National Academies Press: OpenBook

Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000)

Chapter: Appendix A Biographical Sketches

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Biographical Sketches ." National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9841.
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Page 493
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Biographical Sketches ." National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9841.
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Page 494
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Biographical Sketches ." National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9841.
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Page 495
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Biographical Sketches ." National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9841.
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Page 496
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Biographical Sketches ." National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9841.
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Page 497
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Biographical Sketches ." National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9841.
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Page 498

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APPENDIX A 493 Appendix A Biographical Sketches Donald E.Gardner is president of Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Inc. He received his Ph.D. in environmental health from the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Gardner's research interests include environmental and occupational toxicology, immunotoxicology, pulmonary toxicology, and host defense mechanisms. He has worked in both the federal and private sectors, holding senior positions with the U.S. Public Health Service, the U.S. EPA, and industry. He was awarded the Society of Toxicology's 1992 Inhalation Toxicology Specialty Section Lifetime Achievement Award for Inhalation Toxicology, and he served as president of the society's inhalation specialty section, the metal specialty section, and the immunotoxicology section. He was also president of the North Carolina chapter of the Society of Toxicology. He is currently the chair of NRC's Subcommittee on Guidelines for Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Dr. Gardner is editor-in-chief of the journal Inhalation Toxicology, and is on the editorial board of Toxic Substance Journal and Environmental and Nutritional Interactions. Joseph F.Borzelleca is emeritus professor of pharmacology and toxicology in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology at Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia. He received his Ph.D. in pharmacology from Thomas Jefferson University Medical College. His research interests include the toxicology of food additives, pesticides, water contaminants, and biodisposition of chemicals including drugs. Dr. Borzelleca is past president of

APPENDIX A 494 the Society of Toxicology and past chair of the NRC Committee on Toxicology. He has served on several other NRC committees, including the Committee on Food Additives Survey Data, the Committee on Toxicology's Subcommittee on Disinfectants, and the Committee on Safe Drinking Water. He has also served on the editorial board of several scientific journals and on numerous national and international panels. David W.Gaylor is associate director for Risk Assessment Policy and Research and acting associate director for Research at the National Center for Toxicological Research. He received his Ph.D. in statistics from North Carolina State University. Dr. Gaylor is actively engaged in statistical design and the analysis of toxicologic experiments and quantitative risk assessments. He is a former member of the Environmental Health Committee of EPA's Science Advisory Board and currently serves as a member of the NRC Committee on Toxicology. He is on the editorial boards of Risk Analysis, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, and Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. Sidney Green is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Howard University. He received his Ph.D. in pharmacology in 1972 from Howard University, Washington, D.C. Dr. Green was director of the Division of Toxicological Research at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the Center for Food Safely and Applied Nutrition. He was also director of the Toxic Effects Branch in the Office of Toxic Substances at the Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Green has expertise in genetic toxicology and systemic toxicology. He is currently a member of the National Research Council Committee on Toxicology, and serves on the Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants. Dr. Green is past president of the American College of Toxicology. He is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Toxicology, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, and Human and Experimental Toxicology. Richard Horrocks is dean of the Faculty of Technology and director of research at Bolton Institute in the United Kingdom. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of East Anglia. His research focuses on industrial fiber durability and degradation, textile-fiber flammability and flame retardancy. Dr. Horrocks is a member of the Association of Professors and Heads in Textiles, United Kingdom, and the Fiber Society, U.S.A. He is also a member of several British standards committees. He has served on several committees of the Textile Institute (Professional and Educational Affairs Committee, Accreditation Committee, Examination Board) and British Apparel and Textile Confederation (Technical Committee, Textiles). He is on the editorial board of Fire and Materials and serves on the Committee of the United Kingdom Fire Chemistry Discussion Group of the Society of Chemical Industry.

APPENDIX A 495 Michael A.Jayjock is a senior research fellow and manager of Risk Assessment at the Rohm and Haas Company. He received his Ph.D. from Drexel University in Environmental Engineering and Science. His principal research interest includes the development of predictive and cost-efficient exposure models. He has served on the Integrated Human Exposure Committee of the EPA Science Advisory Board, Canadian National Research Council, Chemical Manufacturers Association, International Society of Exposure Assessment, and American Industrial Hygiene Association. He has also served on the NRC Committee on Advances in Assessing Human Exposure to Airborne Pollutants. Dr. Jayjock is currently a member of the Exposure Assessment Strategies and Risk Assessment Committees of the American Industrial Hygiene Association and chair of the Technical Issues Panel on Exposure of the Generic Research Program of the Chemical Manufacturer's Association. He is on the editorial board of the American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Sam Kacew is a professor in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Ottawa. He received his Ph.D. in pharmacology from Ottawa University. Dr. Kacew is a fellow of the Academy of Toxicological Sciences and recipient of the Velyien E.Henderson Award from the Society of Toxicology of Canada (1983), and the Achievement Award from the Society of Toxicology (1986). Dr. Kacew is a member of the Expert Advisory Committee, Canadian Network. Dr. Kacew is on the grants committee of the National Institutes of Health and has served on several national and international panels. He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health and an associate editor of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, and is on the editorial boards of several journals. James N.McDougal is a senior scientist at Geo-Centers, Inc. and associate professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Wright State University. He was previously employed as director of the Toxicology Division of Air Force Armstrong Laboratory. Dr. McDougal received his Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Arizona. His research focuses on dermal absorption, pharmacokinetic modeling, and risk assessment. He has served on several scientific panels for EPA, ATSDR, the National Toxicology Program, and the Air Force. He is the recipient of two “Paper of the Year” awards from scientific societies. Richard K.Miller is a professor of obstetrics and gynecology and environmental medicine at the University of Rochester. He is also Associate Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Director, Division of Research, School of Medicine and Dentistry. He received his Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology from Dartmouth Medical School and was a Fulbright (Distinguished Professor)

APPENDIX A 496 Fellow in 1988. He directs an NIEHS-funded New York Teratogen Information Service. His research interests, include vertical transmission of HIV-1 and reproductive and developmental toxicity of anti-HIV therapies, metal, and vitamins. Dr. Miller is past president of the Teratology Society. He served as chair of the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Program Review Committee, member of the Board of Scientific Counselors for the National Toxicology Program, and as chair of the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee on Retinoids. Dr. Miller has served on several NRC committees. Dr. Miller is currently the editor-in-chief of Trophoblast Research and serves on the editorial board of Placenta, Proceedings of the American Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, and Reproductive Toxicology. Robert Snyder is professor and chair of the department of pharmacology and toxicology at Rutgers University College of Pharmacy, and is associate director of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the State University of New York at Syracuse. His research interests include solvent toxicology, chemically induced bone marrow depression, liver toxicity, and chemical carcinogenesis. Dr. Snyder was the recipient of the 1987 Rutgers University Board of Trustees Award for Excellence in Research, winner of the 1990–1991 Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientists, and recipient of the 1996 Society of Toxicology Education Award. He is a councilor of the Academy of Toxicological Sciences and of the American College of Toxicology. Dr. Snyder served as president of the mechanisms section of the Society of Toxicology and a former president and vice president of the Middle Atlantic Society of Toxicology. He also served as chair of NRC's Committee on Alkyl Benzene Derivatives, chair of the COT's Panel on Psychochemicals, and as a member of several COT subcommittees. He currently serves as a member of the EPA's National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. He is also currently the chair of the NRC's Subcommittee on Chronic Reference Doses for Selected Chemical Warfare Agents. Gary C.Stevens is director of the Polymer Research Centre at the University of Surrey, United Kingdom. He is also managing director of the University of Surrey Environmental Body. Dr. Stevens received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of London. Dr. Steven's research includes work on the fire performance of materials including the mechanisms and role of flame retardants in resisting fire and reducing fire hazards and risks. Dr. Stevens has led two multidisciplinary research projects within the Polymer Research Centre on the risks and benefits of flame retardants and the effectiveness of the UK furniture fire regulations.

APPENDIX A 497 Robert G.Tardiff is president of Sapphire Group, Inc., a consulting group that focuses on hazard assessment, chemical interaction, risk assessment, and risk communication. He received his Ph.D. in toxicology and pharmacology from the University of Chicago. Previously, he was chief of the Toxicological Assessment Branch of the U.S. EPA and executive director of the NRC's Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards. Dr. Tardiff served as president of the Society for Risk Analysis and is an editor on a number of toxicology and environmental health journals. Mary Vore is a professor of toxicology and Director of the Graduate Center for Toxicology at the University of Kentucky. She received her Ph.D. in pharmacology from the Vanderbilt School of Medicine. Dr. Vore's research focuses on the hepatic toxicity of chemicals. She has served on the NIH Pharmacology Study Section and the National Advisory Environmental Health Science Council, the NIEHS External Review Working Group, and as president of the Society of Toxicology's (SOT) Mechanisms Specialty Section. She is a member of the NRC Committee on Toxicology. She has also served on SOT's Board of Publications and is currently on the editorial board of Drug Metabolism and Disposition. She has previously served on editorial boards of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Environmental Health Perspectives, and Toxicology.

APPENDIX A 498

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Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals.

It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks.

In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics.

Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

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