Community Programs to Promote Youth Development (2002) / Chapter Skim
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9 Funding and Support for Programs
9 Funding and Support for Programs
Pages 265-296
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PART IV The Intersection of Practice, Policy, and Research
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But political support, public interest, and professional networks are also critical to sustain interest and promote the growth of these programs. As has been emphasized throughout this report, community programs for youth provide opportunities to facilitate their well-being and promote successful transitions to adulthood.
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Most of the new funding is supporting programs in elementary schools, with some in middle schools. Almost none of the new focus is at the high school level, although there was also a new, smaller infusion of funding for community programs to assist lower-income youth in gaining entry to the labor market.
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This chapter reviews the multiple and varied sources of funding available to community programs for youth and discuss other nonfinancial institutional support for these programs. It is by no means a comprehensive summary, but rather serves as evidence of the financial and political support that exists for the development and continuation of current and future program efforts.
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In interviews with 26 grassroots youth programs, service practitioners indicated that the time and resources devoted to fundraising represent their biggest administrative burden (Quern and Raider, 1998 )
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; federal competitive grants (25 percent) ; federal child care and child care food programs (none)
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to two entities that offer training and assistance to CCLC applicants and grantees and to the Afterschoo! Alliance, an alliance of government and private-sector partners that is dedicated to increasing public awareness of the need for such programs (Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 2001)
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The programs are based in existing youth centers and rely on participation of diverse public agencies, nonprofit organizations, and private employers focused on employment and training, education, housing, law enforcement, social services, and community development (U.S. Department of Labor, 20001.
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Consequently, whether the precise purpose is child care for school-age children and youth or prevention of teen pregnancy or welfare receipt, TANF is an important source of funding for community programs for youth (Kaplan and Sachs, 19991. Expert groups like the Center on Law and Social Policy (Greenberg, 1998)
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has been a pioneer in community programs for youth, with its decades-old 4-H program. Begun as a way to involve farm and other rural youth in constructive community activities, 4-H now runs programs in urban areas, contributing to positive outcomes for millions of young people every year.
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Most of what it offers for youth comes from either block or formula grants to states that can be used for community programs for youth or more specialized program grants administered from Washington, D.C., for such activities. In the former category are the Byrne Formula Grant Program ($508 million in FY 2000)
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Other accounts for public housing include funding for services that include community programs for children who live in public housing. HUD's Community Development Block Grant ($4.2 billion in FY 2000, is used to support community programs for youth.
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Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) offers a number of block grants that can be used for community programs for youth.
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Entitlement programs administered by DHHS also offer possibilities to states for support of community programs for youth. For example, Oregon, Tennessee, and other states have reorganized their Medicaid programs to obtain "section 1115 waivers," which enable the states to fund prevention and health promotion efforts at the community level in such areas as teen pregnancy, violence, and drug and alcohol abuse (English, 19971.
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established the Community Coalition Partnership Programs for the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy to demonstrate the communities can mobilize and organize resources in support of programs to prevent initial and repeat teen pregnancies. CDC awarded nearly $3.3 million multiyear cooperative agreements to 13 community programs, as well as provided technical assistance and training.
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This funding is often an important support for many local community programs for youth, particularly those for children younger than 13. These grants are provided to states and tribes to assist low-income families with child care.
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These objectives are being achieved in various ways. State initiatives include activities such as developing statewide web sites to link agencies and programs involved in youth development activities; involving youth in state policy decision making; developing a state framework for a comprehensive youth development policy; and providing state training opportunities for both youth workers and youth leaders.
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For example, as its after-school investment was ramping up to $85 million, it was undertaking implementation of its recent Proposition 10, which by popular vote created a 50-cent excise tax on tobacco products to be spent on early childhood supports and services, with revenues projected at $690 million for FY 2000 (California School Boards Association, 1999a)
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At the local level, Boston is an example of a city devoting major attention to expanding the quantity and quality of community programs for youth, with its 2:00 to 6:00 After-Schoo! Initiative.
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. A number of states and localities have adopted innovative forms of financing for community programs for youth.
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· Other innovative ideas continue to be developed: San Francisco uses fees from real estate developers, Massachusetts sells a special "Invest in Children" license plate, and Colorado offers a voluntary contribution check-off on income tax forms to finance improvements in child care. The New York State Youth Bureau system has also developed a youth development framework for much of its cross-departmental funding.
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Charter schools are more than just a financing idea; they enable schools and the community programs to share the mission of adolescent development. Foundations Foundations, especially local foundations, have supported national youth-serving organizations and settlement houses for decades.
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. The DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund also undertook an extended schools initiative that in the last half of the 1990s awarded over $13 million to support 20 communities-in each adopting one of three nationally recognized extended-service school models: Beacons Bridges to Success (originally undertaken by the United Way of Central Indiana)
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Two important foundation actors with a specific focus on the outof-schoo! hours at the present time are the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and the Open Society Institute (OSI)
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National Youth-Serving Organizations National youth-serving organizations serve as an important support for community programs for young people because they are catalysts for a significant flow of funding to their local "franchisees." The Carnegie Council found that there were over 17,000 youth development organizations in the United States, only several thousand of which were indepen
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Many pr~vate-sector companies make contributions to community programs for youth based in the places where they do substantial business or have major activities. For example, City Year, a youth-service program originally based in Boston and now operating in over a dozen cities, is supported by over a hundred companies that have invested over $40 million in it since its founding in 1988.
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FUNCTIONAL SUPPORTS More assured funding is vital to deal with all of the limitations and structural problems that community programs for youth face, but money alone will not solve the problems. More money may provide higher wages and reduce turnover, but institutional mechanisms need to be created to achieve stability.
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National Technical Assistance and Policy Organizations The Center for Youth Development and Policy Research has helped community programs for youth in multiple ways. One example is Community YouthMapping, which as of mid-2000 had youth "mapping" their communities' youth needs and programs in over 30 communities.
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The Federal Grants Manual for Youth Programs: A Guide to Youth Risk Behavior Prevention Funding, Volume I is a comprehensive listing of federal grants available from the Department of Health and Human Services to states, organizations, and individuals to help youth avoid unhealthy risk behaviors. Volume II, contains listings of federal grants available from other cabinet-level departments and agencies to states, organizations, and individuals to help youth avoid unhealthy risk behaviors T· ~ raining Preservice and inservice education and training are important functional supports for youth workers to develop skills in working with adolescents, instill the values of youth development among staff, and to promote a professional career development.
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SUMMARY Policy and instrumental support for community programs for youth improved considerably during the decade of the 1990s. Almost a billion dollars of new annual federal funds for these activities has been added over the past eight years.
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National, state, and local policy, practice, and research organizations are involved in supporting programs in their efforts to promote adolescent development. Despite all of this good news, barriers still exist to improving and increasing opportunities for all young people to benefit from community programs.
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There has just begun to be consistent efforts to bring federal agencies together around a developmental perspective extending through adolescence, but it remains to be seen whether the new federal leadership will continue to support these efforts. The future success of community programs for youth in promoting adolescent development and well-being and the successful transition to adulthood is dependent on consistent, reliable, and broad-based support at the federal, state, and community levels.
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