
Cognitive science, general, ix-x, 1, 9, 11, 12, 21, 55, 59
conceptual framework, 9-11
models and theories, 1, 8, 46-50
social factors, 34-35
technological aids, 180-181
Collaboration across institutes, 5-6, 60, 62-63
Computer technology
automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180
Connectionist models, 48-49, 124
Control theory, 179
Cortical processes, 15, 45, 88, 116-117, 246-247
GABA, 84
life experiences and, 22
neural circuits, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104
neurogenesis, 104
Cross-sectional studies, 2, 38, 49, 57, 58, 59, 189
dynamic factor analysis, 49
hypertension, 194-195, 199, 200-201
Cultural factors, 2, 13, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 33, 39-40, 218-237
adaptive processes, 220
Asians, 27, 221-225, 226-227, 228-229 230-231, 232
concepts about aging across cultures, 21-22, 221-224
cultural learning, 218
culturally bound theories, 225, 228-22
cultural psychology, 219-221, 225, 233
decision making, (146.n1)
defined, 219
European background, 27, 223-224, 228-229, 230, 232-233
inference, means of, 224, 225-226, 229-230, 231, 232
language, contextual effects, 225-229, 232
research recommendations, 3, 32-35, 56, 231-233
see also Race/ethnicity;
Social factors
Cyclic AMP response element binding protein, see CREB
D
Databases, 57-61
Decision processes, 31-32, 144-165
competence criteria, 156-160
conceptual framework, 9
cultural factors, (146.n1)
financial, 144, 145, 147, 153, 155, 158
heuristic processing, 146-151
medical and surgical treatments, decisions regarding, 145, 147, 148 , 149-150, 156-157, 158-159
see also Judgment;
Problem-solving processes
Dementia, 11, 14, 92, 117, 120, 193
see also Alzheimer's disease
Diabetes mellitus, 42, 192, 197, 198, 201, 202
antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191
caloric restriction studies, 133
hypertension, 194
nutritional supplements, 18, 129
Diseases, see Alzheimer's disease;
Cardiovascular system;
Dementia;
Diabetes mellitus;
Health status;
Hypertension;
Parkinson's disease
decision making, (146.n1)
three-dimensional sound, 172-173
variable message signs, 172
free radical damage, 125
Driving motor vehicles, 41, 145, 168-179 (passim)
Drugs
antihypertensive agents, 192, 198, 203
anti-inflammatory agents, 117, 124
estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 32, 96-97, 100, 104, 244
nonprescription, 18
nutritional supplements, 18, 129
Dynamical systems theory, 47-48
Dynamic factor analysis, 49
E
Education and training, 18, 26-27
educational attainment, 26, 28, 32-33, 56, 192, 196-197, 198, 200
structure of the mind and, 4, 26-27, 42
technological aids, professional education, 27, 167, 181
Electroencephalography, 45
Electron microscopy, 19, 88, 90
Electrophysical techniques, 17-18, 19, 44-45, 52, 61-62, 243, 248
neural circuits and memory, 84, 85, 89
Embryonic tissue transplantation, 100-103
decision processes and, 150, 151-156
motivation, 25, 31, 34, 44, 152
see also Attitudes
cardiovascular disease and, 43
corticosteroids, 104
estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 32, 96-97, 100, 104, 244
Environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122
Epidemiologic research, 18, 116, 195, 201, 205
see also Cross-sectional studies;
Longitudinal studies
Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 32, 96-97, 100, 104, 244
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
European cultural background, 27, 223-224, 228-229, 230, 232-233
Executive functions, 52, 190, 195, 196, 201-202, 205-206
Exercise, see Physical exercise
Eyes, see Visual perception
Eye trackers, 170
F
Financial decision processes, 144, 145, 147, 153, 155, 158
automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180
fMRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging
Free radicals, 15-16, 17, 114, 123, 125
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, see Magnetic resonance imaging
animal colonies, 56-57, 134-135
caloric restriction studies, 133
clinical trials, 18-19
interdisciplinary research, 4, 36, 55-56, 62-63
G
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 84
GDNF, 102
Gender differences, 32
hypertension, 194
Genetic factors, 9, 15, 33, 41, 123, 191-192
apoptosis, 123
DNA, 121, 125, 127, 130-131, 133
gene expression, 19, 84, 87, 92-93, 94, 95, 101-102, 130-131, 133, 244, 249
hypertension, 194, 195, 200, 201
intervention strategies, genetic engineering, 100-103, 249
magnetic resonance imaging and, 244
memory, 191
neural circuits, 84, 87, 92-93, 94, 95, 99-100
see also ''mRNA" supra
sensory-motor functions, 191
stem cells, 102-103
transcription, 118, 119, 120, 124
transgenic animal models, 18, 20, 94, 99, 118, 134-135, 240, 244, 249
Glia
oxidative stress, 124-125
Global changes in the brain, 19, 240, 248
depression, 44
Global positioning systems, 169
Glutamate receptors (GluRs), 95-96, 98
Group membership, 25-29, 32-33
see also Cultural factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Socioeconomic status
H
Head-mounted displays, 170, 171-172
Health status, general, 27-28, 42-44, 189-217
attention effects of nonneurological diseases, 195, 196, 197, 201-202, 205
cardiovascular system, 42-43, 192, 193-203, 205
hypertension, 42-43, 192, 193, 194-201
low blood pressure, 200-201
myocardial infarction, 192, 202, 205
stroke, 6, 49, 62-63, 193, 194, 202
cognitive effects, 27-28, 42-44
diabetes, 42, 192, 197, 198, 201, 202
lifestyle and, 59, 189, 190-191;
see also Diet;
Physical exercise;
Stress, pschological
longitudinal studies, 189, 195-199 (passim), 201
medical and surgical treatments, 203, 205
decision processes regarding, 145, 147, 148, 149-150, 156-157, 158 -159
effect on cognitive abilities, 192-193
multivariate analysis, 52
research recommendations, 52, 59-60
Heart attack, see Myocardial infarction
Heuristic processing, 146-151
High blood pressure, see Hypertension
Alzheimer's disease, 84-85, 89, 91, 92
intervention strategies, 103-105
memory decrement, other, 84, 85, 86, 94-100 (passim)
neurogenesis, 103-105
Homeostasis, 15-17, 18, 114-143
Alzheimer's disease, 115, 116-117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129-130
animal research, 121, 122, 125, 134-135
behavioral factors, 121-122, 134, 135
biochemical processes, general, 116, 130
intervention strategies, 114, 116, 121-122, 134;
see also Antioxidants
molecular processes, general, 19, 114, 116, 135
plasticity, 16, 114, 118-119, 120, 123, 124, 134-135
receptor-mediated processes, 119-120, 123, 124, 125, 131-133
see also Apoptosis;
Inflammation;
Oxidative stress
Hormones, see Endrocrine system
Hypertension, 42-43, 192, 193, 194-201
antihypertensive agents, 192, 198, 203
biochemical processes, general, 199
cognitive functioning and performance, 42-43, 194-195, 197-199, 200 , 201-202, 203
cross-sectional studies, 194-195, 199, 200-201
diet and, 194
gender differences, 194
genetic factors, 194, 195, 200, 201
intelligence and, 195
intervention strategies, 192, 198, 200, 203
language abilities and, 195
learning abilities and, 195
longitudinal studies, 195-199 (passim), 201
I
Imaging data, 5, 13, 17, 44-45, 56, 61-62, 204
animal research, 5, 51, 57, 62, 63
primates, nonhuman, 5, 51, 62, 238-250
magnetic resonance imaging, 5, 19, 44-45, 51, 59, 61-62, 238-250
Inference, 48, 224, 225-226, 229-230, 231, 232
Inflammation, 15-16, 17, 18, 19, 114, 116, 119, 122, 124-125
anti-inflammatory agents, 117, 124
Infrastructure, research, 5, 56-62
Intelligence, 23-24, 38, 206-207, 218, 233
artificial intelligence, 55, 56
hypertension and, 195
sensory-motor decline and, 40-41
Interactive interfaces, 175-177, 179
automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180
Interdisciplinary research, 4, 11, 13, 34-35, 54-56, 62-63
nonneurological health status, 204, 205
sensory-motor functions, 42
technological aids, 35-36, 179-180, 181
Intervention strategies, 18, 19, 44, 85, 134-135, 192-193
anti-inflammatory agents, 117, 124
antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191
behavioral, 6-8, 13, 17, 20, 121-122, 134
environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122, 134
physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194
biochemical, general, 17-18;
see also Drugs
cardiovascular disease, 44, 192, 198, 200, 202-203
environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122
estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 32, 96-97, 100, 104, 244
genetic engineering, 100-103, 249
hippocampus, 103-105
homeostatic processes, 114, 116, 121-122, 134;
see also Antioxidants
hypertension, 192, 198, 200, 203
initiation of brain aging and, 121-122, 134
magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of, 244, 248-249
medical and surgical treatments, 203, 205
neural circuits, 17, 83, 85, 91, 100-105, 106
physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194
stem cells, 102-103
transplantation strategies, 100-103
see also Drugs;
Technological factors
J
heuristic processing, 146-151
L
Language abilities, 1, 8, 38, 45, 56
cultural factors, contextual effects, 225-229, 232
defined, 206
hypertension, 195
magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239
regional impacts on brain, 26
see also Hearing
Learning processes, 31
conceptual framework of study at hand, 9
cultural learning, 218
decision processes, 159
defined, 206
depression and, 43-44
hypertension and, 195
multiple-cue probability learning, 159
spatial, 98
see also Education and training;
Memory
Life experience
cognitive effects, 25-29, 38-40
life histories of cognitive functions, 38-39
neural health, 18
see also Cultural factors;
Health status;
Race/ethnicity;
Sensory-motor
functions;
Social factors
Longitudinal studies, 2, 5, 53, 57, 58-61, 63
neural circuits, 98
nonneurological diseases, 189, 195-199 (passim), 201
Low blood pressure, 200-201
M
Magnetic resonance imaging, 5, 19, 44-45, 51, 59, 61-62, 238-250
genetic factors, 244
intervention strategies, evaluation of, 244, 248-249
language abilities, 238-239
neurons, 5, 19, 44-45, 51, 59, 61-62, 238-250
neuropsychology, 242-243
neuroscience, general, 241-242, 248
sensory-motor functions, 238-239
visual perception, 238-239, 246-247, 248
Magnetoencephalography, 44-45
Markov models, 48
Mathematical models, 4, 47-50, 52, 54, 175
see also Imaging data;
Performance indicators
Medications, see Drugs
biochemical factors, general, 15, 83-85, 87, 88-89, 92-94, 97-100
connectionist models, 48
cultural factors, contextual information, 225-226
decision processes, 150, 151-152, 157
defined, 206
depression and loss of, 43-44
electrophysical measurement of neural circuits, 84, 85, 89
genetic factors, 191
hippocampus, 84, 85, 86, 94-100 (passim)
magnetic resonance imaging, 46, 238-239, 248
medical treatment, memory aids, 171-172, 173
phases of brain aging, 115-117
receptor-mediated actions, 84, 85, 88, 94-97, 99
regional changes in the brain, 84-86, 89, 91-92
social factors, 24
synaptic processes, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99
technological aids, 27, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 169, 171 -172, 173, 179
Microchip technology, see Chip technology
Mind, use of the term, 9-10
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity
Models and modeling, 1, 8, 18, 47-50, 59
cognitive science, general, 1, 8, 46-47
neural circuits/networks, 48, 89
person-environment fit, 24-25
sensory-motor functions, 41-42
sociocultural, 34
task structure, 2, 9, 10, 24, 31, 37, 181, 231-232
see also Animal research;
Theoretical issues
Molecular processes, general, 12-13, 17, 19-20
homeostatic processes, 19, 114, 116, 135
neural circuits, 84, 88-89, 92
regional changes in the brain, 45-46
see also Genetic factors;
Receptor-mediated processes
Monkeys, see Nonhuman primates
Motor functions, see Sensory-motor functions
Motor vehicles, see Driving motor vehicles
Multidisciplinary research, see Interdisciplinary research
Multiple-cue probability learning, 159
Multivariate analysis, 4, 52-53
Myocardial infarction, 192, 202, 205
N
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19
National Eye Institute, 6, 62-63
National Institute of Mental Health, 6, 62-63
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 6, 62-63
National Institute on Aging, ix, 1
cognition in context, 3, 30-36
neural health, 2-3, 17-19, 135
research recommendations for, 2-6, 17-19, 30-36, 50-53, 54-63, 135
structure of the aging mind, 3-4, 50-53
technological aids, 26
National Science Foundation, 36, 181
N-dimethyl-D-aspartate, see NMDA
Nerve growth factor (NGF), 7, 101
Neural circuits
Alzheimer's disease, 83, 84-85, 87, 89, 91-93, 101, 105-106
animal research, 88, 90, 95, 97-100, 101-102, 104
biochemical processes, general, 15, 84, 53, 87-89, 92-99, 101-102 , 105
cortex, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104
electrophysical measurements, 84, 85, 89
genetic factors, 84, 87, 92-93, 94, 95, 99-100
homeostatic processes, 114, 134
interdisciplinary research, 89, 97-100
intervention strategies, 17, 83, 85, 91, 100-105, 106
longitudinal studies, 98
molecular processes, general, 84, 88-89, 92
neuroanatomy and, 83-89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97-100, 105
primates, nonhuman, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104
technological factors, 84, 85, 89
see also Neural networks;
Synaptic processes
Neural health and neural functioning, 2-3, 12-13, 14-20
conceptual framework, 9
indicators, 17-18, 19, 23-24, 30-31, 41, 46-47
interventions, 18-19
research recommendations, 2-3, 12-13, 59, 135
Neural networks, 15, 17, 124, 134
apoptosis, 16
see also Neural circuits
biochemical processes and, 83-85, 95, 97-100
homeostatic processes, 125, 130
magnetic resonance imaging, 240, 241, 243, 248-249
neural circuits, 83-89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97-100, 105
see also Imaging;
Neurons;
Regional changes in the brain;
specific regions
Neurochemical processes, see Biochemical processes
Neurodegeneration, 15-16
see also Apoptosis;
inflammation;
Neural circuits;
Neural health and functioning;
Oxidative stress
Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT), 91-92, 93, 115, 116
Neurons, 2-3, 10, 12-13, 19-20, 41, 51-52, 84, 86-87, 97-98, 116-117
embryonic, transplantation of, 100-103
environmental enrichment, 121-122
estrogen, impacts on plasticity, 32, 97
intracellular processes, 84, 87-88, 89, 91-92, 123, 128
loss of, 2, 14, 15, 17, 51, 86, 87-88, 89, 91-92, 105-106, 117-118 , 121-131;
see also Apoptosis
Alzheimer's disease, 15, 89, 91, 92, 120, 122, 123
magnetic resonance imaging, 5, 19, 44-45, 51, 59, 61-62, 238-250
neurogenesis, 7, 15, 17, 103-105, 121
regional changes in the brain, 45-46
stem cells therapy, 102-103
see also Synaptic processes
Neuropsychology, 56, 99, 135, 205, 239, 242-243
magnetic resonance imaging, 242-243
testing methods, 45, 92, 190, 205-207
Neuroscience, general, ix-x, 8-11, 14-20
behavioral science and, 1, 19, 22, 46, 55-56
cognitive science and, 1, 55-56
conceptual framework, 9-11
education in, 56
high-resolution measures, 4, 19
magnetic resonance imagery of nonhuman primates, 241-242, 248
research recommendations, 2-6, 11-12, 17-19, 34-35, 54-63 (passim)
structure of the mind, 3-4
technological aids, 180-181
Neurotoxicity, 117, 122, 123, 126, 190, 192
NFT, see Neurofibrillary tangles
NMDA (N-dimethyl-D-aspartate), 90, 94-95, 96, 97, 99, 125
Nonhuman primates, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104
Nonprescription drugs, 18
Nutrition, see Diet
Nutritional supplements, 18, 129
O
Oxidative stress, 18, 122, 123, 124-128
Alzheimer's disease, 122, 125, 126, 129-131
animal research, 130
antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191
see also Antioxidants
P
Performance, life activities, 9, 30-32
Performance indicators, 2, 17-18, 19, 23-24, 30-31, 41
theory development, 46-47
Personalized interfaces, 174-175
Pharmaceuticals, see Drugs
Physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194
Pituitary hormones, 191
homeostatic processes, 16, 114, 118-119, 120, 123, 124, 134-135
life experiences and, 22
synaptic processes, 88
Positron emission tomography, 44-45
Presenilin, 123
Primates, nonhuman, 5, 23, 51, 57, 241
imaging techniques, 5, 51, 62, 238-250
neural circuits, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104
Problem-solving processes, 31
heuristic processing, 146-151
Programmed cell death, see Apoptosis
Psychological factors
cultural psychology, 219-221, 225, 233
emotion, general, 30-31, 34, 151-156
motivation, 25, 31, 34, 44, 152
neuropsychological testing, 45, 92, 190, 205-207
neuropsychology, general, 56, 99, 135, 205, 239, 242-243
see also Attitudes;
Cultural factors;
Social factors
Psychomotor functions, see Sensory-motor functions
R
Race/ethnicity, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 58, 192, 198
African American, 26, 27, 33, 192, 194
Asian, 27, 221-225, 226-227, 228-229, 230-231, 232
European, 27, 223-224, 228-229, 230, 232-233
Receptor-mediated processes
glutamate receptors (GluRs), 95-96, 98
homeostasis, 119-120, 123, 124, 125, 131-133
MRI data, 240, 243-244, 248-249
TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor), 132-133
Regional changes in the brain, 19, 23, 45-46
behavioral factors, 45-46
language factors, 26
see also specific regions
see also mRNA
S
Sensory-motor functions, 1, 5, 8, 23, 25, 37, 38, 39, 40-42, 44, 52, 87, 116
conceptual framework, 10
defined, 206
driving motor vehicles, 41, 145, 168-179 (passim)
genetic factors, 191
intelligence and decline of, 40-41
magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239
models of, 41-42
multivariate analysis, 52
spatial perception, 98, 168-169, 172-173, 195, 202, 206, 246-247
technological support for, 29-30, 35, 42, 167, 168-181
walking, 168-169
see also Visual perception
Sex-based differences, see Gender differences
Signal transduction, see Transduction
Social factors, 22, 25-26, 27, 31, 34-35, 144-145, 228-229
conceptual framework, 9, 11, 13
decision making, (146.n1)
educational attainment, 26, 28, 32-33, 56, 192, 196-197, 198, 200
environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122, 134
independence, 144-145, 149-150
memory, 24
nonneurological diseases, 192
neurogenesis, 104
research recommendations, 3, 32-35, 56, 57-58
technology and, 30
toxins, exposure to, 192
see also Cultural factors;
Race/ethnicity
Socioeconomic status, 25-26, 27, 56, 192, 196-197, 198, 204, 207
Spatial perception, 98, 168-169, 172-173, 195, 202, 206, 246-247
Stem cells, 102-103
Stress, psychological, 28, 49, 191, 194, 198
Stroke, 6, 49, 62-63, 193, 194, 202
Structural factors (mind), 3-4, 9, 13, 37-53
behavioral factors, 5, 37, 45-47, 49-50, 51, 52-53
connectionist models, 48
high-resolution measures, 4, 19
research recommendations, 3-4, 19, 50-53, 56, 59
Synaptic processes, 16, 116-117, 125
life experiences and, 22
loss of, 14
memory, 84, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99
molecular processes, general, 88-89, 90
plasticity, 88
synaptophysin, 98-99
see also Receptor-mediated processes
Systems theory, 47-48
T
Task structure, 2, 9, 10, 31, 37, 181, 231-232
ambiguous tasks, 24
T cells, 131-133
Technological factors, 2, 8, 13, 22, 29-30, 35-36, 63, 166-188
adaptive processes, general, 5, 11, 29-30, 35, 63, 166-188
automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180
computer aids, general, 29, 48
decision processes, 172
displays, (146.n1), 170-173, 178
driving motor vehicles, 168-179 (passim)
electron microscopy, 19, 88, 90
electrophysical techniques, 17-18, 19, 44-45, 52, 61-62, 243, 248
hearing aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173
see also "automated teller machines" supra
Markov models, 48
memory aids, 27, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 169, 171-172, 173, 179
miniaturization, 168, 169, 170, 180
neural circuits and memory, 84, 85, 89
positron emission tomography, 44-45
professional training about aids, 27, 167, 181
research recommendations, 3, 12, 30, 35-36, 55, 177-178, 179-181
sensory-motor functions, general, 29-30, 35, 42, 167, 168-181
three-dimensional sound, 172-173
time perception, 154-155
visual perception, 166, 168-169, 170, 172-173, 177
walking, 168-169
see also Imaging data
Theoretical issues, 1, 4, 8, 58
adaptive processes, 47
cognitive functions and performance, 46-47, 146
cognitive science, general, 1, 8, 46-47
conceptual framework, 9-11
control theory, 179
culturally bound theories, 225, 228-229
cultural psychology, 219-221, 225, 233
decision processes, 146-155 (passim)
dynamical systems theory, 47-48
structure of the mind, 3-4, 9-11, 46-49
systems theory, 47-48
time perception, 154-155
see also Models and modeling
Three-dimensional sound, 172-173
Thyroid hormones, 191
Time perception, 154-155
TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor), 132-133
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Training, see Education and training
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, 45
Transcription, 118, 119, 120, 124
Transgenic animals, 18, 20, 94, 99, 118, 134-135, 240, 244, 249
Transplantation strategies, 100-103
Treatment, see Intervention strategies
V
Variable message signs, 172
Visual perception, 24-25, 40-41, 46, 206
magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239, 246-247, 248
spatial perception, 98, 168-169, 172-173, 195, 202, 206, 246-247
technological aids, 166, 168-169, 170, 172-173, 177
Vitamin B, 191
Vitamin C, 191
Voice, see Speech
W
Walking, technological aids, 168-169
see also Judgment