Index
A
Acid-base reactions, 106-107, 131, 133-134, 152, 164, 177, 180, 182, 184-185, 194
Adenosine triphosphate, 83-84, 85
Advection, 78-80, 114, 135, 177, 180-184 (passim)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 42, 53, 55-56, 57
Air Force (U.S.), 29
case studies, 117-120, 122-127, 153
definition of natural attenuation, 23
protocols, 213, 220, 223, 226-227, 229, 232, 234-235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245
American Indians, see Native Americans
American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235
American Society for Testing and Materials, 33, 215, 229-230, 232, 234-235, 237-238, 240, 241
definition of natural attenuation, 23
Anaerobic processes, 74, 75, 84, 120, 127-128, 152, 165, 194, 228, 231
case studies, 115, 117, 120, 127
halogenated aliphatic compounds, 93-98
hydrocarbons, 86, 87-90, 91, 93, 115, 117
inorganic compounds, 101, 103, 104, 105
Aqueous complexation, 23, 109-110, 135
Army Science Board, definition of natural attenuation, 23
ATP, see Adenosine triphosphate
ATSDR, see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
B
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), 5-6, 7, 13, 19, 21, 34, 68, 86, 87, 91-92, 138, 140
case studies, 115-117, 118, 126, 154
site modeling, 175, 181, 182-183, 184-185
Bhopal disaster (India), 43
Biodegradation, general, 22, 23, 31-32, 33, 65, 82-106, 127, 135, 138-139, 170, 171, 206-207
byproducts of chlorinated solvent biodegradation, 7, 39, 40, 127, 140, 167, 191, 228
case studies, 115, 118, 120, 124, 127, 130-131, 153
chlorinated solvents, general, 10, 12, 73, 93-99
hydrocarbons, general, 31-32, 73, 86-93, 115, 118, 130-131, 138, 152, 153, 164-165, 184-185, 194, 196-197, 207
inorganic contaminants, 88-90, 101-106, 131, 139
mass budgeting, 175-177
redox reactions, 82, 83, 107-108
site modeling, 10, 11, 12, 151, 152, 153, 164-165, 170, 171, 175-177, 181, 184-185, 191, 194, 196-197, 198
source removal, effects on, 73, 74, 75, 141
volatilization and, 84, 86, 102
see also Anaerobic processes
Brownfield programs, 27
Byproducts of natural attenuation, 7, 39, 40, 127, 140, 167, 192, 228
vinyl chloride, 6, 32, 39, 85-86, 120, 167, 191-192
C
California, leaking underground storage tanks, 30
Capping, 74
Case studies, 49, 71, 115-135, 136, 151, 152, 194, 200, 202, 229
Air Force sites, 117-120, 122-127, 153
anaerobic processes, 115, 117, 120, 127
biodegradation, 115, 118, 120, 124, 127, 130-131, 152, 153
chlorinated solvents, 119-126
Coast Guard site, 115-117
Department of Energy (Hanford), 134-135, 136
documentation requirements, 115, 117
footprints, 117, 124, 151, 153
metal pollutants, 131-133, 153
plume factors, 115-117, 118-119, 120, 122-123, 129, 130, 131, 133-135, 136
pump-and-treat approach, 115
redox reactions, 120, 127, 133-134
sampling techniques, 119, 120, 122, 129, 134
Chemical oxygen demand, 119, 120, 129, 151
Chevron Corp., 33, 215, 229, 234-235
Chlorinated solvents, 6, 68, 71, 107, 162
biodegradation, general, 10, 12, 73, 93-99
byproducts of biodegradation, 7, 39, 40, 127, 140, 167, 191, 228
vinyl chloride, 6, 32, 39, 85-86, 120, 167, 191-192
case studies, 119-126
dechlorination, 75, 93, 95, 97, 99, 107-108, 114, 120, 127, 128, 151, 152, 166-167, 168, 223, 227, 192-193
engineering remediation, 73, 74
footprints, 12, 124, 166-171, 207-208
halogenated alphatics, general, 68
PCE, 68, 93, 95, 96-97, 114, 119-120, 227
protocols, 13, 16, 23, 214, 215, 219, 220, 222-244 (passim), 249, 251
state regulations, 16, 228-229, 232
TCA, 112, 123-127, 138, 152, 167, 245
TCE, 6, 32, 39, 42, 45, 48, 93, 94, 95, 97, 114, 120-127, 138, 151, 152, 153, 166-167, 170-171, 191-192, 227, 245
Chromium, 9, 69, 89, 102-103, 109
Citizen advisory committees, 56, 57
Citizen’s Environmental Coalition, 33
Classification exception areas, 229, 233, 236
Coast Guard, case study, 115-117
Co-contaminants, 10
Community advisory groups, 53-54, 56, 57
Community participation, 3-5, 14, 16-17, 37, 38, 48-61, 234-235
citizen advisory committees, 56, 57
community advisory groups, 53-54
cost of cleanups, 3, 24, 38, 39, 41, 53, 61
Department of Defense efforts, 4, 57-58, 60
documentation, 2-3, 5, 38-41, 58, 61
economic factors, other than costs of cleanups, 41, 45-46, 50, 233, 236
education of public, 49, 53, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247-248, 253
health effects, 37, 41, 42-45, 47, 48, 58
historical perspectives, 43, 50, 54, 59
institutional controls, 5, 39, 40, 50
leaking underground storage tanks, 53-54
metal pollutants, 40
mixtures of contaminants, 39, 45
monitoring of sites, 39, 40-41, 48, 52, 58
protocols, 14, 16-17, 55-56, 216, 217, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236-238, 247-248, 251, 252, 253
psychological factors, 41, 46-48, 58
regulatory issues, 3-5, 47-48, 53, 55, 59-61, 236
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 50
state-level actions, 50
Superfund sites, 33-34, 42, 43, 50, 51-52, 60
timing and other time factors, 5, 39, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 52, 58, 236
see also Public opinion;
Social factors
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, see Superfund
Contingency planning, 16, 21-22, 217, 218, 234, 237-238, 251, 252
funding, 39
community concerns/participation, 3, 24, 38, 39, 41, 53, 61
engineering bioremediation, 20, 24, 39, 41
protocol, training regarding, 18, 254
see also Funding
Native Americans, 46
D
Dechlorination, 75, 93, 95, 97, 99, 107-108, 114, 120, 127, 128, 151, 152, 166-167, 168, 223, 227, 192-193
Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids, 69, 71, 72
TCE, 6, 32, 39, 42, 45, 48, 93, 94, 95, 97, 114, 120-127, 138, 151, 152, 153, 166-167, 170-171, 191-192, 227, 245
Department of Defense, community concerns/participation, 4, 57-58, 60
Department of Energy, 105
model evaluation, 202-203
protocols, 13, 214, 224-226, 232-233, 234-235, 242, 244, 251, 253
uranium mill tailings sites, 32
Desorption, 23
Dichloroethene (DCE), 112, 120, 124, 126, 191
Dilution, 2, 22, 23, 34, 40, 221
Diseases and disorders, see Health effects
Dispersion, 22, 23, 40, 80-81, 78, 79, 114, 135, 180, 221
community concerns, 38
Dissolution reactions, see Precipitation and dissolution reactions
DNA, 82-83
DNAPLs, see Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids
Documentation, 1, 7, 10-12, 150, 207
community participation, 2-3, 5, 38-41, 58, 61
see also Models and modeling;
Monitoring requirements;
Protocols;
Sampling
Draft Guidelines: Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 228
Draft Region 4 Suggested Practices for Evaluation of a Site for Natural Attenuation (Biological Degradation) of Chlorinated Solvents, 223
E
Economic factors
community concerns/participation, 41, 45-46, 50, 233, 236
see also Cost factors;
Funding
Education and training
professional, 55
Engineered bioremediaton, 20, 60, 74-76
capping, 74
limitations of, 29, 25-26, 74-76
pump-and-treat approach, 20, 24, 24, 74, 115
see also Source zones and source removal
Environmental Protection Agency, 5
community participation, 5, 50, 51, 56-57, 61, 233-235
definition of natural attenuation, 23
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 56-57
protocols, 15-18, 33, 214, 221-224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236-244 (passim), 246, 248, 250-254 (passim)
RCRA Corrective Action Program, 29
Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Inventory, 25
see also Superfund
Evaporation, see Volatilization
Evidence, see Documentation;
Monitoring requirements;
Sampling
Ethylbenzene, see Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)
Europe, 42
F
Federal government, 221-228, 247, 254
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 42, 53, 55-56, 57
Army Science Board, 23
Coast Guard, 115-117
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 247
Geological Survey, 227
see also Air Force (U.S.);
Navy (U.S.);
Department of Defense;
Department of Energy;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Footprints, 10-12, 19, 114, 117, 124, 151-154, 188, 191, 205, 206-207
case studies, 117, 124, 151, 153
chlorinated solvents, 12, 124, 166-171, 207
mass budgeting, 159-160, 172, 173, 175-177, 180-185, 186, 187-188, 194, 199, 201-203, 206, 230
monitoring requirements, 151-154, 163-171
petroleum hydrocarbons, 163-165, 167, 167-171 (passim)
reaction, 163-171
see also Plume factors
Funding
community participation, 39, 57
contingency plans, 39
see also Cost factors
G
Geological Survey (U.S.), 227
Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites, 229-230
H
Halogenated aliphatic compounds, 8, 68, 87, 93-98, 138
Halogenated aromatic compounds, 8, 68, 87, 98-100, 138
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 43, 68, 88, 99-100, 127-128, 138, 153, 233, 251
Hanford site (Washington), 134-135, 136
Health effects, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 19, 128
see also specific carcinogens
community concerns/participation, 37, 41, 42-45, 47, 48, 58
DNA, 82-83
protocols and, 13, 15, 235-236;
see also Institutional controls
Heavy metals, see Metal pollutants
Historical perspectives, 20, 25, 26
case studies, 49, 71, 115-135, 151, 152, 153, 194, 200, 202, 229
community concerns/participation, 43, 50, 54, 59
intrinsic bioremediation/natural attenuation, general, 20, 21-22, 25, 26, 26-31, 32-33
protocols, 222
HMX, see Octahydro-1,3,5,7tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocene
Houston, Texas, 24
Hudson River, case study, 127-128, 153
Hydrocarbons, 8, 29, 66, 68, 138
anaerobic processes, 86, 87-90, 91, 93, 115, 117
biodegradation, general, 31-32, 73, 86-93, 115, 117, 115, 118, 130-131, 138, 152, 153, 164-165, 184-185, 194, 196-197, 207-208
oxygenated hydrocarbons, 8, 68, 87, 92-93, 138
MTBE, 29, 68, 92-93, 117-119, 138, 153
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 71-72, 92, 128-131, 138, 153, 233, 251
protocols, 13, 215, 219, 221, 227-228, 230-231
source removal, 73
see also Petroleum hydrocarbons
Hydrogeologic processes, 12, 14, 24, 65, 66-69, 73, 76-78, 128, 137
protocols, 14, 218-219, 222, 235, 239, 251
site modeling, 155-157, 163-165, 168, 173, 174, 184, 185-200, 205-207
see also Plume factors;
Transport processes
I
Immobilization processes, 1, 4, 7-10 (passim), 18-19, 34, 65-66, 88, 89, 90, 134-135, 137, 225-226
capping, 74
In Situ Bioremediation: When Does It Work?, 21
Interstate Technology Regulatory Cooperation Work Group, 246, 247, 249
Institutional controls
community opinion/participation, 5, 39, 40, 50
protocols, 14, 216-217, 224, 229, 234, 236-237, 251
Intrinsic bioremediation, see Natural attenuation/intrinsic bioremediation, general
L
Landfills, 20, 21, 42-43, 44, 48, 66, 68, 69, 201, 227
property values in vicinity of, 45-46
Language factors, community participation, 5, 55
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 26, 29
Leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 26, 27-30, 69
community involvement, 53-54
monitoring of specific sites, 151
Legislation, 1
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, see Superfund
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18, 26, 27, 29, 50, 221, 249, 250, 253
Toxic Substances Control Act, 25
Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 27, 32
see also Regulatory issues;
Superfund
Light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs), general, 69, 71, 72
M
Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 42, 45
Mass balance/budgeting, 159-160, 172, 173, 175-177, 180-185, 186, 187-188, 194, 199, 201-202, 206, 230
Metal pollutants, 6-10 (passim), 32, 66, 69, 81, 88-89, 102-103, 107-111, 114, 139, 140, 171
chromium, 9, 69, 89, 102-103, 109
community concerns, 40
Methods for Measuring Indicators of Intrinsic Bioremediation, 230-231
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), 29, 68, 92-93, 117-119, 138, 153
Michigan, Superfund sites, 43, 44
Microorganisms, see Biodegradation
Minnesota, 215, 227, 228, 232, 234-234, 243, 244
Minorities, Native Americans, 46
Mixtures of contaminants, 6, 10, 66, 127, 137, 171, 174, 206, 219, 223, 224, 226, 243, 248
Models and modeling
constructed models, 159-160
Department of Energy evaluation efforts, 202-203
quality control for, 195, 198-203
site, 10, 11, 12, 151, 152, 154-171, 172, 173, 175-177, 180, 184-200, 205, 206, 223
biodegradation, general, 10, 11, 12, 151, 152, 153, 164-165, 170, 171, 176-177, 180, 184-185, 191, 194, 196-197, 198
hydrogeologic processes, 155-157, 163-165, 168, 173, 174, 184, 185-200, 205-206
NAPLs, 156, 157, 161-162, 165, 175, 180-181, 184-185, 187, 201
plume factors, 162-163, 168-170, 181, 202, 207
statistical analyses, 162, 172, 173, 174-176, 178-179, 187-188, 195, 202, 204
solute transport, 154-171, 172, 173, 185-200, 208
sorption, 112
vadose zone, 77
Monitoring requirements, x, 5, 11, 12, 116, 140, 150, 203-204, 209-210
community concerns/participation, 39, 40-41, 48, 52, 58
leaking underground storage tanks, 151
protocols, 14, 16, 204, 210, 221-222, 234, 236-237
redox reactions, 82, 83, 107-108
see also Models and modeling;
Sampling;
Sustainability
MTBE, see Methyl tert-butyl ether
N
National Contingency Plan (1990), 21-22
National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 55
National Ground Water Association, 246
National Stakeholders’ Forum on Monitored Natural Attenuation, 41
Native Americans, 46
Natural attenuation/intrinsic bioremediation, general, 21
defined, 1, 21, 22, 23, 34, 39-40
efficacy of, specific pollutants/ processes, 8-9
historical perspectives, 20, 21-22, 25, 26, 26-31, 32-33
Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices, 231
Navy (U.S.)
protocols, 214, 220, 227-228, 232, 234-235, 238, 240, 244
source removal, 72-73
New Jersey, 43, 215, 228-229, 233, 234-235, 236
Niagara Falls, New York, see Love Canal
Nitroaromatic compounds, 8, 68, 88, 101, 138
Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), 69, 71, 73, 78, 113
site modeling, 156, 157, 161-162, 165, 175-176, 177, 180, 181, 184-185, 187, 203
see also Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids;
Light nonaqueous-phase liquids;
specific NALPs
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 247
Octahydro-1,3,5,7tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocene (HMX), 101
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (EPA), 56-57
Oxyanions, 9, 69, 89, 104-105, 139
Oxygenated hydrocarbons, 8, 68, 87, 92-93, 138
MTBE, 29, 68, 92-93, 117-119, 138, 153
P
P1, see Inorganic phosphorus
Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., 226, 227
PCE, see Tetrachloroethylene
Peer review, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 217, 220, 232, 235, 241, 253
Petroleum hydrocarbons, 31-32, 86, 87, 91-92, 153, 194, 196-197, 207
American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235
engineering remediation, effects of, 73, 74-76, 86, 87
footprints, 163-165, 166, 168-171 (passim)
protocols, 16, 23, 31-32, 215, 221, 227, 229-231, 232, 238, 234-235
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 71-72, 92, 128-131, 138, 153, 233, 251
see also Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
Leaking underground storage tanks
Phase transfers, 78, 81-82, 114, 181, 187-188
see also Soprtion;
Volatilization
pH levels, see Acid-base reactions
Pitman, New Jersey, 43
Plume factors, 12, 26, 29, 32, 66-67, 70, 71, 72, 97, 163-164
case studies, 115-117, 118-119, 120, 122-123, 129, 130, 131, 133-135, 136
protocols, 221, 226, 227, 228, 236
public opinion, 38
site models, general, 162-163, 168-170, 181, 202, 207
see also Footprints;
Transport processes
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 43, 68, 88, 99-100, 127-128, 138, 153, 233, 251
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 71-72, 92, 128-131, 138, 153, 233, 251
Precipitation and dissolution reactions, 103, 105, 106, 107-109, 114, 133, 135
Property values, see Economic factors
Protocol for Monitoring Bioremediation in Groundwater, 229
Protocol for Monitoring Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 229
Protocols, 2, 13-19, 32-33, 204, 213-254, 258
Air Force, 213, 220, 223, 226-227, 229, 232, 234-235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245
American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235
American Society for Testing and Materials, 33, 215, 229-230, 232, 234-235, 237-238, 240, 241
biodegradation, general, 223-224, 228, 229
chlorinated solvents, general, 13, 16, 23, 214, 215, 219, 220, 222-244 (passim), 249, 251
community involvement, 14, 16-17, 55-56, 216, 217, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236-238, 247-248, 251, 252, 253
contingency plans, 16, 217, 218, 222, 234, 237-238, 251, 252
criteria for appropriate, 216-220, 252
defined, 213
Department of Energy, 13, 214, 224-226, 232-233, 234-235, 242, 244, 251, 253
education and training, 14-15, 17, 18, 226, 242, 245-248, 254
engineered bioremediation, 240, 252
EPA, 15-18, 33, 214, 221-224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236-244 (passim), 246, 248, 250-254 (passim)
health effects, 13, 15, 235-236;
see also Institutional controls
historical perspective, 222
hydrocarbons, general, 13, 215, 219, 221, 227-228, 230-231
hydrogeologic processes, 14, 218-219, 222, 235, 239, 251
institutional controls, 14, 216-217, 224, 229, 234, 236-237, 251
leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 221, 250
monitoring requirements, 14, 16, 205, 210, 221-222, 234, 236-237
Navy, 214, 220, 227-228, 232, 234-235, 238, 240, 244
overview of, 220-242
peer review, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 217, 220, 232, 235, 241, 253
petroleum hydrocarbons, 16, 23, 31-32, 215, 221, 227, 229-231, 232, 238, 234-235
plume factors, 221, 226, 227, 228, 236
regulatory issues, 15, 16-17, 213, 229, 233, 234-235, 236, 239, 247, 248-251, 254
scoring systems, 15, 223, 242, 243-245, 253
social factors, 14, 16-17, 234-235
solute transport models, 195, 198-200
source removal, 235
state efforts, 29, 31, 33, 213, 215, 227, 228-229, 232, 233, 234-235, 236, 243, 244, 247, 248-250, 252-253, 254
Superfund, 221-222, 244, 249, 253
sustainability issues, 2, 13, 14, 17, 18, 217, 219, 224, 226, 237, 239-240, 251-252, 253
Psychological factors, 41, 46-48, 58
Public education, 49, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247-248, 253
Public opinion, x, 3-4, 24, 33-34, 37-48, 52-53, 54, 58-59
biodegradation, general, 40, 41
citizen advisory committees, 56, 57
dilution/dispersion approaches, 38, 58
health effects, 37, 41, 42-45, 47, 48, 58
plumes, 38
psychological factors, 41, 46-48, 58
volatilization approaches to remediation, 38
see also Community participation
Pump-and-treat approach, 20, 24, 24, 74
case study, 115
R
Radioactive decay, 22, 23, 112-113
Radionuclides, 9, 32, 66, 69, 81, 89-90, 105-106, 134-135, 136, 139, 152, 153, 179, 226
Redox reactions, 82, 83, 91, 93, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105-106, 107-108, 114
biodegradation, general, 82, 83, 107-108
case studies, 120, 127, 133-134
monitoring, 151, 152, 164, 166, 174, 191-192, 196
Regulatory issues, 1-2, 26, 29, 31, 34
chlorinated solvents, 16, 228-229, 232
classification exception areas, 229, 233
community concerns/participation, 3-5, 47-48, 53, 55, 59-61, 236
funding for engineering remediation, 39
Interstate Technology Regulatory Cooperation Work Group, 246, 247, 249
leaking underground storage tanks, 29
protocols, 15, 16-17, 213, 229, 233, 234-235, 236, 239, 247, 248-251, 254
site modeling requirements, 165, 208
source removal/containment, 71
see also Environmental Protection Agency;
Legislation
Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF), 215, 231, 233, 234-235, 238, 241, 243, 244
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 18, 29
community participation, 50
leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 26, 27
Restoration advisory boards, 4, 57-58, 60
S
Sampling, 10, 11, 150, 174, 195, 230-231
case studies, 119, 120, 122, 129, 134
health effects, sample size, 45
plume delineation, 162-163
professional training in, 247
Scoring systems, 15, 223, 242, 243-245, 253
Selenium, 9, 69, 89, 104, 109, 139
Site Screening and Technical Guidance for Monitored Natural Attenuation at DOE Sites, 224-226
Social factors, 3-4
protocols and, 14, 16-17, 234-235
psychological factors, 41, 46-48, 58
public education, 49, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247-248, 253
see also Community participation;
Public opinion
see also Chlorinated solvents
Sorption, 22, 23, 81, 88, 100, 102, 106, 110-112, 131, 135, 221
desorption, 23
site modeling, 192
Source zones and source removal, 10, 12, 14, 18, 23, 41, 58, 66, 68, 69-78, 140
biodegradation, effects of removal, 73, 74, 75, 141
chlorinated solvents, general, 73, 74-76
protocols, 235
regulatory issues, 71
site modeling, 160-162
South Glen Falls, New York, 128-131
Spatial factors, 156-157
site modeling, 156-157
see also Footprints;
Plume factors
Standard Guide for Remediation of Groundwater by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites, 23
State-level actions, 16, 29, 31
chlorinated solvents, 16, 228-229, 232
community participation, 50
leaking underground storage tanks, 28
protocols, 29, 31, 33, 213, 215, 227, 228-229, 232, 233, 234-235, 236, 243, 244, 247, 248-250, 252-253, 254
site modeling requirements, 166
Superfund programs, 3, 27, 33-34, 43, 44
voluntary cleanup/brownfield programs, 27
see also Regulatory issues
Statistical analyses
health effects, 45
time-series analyses, 162, 174, 178
site modeling, 162, 172, 173, 174-176, 178-179, 187-189, 195, 202
St. Joseph, Michigan, 120-121
Storage tanks, see Leaking underground storage tanks
Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act), 3, 18, 20, 21-22, 27, 29, 31
community concerns/participation, 33-34, 42, 43, 50, 51-52, 60
health threats, 42-43
protocols, 221-222, 244, 249, 253
remedial process, steps involved, 51-52
state programs, 3, 27, 33-34, 43, 44
Superfund Community Relations Handbook, 50
Sustainability issues, 2, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 73, 97, 103, 104, 106, 165, 172, 201-203, 205, 206, 208
protocols, 2, 13, 14, 17, 18, 217, 219, 224, 226, 237, 239-240, 251-252, 253
see also Monitoring
Sveso, Italy, 43
T
TCA, see Trichloroethane
TCE, see Trichloroethene
Technical Assistance for Public Participation, 57-58
Technical Guidelines for Evaluating Monitored Natural Attenuation, 227-228
Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water, 222-223
Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination in Groundwater, 226
Temporal factors, see Time factors
Tetrachloroethene (PCE), 68, 93, 95, 96-97, 114, 119-120, 227
Time factors, 7
community concerns/participation, 5, 39, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 52, 58, 236
definition of natural attenuation, 23
health effects, 45
monitoring, 140, 162, 174, 178, 203-204, 206-207, 229, 234
radioactive decay, 113
site modeling, 156-157, 162, 174, 178, 194
sorption, 111
source removal effects, 73, 76-77
Time-series analyses, 162, 174, 178
TNT, see Trinitrotoluene
Toluene, see Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)
Toxic Substances Control Act, 25
Training, see Education and training
Transport processes, 70, 78-82, 185-200
advection, 78-80, 114, 135, 175-177, 180-183 (passim)
dispersion, 22, 23, 38, 40, 80-81, 78, 79
[ALL]
see also Plume factors;
Sorption
Trichloroethane (TCA), 112, 123-127, 138, 152, 167, 245
Trichloroethene (TCE), 6, 32, 39, 42, 45, 48, 93, 94, 95, 97, 114, 120-127, 138, 151, 152, 153, 166-167, 170-171, 191-192, 227, 245
Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 32, 68, 101, 138
U
Underground storage tanks, see Leaking underground storage tanks
Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 27, 32
Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites, 221
U.S. Geological Survey, see Geological Survey (U.S.)
V
Vietnam, Agent Orange, 43
Vinyl chloride (VC), 6, 32, 39, 68, 94, 114, 120, 124, 126, 138, 167, 191-192
Volatilization, 2, 22, 23, 40, 81-82, 89, 103, 135, 180, 181, 221
public opinion, 38
W
X
Xylene, see Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)
