Reducing Intergenerational Poverty (2024) / Chapter Skim
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8 Children's Housing and Neighborhood Environments
8 Children's Housing and Neighborhood Environments
Pages 175-190
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Each respective section describes the housing and neighborhood conditions for low-income families and reviews the evidence on how housing and neighborhood factors are linked with intergenerational poverty. The final section provides evidence on specific interventions targeting these factors.
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From page 176... ...
Households with cash incomes below the official poverty line are more than twice as likely as nonpoor households to experience inadequate housing, and Native American, Black, and Latino households are disadvantaged relative to White households. Homeownership, which we discuss in greater detail below, is related to better housing quality (Haurin et al., 2002)
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SOURCE: Data from U.S. Census Bureau, American Housing Survey, 2019.
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Native American, Asian, Black, and Latino households are more likely than White households to be multigenerational and to include extended kin, and these arrangements may be beneficial for other outcomes (Cross, 2018)
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From page 179... ...
have lower home ownership rates than their counterparts further up the income distribution. Notably, White households with incomes below 50% of AMI are just as likely to be homeowners as Black households earning between 80% and 120% of AMI.
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Figure 8-3 shows housing cost burdens for 2020 by income, home ownership
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Renters are more burdened than owners, lowincome households are more burdened than higher-income households, and Black, Latino, and Asian households are more burdened than White households. Native American households experience slightly higher rates of housing cost burden than White households, but this fact is accompanied by significantly higher rates of overcrowding and lower housing quality in tribal areas (U.S.
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. Native American and Pacific Islander families TABLE 8-1 Families Without Housing, by Race/ethnicity, 2020 Race or Ethnicity Unhoused Families (%)
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. However, an experimental policy treatment showed that giving unhoused families permanent housing reduced homelessness, food insecurity, the number of schools that children attended, school absences, and child behavior problems (Gubits et al., 2018)
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Black and Native American children are more than seven times as likely and Latino children more than four times as likely as White children to live in neighborhoods with poverty rates of 30% or more (see Figure 8-4)
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However, understanding which aspects of neighborhoods matter most -- e.g., poverty levels, crime rates, labor markets, or residential segregation that
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This pattern holds for a range of outcomes including earnings, college attendance, incarceration rates, and teenage birth rates. Similar findings were documented for children who moved out of severely distressed public housing projects in Chicago (Chyn, 2018)
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. Some interventions aimed at increasing neighborhood opportunity and reducing residential segregation have proved effective at helping low-income families access better neighborhoods regardless of their racial background (Bergman et al., 2019)
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Then we discuss housing choice vouchers alone, which shows promising evidence for improving children's outcomes in the short term, specifically for unhoused families, but mixed evidence for addressing intergenerational poverty. (In Appendix C: Chapter 8, we give additional information on HCVs alone and housing assistance beyond vouchers, and we discuss the limited evidence on the effects of housing production, neighborhood improvement, and targeted initiatives for Native American families.
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The CMTO program, which provided customized services to families along with flexible financial assistance, resulted in a dramatic increase in opportunity moves: 53% of families assigned to receive CMTO services moved to highopportunity areas, as compared with 15% of families in the control group (who also received a voucher but without additional supports)
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. Still, for unhoused families in an RCT intervention, permanent housing subsidies like vouchers improved children's behavioral outcomes and increased school stability (Gubits et al., 2018)
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