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From page 393... ... . momtormg/ structure , age -appropriate , 9, 90, 93, 94, 117, 130, 301 peers, 47, 49, 50, 54, 60, 102-103 puberty onset, 52-55 393 Read the entire page →
From page 394... ... Index misogyny, 33 parental, 166 school transitions, 62-63, 64 staff of programs, 131 B Belongingness, 8, 9, 32, 43, 59, 81, 90, 96-99, 117, 132-133, 191, 239, 250, 301 see also Peers and friends alcohol and drug abuse, 97, 155 cultural factors, 97-99, 326-327 experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155; see also "metaanalyses..." below gangs, 23-24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275 gender factors, 132 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165 religious affiliation, 98-99, 132 TI7e Best of Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and tile VDell-Being of Children and Families, 336 Bicultural Competence Skills program, 151 Big Brothers/Big Sisters, 12, 95-96, 132, 151, 170-171, 173, 187-189, 190-191, 220, 307 Biological factors, 46, 49, 51-56, 315-316, 321-322, 338 brain development, 56, 316, 338 puberty onset, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 316, 335-336 Black persons, 23, 143, 283 belongingness, 98 ceremonial celebrations, 124-145 educational progress, 26 homicide, 27-28 intellectual development, 76 parents, 111-112 psychological and emotional development, 80-81 puberty onset, 53, 54-55 smoking, 27 Read the entire page →
From page 395... ... Index Block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277-278, 279, 280 Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, 290 Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 76, 107, 124, 274, 275, 290 Brain development, 56, 316, 338 Brainpower Program, 151 Bullying, 5, 9, 152, 170, 173 Bullying Prevention Program, 152, 170, 173 Byrne Formula Grant Program, 275 C Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 22, 107, 125, 128, 289-290 Catholic Charities, 142-143 Center for Youth Development, 263-264 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 279 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262 Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 288 Charter schools, 285-286 Child abuse and neglect, 188, 238-239, 249, 278, 281, 340-341 Child Care and Development Block Grant, 280 Child care services, 283 Child Development Project, 153 Children at Risk, 276 Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance, 336-337 Children, Youth, and Families At-Risk Initiative and Evaluation Collaboration Project, 245 Children's Aid Society, 141 Cognitive factors, 6, 7, 8, 29, 56-58, 65, 91, 107, 108, 135, 300, 321 see also Decision making; Education adventure programs, 179 gender, 76, 77-78 meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 153, 157, 159, 162, 166, 176, 177, 179 395 nutrition, 74-75 peer interactions, 59 physical activity and sports and, 109110 school transitions, 63, 64 structured supervision, 91 surveys, 236, 244, 246-247, 248 well-bein~ general 73 74 76-79 in, ~ , , , Communities That Care, 138-139 Community Change for Youth Development, 140 Community Counts, 123, 124, 131 Community Health Centers, 278 Community Impact! , 123, 125, 130-131, 137, 291 Community Network for Youth Development, 255-256 Community service, see Volunteer programs Community Services Block Grants, 278 Computer applications, 153, 185, 271 geographic information systems, 247, 263 Internet, 18, 37 Conservation Corps, 274 Contraception and contraceptives, 237 funding for programs, 278-279 historical perspectives, 25, 26-27 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 161, 163 Cooperative Extension Service, 244-245 Coning and Sunnort Training 153 Coping with Stress Course, 153, 169, 171 Corporation for National and Community Service, 273 Cost factors, see Economic factors; Funding Counselor-CARE, 153 Creating Lasting Connections, 154 Crime, 2, 269 see also Alcohol and drug abuse; Violence administrative data, 233-234 child abuse and neglect, 188, 238-239, 249, 278, 281, 340-341 funding for anti-crime programs, 13, 275-276, 281 Read the entire page →
From page 396... ... 396 gangs, 23-24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275 homicide, 27-28 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 155, 158, 161, 173 peer influences, 60; see also "gangs above survey data, 237, 238, 239, 249 voluntary structured activities and, 30 Cultural factors, 9, 22, 33, 35, 37, 47, 85, 87, 88, 90, 114, 135, 136, 305, 316, 320, 325-327 see also Ethnographic/anthropological approaches; Race/ethnicity; Racism; Religious/spiritual factors and programs belongingness, 97-99, 326-327 ceremonies, 126, 143-145, 325 Community Impact! , 125 comprehensive evaluations, 220 efficacy and mattering, 105-106, 108 intellectual development and, 77 mattering, 105-106, 108 meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 151 model program evaluations, 185 multiculturalism, 2, 6, 7, 9, 50, 71, 74, 75, 78-79, 82, 90, 97, 98, 99, 107, 151, 165, 241, 248, 287, 301, 327 bilingual education, 276-277 experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155 school curricula, 97, 108, 276-277 norms, 102, 112 organizational, 112 parent-child relations, 61, 96, 111-112 self-efficacy, 105-106, 108 skill building, 106-107 structure, levels of, 93 survey data, 235, 241, 248 well-being, universality us cultural specificity, 67-68 Index D Dance, 121, 124, 133, 136, 303 Data collection, 11-12, 17-18, 83, 124, 228-264,308,312-314,338-339 ,, see also Administrative data; Experimental studies; Longitudinal studies; Methodological issues; Nonexperimental studies; Surveys committee study methodology, 5 recommendations, 11-12, 17-18, 312314 social indicator data, 12, 68-69, 75, 82-83, 197-264, 312-314; see also Longitudinal studies; Surveys Decision making, 6, 7, 8, 27, 56-58, 79, 136, 335, 341 civic, 127-128, 250, 287 efficacy and mattering, 105-106, 134 employment planning, 46, 50, 51, 57, 65, 323 family, within, 92, 96 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 163, 164, 177 program design, adolescent participation in, 65, 134-135 well-being, general, 74, 76 Delinquency, see Crime Demographics, 22, 34 see also Age factors; Gender factors; Immigrants; Race/ethnicity; Rural areas; Socioeconomic status; Urban areas census data, 233 Demonstration programs, 140, 220, 221, 226, 275-276, 279 theory, 15, 226, 311 Department of Agriculture, 244-245, 274275 Department of Education, 13 21st Century Learning Centers, 20, 31, 270-271, 280, 281-282, 287, 288, 295 Read the entire page →
From page 397... ... , 168, 173,193 reading, 29,127,135,282 tutoring, 57,64,77,109,121,127, 135 peer, 109,161,164,165,185 well-being, general, 74 Educational attainment, 25,26,49,107108,236,299,339 see also Dropouts gender factors, 77-78 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26 puberty onset, age at, 54 staffing of programs, 131 unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29,30 Efficacy, see Self-efficacy Emotional factors, 2,5,6-7,8,9,38,7981,91,94,113,117,236,248, 301 see also Mattering decision making, 335 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150-165 (passim) , 172,176, 179 model program evaluations, 188 puberty onset, 46,51,52,55 self-regulation, 70,72,74,79,96, 103-104,150,151,154,159, 168,169-170,177,182,248 structured supervision, 91-92 theoretical perspectives, 70,37,74-75 Read the entire page →
From page 398... ... 398 Employment, 127,341 adolescent development and, 21,22 occupational safety and health, 339340 parental, 1, 33,133,283,297 planning, 46,50,51,57,65,323 school-to-work programs, 3,23,49, 273-274,277 skills for, adolescents, 2,6,48,51,65,74, 82-83,91,104-105,106,127, 136,163,174-175,185,192193,269,273-274,277-278 school-to-work programs, 3,23, 49,273-274,277 staff of programs, 131,286-287, 291-292,293-294,307; see also Technical assistance welfare-to-work strategies, 273-274 women, 36-37 ENABL, 154 Erikson, Eric, 47,57,70,315-319 Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity Ethnographic/anthropological approaches, 68,87,88,97,123-124,206, 210-211,257,300,320,325326 Evaluation, 11-17,46,124,125,126, 138-139,147-264,305-314 see also Data collection; Experimental studies; Meta-analyses of program evaluations; Methodological issues; Outcome assessment; Quasi-experimental studies; Research recommendations; Theoretical Issues accountability, 16,230-231,253 committee study methodology, 4,5 comprehensive, 12,14,15,16,67,76, 81,85,120,128,149,181, 199,206-227,310-312 diet and cardiovascular health, 76 intermediary organizations, 10, 11, 18, 141-142,229, 255, 259-261, 294,295,304,313-314 Index model programs, 181-189,190,220, 307 program implementation and operation, 14,15,16,18,84, 122,177,184,186,188,213, 215,217,221,222,225,229, 252-261,309-310 development quality, 253-254 funding for evaluation, 252, 254256,259,271,288 process evaluation, 140, 188,189, 198,202-203,206,208,209, 210-211,262-263 psychological and emotional development, 79-80 recommendations, 11, 13-18,305, 308-312 social indicator data, 12,68-69,75, 82-83,197-264,312-314; see also Longitudinal studies; Surveys summative evaluations, see Outcome assessment time-series designs, 214-216,221 well-being, general, 67-70 youth program participants as evaluators, 135 Exercise, see Physical activity; Sports and athletics Experimental studies, 13,14-16,85,147195,204,206,211-213,214, 216,219,220,221,227,305, 309-311 see also Meta-analyses of program evaluations; Quasi-experimental studies defined, 205 intellectual development, 78 model program evaluations, 183 multiculturalism and belongingness, 99,151,153,154, 155 social indicator data, 202 well-being, general, 69,82,83 Extended Service Schools, 254-255 Read the entire page →
From page 399... ... Index F Faith-based programs, see Religious/ spiritual factors and programs Family factors, 1, 3,8,10,31,72,87, 193,289,339 see also Parents child abuse and neglect, 188,238-239, 249,278,281,340-341 guns in homes, 89 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150-165 (passim) norms, 103 structured controls within, 92 technical assistance, 292-293 Federal government, 13,338 see also Funding; Legislation; specific departments and agencies Females, see Gender factors Finance Project, 284,285,287 Firearms, see Guns Foreign countries, see International perspectives Forgotten Half, 21 Formative evaluation, see Process evaluation Foundations, 21,71 funding, 3,4,20,24,198,267-268, 269,270,271,286-289,294295 organizational support, 10, 136-137 4-H program, 274-275 Friendly PEERsuasion, 155 Friends, see Peers and friends From Generation to Generation: The Health and VDell-Being of Children of Immigrant Families, 337 Functional Family Therapy, 155 Funding, 2,3,11,13,14, 15, 17,18,2021,32,36,46,263,267-296, 309,313 accountability, 16,230-231,253 after-school programs, 20,36,267, 268,271,273,274,280,282, 283-284,285,288-289 399 block grants, 3,273,275,276,277278,279,280 intermediaries, 10, 11, 18,141-142, 229, 255, 259-261,294,295, 304,313-314 poverty, 268,272,276,279,280,281 pregnancy prevention, 274,278-279 prevention us promotion programs, 36 private, 3,4,10,11,13,18,20,223224, 254-255, 268-270,286291,304,313-314 corporations, 270,273,290-291 foundations, 3,4,20,24,198, 267-268,269,270,271,286289,294-295 program implementation evaluation and, 252, 254-256, 259,271, 288 public, 2,3,11,14,15,17,18,20-21, 37,139,223-224,242,252, 266-286,293,294-296,298, 304,306,313-314 block grants, 3,273,275,276, 278,279,280 local government, 20,268,280286,294-295,296,304 state, 20,139,252,269-270,274, 278,279,280-286,293,294295,296 school programs, 276-277,278,285286,289 social indicator data and, 198,206 tobacco, litigation and tax revenues, 282,285 G Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs, 277 Gangs, 23-24,29,32,33,45, 55, 59,82, 89,91,130,239,250,275 Gender factors, 37,90,318 see also Pregnancy; Sexual activity belongingness, 132 comprehensive evaluations, 220 Read the entire page →
From page 400... ... 400 educational attainment, 77-78 employment of women, 36-37 intellectual development, 76,77-78 misogyny, 33 puberty, 46,51-54,55,316,335-336 sports and athletics, 101-102, 109 suicide, 27 General Accounting Office, 31 Geographic factors see also Neighborhood factors; Rural areas; Urban areas administrative data, 234,261-262,312 geographic information systems, 247, 263 program scope, general, 32 Girls Clubs, see Boys and Girls Clubs of America Growing Healthy, 156 Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, 337-338 Guns, 28,130,237,238,239,240,249 historical perspectives, 25 in home, 89 racial/ethnic factors, 28 in schools, 2,23-24,25,162,299 H Handicapped children, see Special needs children Harvard Family Research Project, 142 Health status, 6,9,31,32,73-76,249, 278-280,335-336 see also Alcohol and drug abuse; Biological factors; Mental health and illness; Nutrition; Physical activity; Pregnancy; Safety and security; Sexual activity; Sexually transmitted diseases; Smoking; Sports and athletics administrative data, 233 vital statistics, 229,230,232,233, 261-262,312 cardiovascular disease, 74,76 Index historical perspectives, 26-27 immigrants, 337 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151,153,156,157,161 obesity, 2,27,74,75,115,299 Healthy People 2010, 230 Hispanics, 23 alcohol abuse, 27 ceremonial celebrations, 144-145 dropouts, 26 homicide, 27-28 psychological and emotional development, 79 smoking, 27 Historical perspectives, 2,25-31,115, 128,138-139,267 see also Longitudinal studies adolescent development theory, 21-22, 45,47,56,57,70,71 alcohol and drug abuse, 25,27 foundation funding, 286 previous National Academy reports, 335-341 well-being, general, 2,25,70,71,72 HIV, see AIDS/HIV Homicide, 27-28 Homosexuality, 5,9,98,99,132-133 HOPE VI program, 276 How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition, 338 Human Services Reauthorization Act, 279-280 I immigrants, 79,111,336-337 see also Hispanics Improving Intergroup Relations Among YoutI7: Summary of a Research VDorksI7op, 338 Improving Social Awareness-Social Problem Solving, 156,170 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 276-277 Institute for Youth Development, 293 Read the entire page →
From page 401... ... Index Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop, 338-339 Interdisciplinary research, 309 funding, 17 Intermediary organizations, 10, 11, 18, 141-142, 229, 255, 259-261, 294, 295, 304, 313-314 International perspectives, 125 bullying prevention, 152, 170, 173 discretionary time, 28 puberty, 54 school-to-work programs, 23 Internet, 18, 37 J Job Corps, 277 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants, 275 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program, 275 K Kids Learning in Computer Klubhouses, 271 Know Your Body, 156 L Leadership, 8 Legislation child labor laws, 339-340 Human Services Reauthorization Act, 279-280 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 276-277 Public Health Services Act, 278-279 Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, 277 Social Security Act, 278 21st Century Learning Centers, 271 Workforce Investment Act, 272-273 Younger Americans Act, 127, 279-280 401 Life skills, 6, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 85, 106, 107-108, 110, 136, 142, 248, 301, 302 employment, adolescents, 2, 6, 48, 51, 65, 74, 82-83, 91, 104-105, 106, 127, 136, 163, 174-175, 185, 192193, 269, 273-274, 277-278 school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273-274, 277 funding, 274 meta-analyses of programs, 150-165 (passim) , 168, 172, 173, 178, 192 model program evaluations, 185 self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103-104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169-170, 177, 182, 248 Life Skills Training program, 157, 173 Local government and organizations, 294 see also Neighborhood factors administrative data, 226, 232, 234-240 funding, 20, 268, 280-286, 294-295, 296, 304 surveys, 262, 312 Longitudinal studies, 12, 13, 69, 72, 83, 85, 229,245-246,300,305,306,339 efficacy and mastery, 105 Monitoring the Future, 246, 248-251 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26 National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 246-247, 248-251 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 27, 28, 55, 246, 248-251 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 30, 246 parental support, 95 psychological and emotional development, 79, 80, 81 social development, 81 time-series designs, 214-216, 221 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262 Read the entire page →
From page 402... ... , 168, 172, 173, 178, 192 mental illness, 148, 149, 150-172, 179 mentors, 150, 151, 161, 165 parents, 150-165 (passim) , 168, 173, 174, 193 peers, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169-170, 177 pregnancy, 148, 154, 164, 174-175 religious affiliation, 154, 176 safety and security, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 164, 193-194 school programs, 149-173 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 403... ... 294 Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 27, 28, 246, 248-251 sexual behavior, 55 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 30, 124, 246, 248-251 National Neighborhood Data System, 261 National Neighborhood Indicators Project, 247, 260-261 National School Age Child Care Alliance. 293 National Training Institute for Community Youth Work, 294 National Youth Administration, 267 National Youth Development Information Center, 260 Native Americans, see American Indians Neighborhood factors, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 17, 31, 38, 93, 239, 247, 289, 341 see also Local government and National National N~tion~1 National National organizations academic achievement, 26 administrative data, 233 geographic information systems, 247, 263 high-risk, programs for,22,29,184-186 Nonexperimental studies, 16, 42, 120, 122-123, 204-205, 206, 221, 227, 311 see also Longitudinal studies; Qualitative evaluations Read the entire page →
From page 404... ... , 240, 251,323-324 single-parent households, 28,188, 239,298-299 supervision by, appropriate level of, 5, 92-93,96,250 survey data, 240,248,250,251 teen pregnancy and parental relations, 61 working, 1, 33,133,283,297 Parents United for Child Care, 283-284 Peers and friends, 7,8,9,32,46,47,49, 58-60,64,79,107,117,145, 272,302,338 age factors, 47,49,50,54,60,102103 belongingness' 97,98-99 bullying, 5,9,152,170,173 communication skills, 50 Read the entire page →
From page 405... ... Index counseling, 127 crime, 60; see also "gangs" below deviant behaviors, 48,102 gangs, 23-24,29,32,33,45, 55, 59, 82,89,91 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154,159,160,161,162,164, 168,169-170,177 norms, 100-101,102-103,133,191, 250 parental involvement in programs, 110-111 puberty onset, age at, 54 structured activities involving, 30 survey data, 236,237,248,250 tutoring, 109,161,164,165,185 unstructured activities, general, 92 Penn Prevention Project, 159,169-170, 171 Physical activity see also Sports and athletics adventure programs, 179 alcohol and drug abuse and, 109 dance, 121,124,133,136,303 high school physical education, 27 nutrition and, 75-76 survey data, 237,244,249 well-being, general, 73-74 Piaget, Jean, 56,321,322 Positive Youth Development Program, 159 Poverty, 2,5,11,28,72,114-115,116117,298-299 Boys and Girls Clubs, 107 compensatory education, 276 computer training, 271 cost of programs for parents, 268 funding of programs, 268,272,276, 279,280,281 housing, 202,276 Medicaid, 279 model program evaluations, 188 obesity, 75 racism, 112 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 273-274,281-282 welfare-to-work strategies, 273-274 405 Pregnancy, 2,48, 55, 101,306,336 see also Contraception and contraceptives funding for programs, 274,278-279 historical perspectives, 25-26 meta-analyses of program evaluations, 148,154,164,174-175 model program evaluations, 181-184 parental relations and teen pregnancy, 61 qualitative program evaluations, 258 social indicator data, 230 survey data, 237,238,244 Private/Public Ventures, 138,254,256, 258 Private sector, 3,4,10,11,13,18,122, 125,127 Process evaluation, 140,188,189,198, 202-203,206,208,209,210211,262-263 Profiles of Student Life: Attitudes and Behaviors, 235-242,252,262 Project ALERT, 160 Project Northland, 160 Protecting YoutI7 at Work: HealtI7, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in tile United States, 339-340 Puberty onset, 46,51,53,54, 55, 316, 335-336 Public Health Services Act, 278-279 Public opinion after-school programs, 20-21 funding to enhance, 287 Q Qualitative evaluations, 4-5,147,188189,203,206,222-223,257259 case studies, 16,206,212,217-219 defined, 204 ethnographic/anthropological, 68,87, 88,97,123-124,206,210-211, 257,300,320,325-326 Read the entire page →
From page 406... ... belongingness and, 97 decision making by adolescents, 46-47, 335 immigrants, 337 neighborhoods, 22, 29, 184-186 Risks and Opportunities: Synthesis of Studies on Adolescence, 340 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 285 Rural areas, 2, 126, 133, 272, 299 S Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, 277 SafeFutures, 276 Safety and security, 1, 7, 9, 43, 70, 89-91, 113, 117, 129-130, 301 see also Violence child abuse and neglect, 188, 238-239, 249, 278, 281, 340-341 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 164, 193-194 occupational safety and health, 339340 survey data, 238-239, 249, 251 Save the Children, 123, 126, 131, 135 School-Based Community Centers, 140141 School-To-Work Programs, 277 School Transitional Environment Project, 162, 170-171 Read the entire page →
From page 407... ... , 240, 251, 323-324 physical education, 27 puberty onset, 54 school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273-274, 277 survey data, 236-240, 241, 243-244, 249, 250, 251 transitions, 62-64, 156, 162, 170-171, 299-300, 339 violence, 23-24, 25, 162, 237 bullying, 5, 89, 152, 170, 173 guns in, 2, 23-24, 25, 162, 299 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262 Search Institute, 30, 71, 116, 241, 292293 Security, see Safety and security Self-efficacy, 7, 8, 9, 32, 43, 61, 70, 75, 79, 80, 81, 84, 90, 103-106, 117, 134-135, 192 see also Mastery cultural factors, 105-106, 108 407 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 155, 160, 161, 164, 176, 177 survey data, 240, 241-242, 248, 251 Self-esteem, 54, 58-59, 62, 72, 75, 76-77, 80, 84, 95, 96, 103, 114, 130131, 248 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 153, 163, 164, 179 Self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169-170, 177, 182, 248 Sexual activity, 2, 9, 55-56, 101, 299 see also Contraception and contraceptives; Pregnancy belongingness, 97 child abuse, 188, 249 cultural pressure, 33 educational interventions, 109 funding for programs, 274, 278-279 gay/lesbian, 5, 9, 98, 99, 132-133 harassment, 5, 9 historical perspectives, 25, 26-27, 47 identity, 8, 64, 90, 99, 132 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154, 163, 174-175, 177, 192 model program evaluations, 181-184, 188 puberty onset, 46, 51, 54, 55, 316 qualitative program evaluations, 258 school transitions, 64 survey data, 238, 241, 244, 245, 249 unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29, 30 Sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 27, 55, 238, 249, 299 AIDS/HIV, 2, 27, 192 Single-parent households, 28, 188, 239, 298-299 Smoking, 2, 27, 30, 101, 109, 299, 337338 litigation settlement funds, 285 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 156, 157, 158, 160 survey data, 236-240, 242-243, 249, 262 tax on tobacco, 282 Read the entire page →
From page 408... ... , 170, 172, 174, 176, 179 model program evaluations, 182, 191 norms, 8, 9, 11, 43, 53, 64, 67, 68, 77, 78-79, 81-82, 90, 91, 100103, 112, 113, 117, 127, 133, 191, 239, 250, 301 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 153-165 (passim) , 172, 176 peers, 100-101, 102-103, 133, 191, 250 school grading practices, 109 school transitions, 62-63 structured supervision, 9, 30, 90, 9194, 117, 130, 193-194, 238, 250, 301 parental, 5, 92-93, 96, 250 unstructured/unsupervised time, 5, 20, 28-29, 30-31, 38, 92, 299 well-being, general, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 81 -82 Social Security Act, 278 Socioeconomic status,29,114-115,116-117 see also Educational attainment; Employment; Poverty Index academic achievement, 26 census data, 233 comprehensive evaluations, 220 racism, 111-112 Special needs children, 3, 5, 38, 132, 220, 299 Sports and athletics, 3, 19, 32, 53, 58, 59, 93, 95, 101-102, 107, 109-110, 127, 133, 135, 303 adventure programs, 179 gender factors, 101-102, 109 survey data, 237, 240, 241, 251 State-level studies and programs, 253-264 funding, 20, 139, 252, 270, 274, 278, 280-286, 293, 294-295, 296 block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277-278, 279, 280 Medicaid, 279 United Way, 269-270 surveys, 234-244, 262, 312 Student Survey of Risk and Protective Factors, and Prevalence of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use, 236-241, 242-243, 262 Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Suicide, 27, 153, 236, 249 Summative evaluations, see Outcome assessment Summer programs, 127, 163, 165, 270, 274, 282, 286 Summer Training and Education Program (STEP) Read the entire page →
From page 409... ... , 179, 180 model program evaluations, 183, 185 parent-child relations, 61 positive use of time, 71 program activities, time spent in, 124, 149-172 (passim) , 179, 180, 183, 185, 211-212, 255 qualitative evaluations, 259 television, 28, 31, 236, 244 unsupervised/unstructured, 5, 20, 2829, 30-31, 38, 299 Time-series designs, 214-216, 221 Tobacco use, see Smoking Tutoring, 57, 64, 77, 109, 121, 127, 135 peer, 109, 161, 164, 165, 185 21st Century Learning Centers, 20, 31, 270-271, 280, 281-282, 287, 288, 295 Read the entire page →
From page 410... ... Grant Foundation, 287-288 Women, see Gender factors Read the entire page →
From page 411... ... Index Woodrock Youth Development Project, 165 Workforce Investment Act, 272-273 World Wide Web, see Internet y Younger Americans Act, 127, 279-280 Youth Corps, 274 YoutI7 Development and NeigI7borI7ood Influences: Challenges and O p portunities, 341 411 Youth Development Block Grants, 279 Youth Development Mobilization Initiative, 260 Youth Incentive Entitlement Projects, 175 Youth National Outcome Work Groups, 245, 259 Youth Opportunity Grants, 273 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262 Read the entire page →

From page 393...

... . momtormg/ structure , age -appropriate , 9, 90, 93, 94, 117, 130, 301 peers, 47, 49, 50, 54, 60, 102-103 puberty onset, 52-55 393

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From page 394...

... Index misogyny, 33 parental, 166 school transitions, 62-63, 64 staff of programs, 131 B Belongingness, 8, 9, 32, 43, 59, 81, 90, 96-99, 117, 132-133, 191, 239, 250, 301 see also Peers and friends alcohol and drug abuse, 97, 155 cultural factors, 97-99, 326-327 experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155; see also "metaanalyses..." below gangs, 23-24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275 gender factors, 132 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165 religious affiliation, 98-99, 132 TI7e Best of Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and tile VDell-Being of Children and Families, 336 Bicultural Competence Skills program, 151 Big Brothers/Big Sisters, 12, 95-96, 132, 151, 170-171, 173, 187-189, 190-191, 220, 307 Biological factors, 46, 49, 51-56, 315-316, 321-322, 338 brain development, 56, 316, 338 puberty onset, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 316, 335-336 Black persons, 23, 143, 283 belongingness, 98 ceremonial celebrations, 124-145 educational progress, 26 homicide, 27-28 intellectual development, 76 parents, 111-112 psychological and emotional development, 80-81 puberty onset, 53, 54-55 smoking, 27

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From page 395...

... Index Block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277-278, 279, 280 Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, 290 Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 76, 107, 124, 274, 275, 290 Brain development, 56, 316, 338 Brainpower Program, 151 Bullying, 5, 9, 152, 170, 173 Bullying Prevention Program, 152, 170, 173 Byrne Formula Grant Program, 275 C Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 22, 107, 125, 128, 289-290 Catholic Charities, 142-143 Center for Youth Development, 263-264 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 279 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262 Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 288 Charter schools, 285-286 Child abuse and neglect, 188, 238-239, 249, 278, 281, 340-341 Child Care and Development Block Grant, 280 Child care services, 283 Child Development Project, 153 Children at Risk, 276 Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance, 336-337 Children, Youth, and Families At-Risk Initiative and Evaluation Collaboration Project, 245 Children's Aid Society, 141 Cognitive factors, 6, 7, 8, 29, 56-58, 65, 91, 107, 108, 135, 300, 321 see also Decision making; Education adventure programs, 179 gender, 76, 77-78 meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 153, 157, 159, 162, 166, 176, 177, 179 395 nutrition, 74-75 peer interactions, 59 physical activity and sports and, 109110 school transitions, 63, 64 structured supervision, 91 surveys, 236, 244, 246-247, 248 well-bein~ general 73 74 76-79 in, ~ , , , Communities That Care, 138-139 Community Change for Youth Development, 140 Community Counts, 123, 124, 131 Community Health Centers, 278 Community Impact! , 123, 125, 130-131, 137, 291 Community Network for Youth Development, 255-256 Community service, see Volunteer programs Community Services Block Grants, 278 Computer applications, 153, 185, 271 geographic information systems, 247, 263 Internet, 18, 37 Conservation Corps, 274 Contraception and contraceptives, 237 funding for programs, 278-279 historical perspectives, 25, 26-27 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 161, 163 Cooperative Extension Service, 244-245 Coning and Sunnort Training 153 Coping with Stress Course, 153, 169, 171 Corporation for National and Community Service, 273 Cost factors, see Economic factors; Funding Counselor-CARE, 153 Creating Lasting Connections, 154 Crime, 2, 269 see also Alcohol and drug abuse; Violence administrative data, 233-234 child abuse and neglect, 188, 238-239, 249, 278, 281, 340-341 funding for anti-crime programs, 13, 275-276, 281

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From page 396...

... 396 gangs, 23-24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275 homicide, 27-28 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 155, 158, 161, 173 peer influences, 60; see also "gangs above survey data, 237, 238, 239, 249 voluntary structured activities and, 30 Cultural factors, 9, 22, 33, 35, 37, 47, 85, 87, 88, 90, 114, 135, 136, 305, 316, 320, 325-327 see also Ethnographic/anthropological approaches; Race/ethnicity; Racism; Religious/spiritual factors and programs belongingness, 97-99, 326-327 ceremonies, 126, 143-145, 325 Community Impact! , 125 comprehensive evaluations, 220 efficacy and mattering, 105-106, 108 intellectual development and, 77 mattering, 105-106, 108 meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 151 model program evaluations, 185 multiculturalism, 2, 6, 7, 9, 50, 71, 74, 75, 78-79, 82, 90, 97, 98, 99, 107, 151, 165, 241, 248, 287, 301, 327 bilingual education, 276-277 experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155 school curricula, 97, 108, 276-277 norms, 102, 112 organizational, 112 parent-child relations, 61, 96, 111-112 self-efficacy, 105-106, 108 skill building, 106-107 structure, levels of, 93 survey data, 235, 241, 248 well-being, universality us cultural specificity, 67-68 Index D Dance, 121, 124, 133, 136, 303 Data collection, 11-12, 17-18, 83, 124, 228-264,308,312-314,338-339 ,, see also Administrative data; Experimental studies; Longitudinal studies; Methodological issues; Nonexperimental studies; Surveys committee study methodology, 5 recommendations, 11-12, 17-18, 312314 social indicator data, 12, 68-69, 75, 82-83, 197-264, 312-314; see also Longitudinal studies; Surveys Decision making, 6, 7, 8, 27, 56-58, 79, 136, 335, 341 civic, 127-128, 250, 287 efficacy and mattering, 105-106, 134 employment planning, 46, 50, 51, 57, 65, 323 family, within, 92, 96 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 163, 164, 177 program design, adolescent participation in, 65, 134-135 well-being, general, 74, 76 Delinquency, see Crime Demographics, 22, 34 see also Age factors; Gender factors; Immigrants; Race/ethnicity; Rural areas; Socioeconomic status; Urban areas census data, 233 Demonstration programs, 140, 220, 221, 226, 275-276, 279 theory, 15, 226, 311 Department of Agriculture, 244-245, 274275 Department of Education, 13 21st Century Learning Centers, 20, 31, 270-271, 280, 281-282, 287, 288, 295

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From page 397...

... , 168, 173,193 reading, 29,127,135,282 tutoring, 57,64,77,109,121,127, 135 peer, 109,161,164,165,185 well-being, general, 74 Educational attainment, 25,26,49,107108,236,299,339 see also Dropouts gender factors, 77-78 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26 puberty onset, age at, 54 staffing of programs, 131 unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29,30 Efficacy, see Self-efficacy Emotional factors, 2,5,6-7,8,9,38,7981,91,94,113,117,236,248, 301 see also Mattering decision making, 335 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150-165 (passim) , 172,176, 179 model program evaluations, 188 puberty onset, 46,51,52,55 self-regulation, 70,72,74,79,96, 103-104,150,151,154,159, 168,169-170,177,182,248 structured supervision, 91-92 theoretical perspectives, 70,37,74-75

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From page 398...

... 398 Employment, 127,341 adolescent development and, 21,22 occupational safety and health, 339340 parental, 1, 33,133,283,297 planning, 46,50,51,57,65,323 school-to-work programs, 3,23,49, 273-274,277 skills for, adolescents, 2,6,48,51,65,74, 82-83,91,104-105,106,127, 136,163,174-175,185,192193,269,273-274,277-278 school-to-work programs, 3,23, 49,273-274,277 staff of programs, 131,286-287, 291-292,293-294,307; see also Technical assistance welfare-to-work strategies, 273-274 women, 36-37 ENABL, 154 Erikson, Eric, 47,57,70,315-319 Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity Ethnographic/anthropological approaches, 68,87,88,97,123-124,206, 210-211,257,300,320,325326 Evaluation, 11-17,46,124,125,126, 138-139,147-264,305-314 see also Data collection; Experimental studies; Meta-analyses of program evaluations; Methodological issues; Outcome assessment; Quasi-experimental studies; Research recommendations; Theoretical Issues accountability, 16,230-231,253 committee study methodology, 4,5 comprehensive, 12,14,15,16,67,76, 81,85,120,128,149,181, 199,206-227,310-312 diet and cardiovascular health, 76 intermediary organizations, 10, 11, 18, 141-142,229, 255, 259-261, 294,295,304,313-314 Index model programs, 181-189,190,220, 307 program implementation and operation, 14,15,16,18,84, 122,177,184,186,188,213, 215,217,221,222,225,229, 252-261,309-310 development quality, 253-254 funding for evaluation, 252, 254256,259,271,288 process evaluation, 140, 188,189, 198,202-203,206,208,209, 210-211,262-263 psychological and emotional development, 79-80 recommendations, 11, 13-18,305, 308-312 social indicator data, 12,68-69,75, 82-83,197-264,312-314; see also Longitudinal studies; Surveys summative evaluations, see Outcome assessment time-series designs, 214-216,221 well-being, general, 67-70 youth program participants as evaluators, 135 Exercise, see Physical activity; Sports and athletics Experimental studies, 13,14-16,85,147195,204,206,211-213,214, 216,219,220,221,227,305, 309-311 see also Meta-analyses of program evaluations; Quasi-experimental studies defined, 205 intellectual development, 78 model program evaluations, 183 multiculturalism and belongingness, 99,151,153,154, 155 social indicator data, 202 well-being, general, 69,82,83 Extended Service Schools, 254-255

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From page 399...

... Index F Faith-based programs, see Religious/ spiritual factors and programs Family factors, 1, 3,8,10,31,72,87, 193,289,339 see also Parents child abuse and neglect, 188,238-239, 249,278,281,340-341 guns in homes, 89 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150-165 (passim) norms, 103 structured controls within, 92 technical assistance, 292-293 Federal government, 13,338 see also Funding; Legislation; specific departments and agencies Females, see Gender factors Finance Project, 284,285,287 Firearms, see Guns Foreign countries, see International perspectives Forgotten Half, 21 Formative evaluation, see Process evaluation Foundations, 21,71 funding, 3,4,20,24,198,267-268, 269,270,271,286-289,294295 organizational support, 10, 136-137 4-H program, 274-275 Friendly PEERsuasion, 155 Friends, see Peers and friends From Generation to Generation: The Health and VDell-Being of Children of Immigrant Families, 337 Functional Family Therapy, 155 Funding, 2,3,11,13,14, 15, 17,18,2021,32,36,46,263,267-296, 309,313 accountability, 16,230-231,253 after-school programs, 20,36,267, 268,271,273,274,280,282, 283-284,285,288-289 399 block grants, 3,273,275,276,277278,279,280 intermediaries, 10, 11, 18,141-142, 229, 255, 259-261,294,295, 304,313-314 poverty, 268,272,276,279,280,281 pregnancy prevention, 274,278-279 prevention us promotion programs, 36 private, 3,4,10,11,13,18,20,223224, 254-255, 268-270,286291,304,313-314 corporations, 270,273,290-291 foundations, 3,4,20,24,198, 267-268,269,270,271,286289,294-295 program implementation evaluation and, 252, 254-256, 259,271, 288 public, 2,3,11,14,15,17,18,20-21, 37,139,223-224,242,252, 266-286,293,294-296,298, 304,306,313-314 block grants, 3,273,275,276, 278,279,280 local government, 20,268,280286,294-295,296,304 state, 20,139,252,269-270,274, 278,279,280-286,293,294295,296 school programs, 276-277,278,285286,289 social indicator data and, 198,206 tobacco, litigation and tax revenues, 282,285 G Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs, 277 Gangs, 23-24,29,32,33,45, 55, 59,82, 89,91,130,239,250,275 Gender factors, 37,90,318 see also Pregnancy; Sexual activity belongingness, 132 comprehensive evaluations, 220

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From page 400...

... 400 educational attainment, 77-78 employment of women, 36-37 intellectual development, 76,77-78 misogyny, 33 puberty, 46,51-54,55,316,335-336 sports and athletics, 101-102, 109 suicide, 27 General Accounting Office, 31 Geographic factors see also Neighborhood factors; Rural areas; Urban areas administrative data, 234,261-262,312 geographic information systems, 247, 263 program scope, general, 32 Girls Clubs, see Boys and Girls Clubs of America Growing Healthy, 156 Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, 337-338 Guns, 28,130,237,238,239,240,249 historical perspectives, 25 in home, 89 racial/ethnic factors, 28 in schools, 2,23-24,25,162,299 H Handicapped children, see Special needs children Harvard Family Research Project, 142 Health status, 6,9,31,32,73-76,249, 278-280,335-336 see also Alcohol and drug abuse; Biological factors; Mental health and illness; Nutrition; Physical activity; Pregnancy; Safety and security; Sexual activity; Sexually transmitted diseases; Smoking; Sports and athletics administrative data, 233 vital statistics, 229,230,232,233, 261-262,312 cardiovascular disease, 74,76 Index historical perspectives, 26-27 immigrants, 337 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151,153,156,157,161 obesity, 2,27,74,75,115,299 Healthy People 2010, 230 Hispanics, 23 alcohol abuse, 27 ceremonial celebrations, 144-145 dropouts, 26 homicide, 27-28 psychological and emotional development, 79 smoking, 27 Historical perspectives, 2,25-31,115, 128,138-139,267 see also Longitudinal studies adolescent development theory, 21-22, 45,47,56,57,70,71 alcohol and drug abuse, 25,27 foundation funding, 286 previous National Academy reports, 335-341 well-being, general, 2,25,70,71,72 HIV, see AIDS/HIV Homicide, 27-28 Homosexuality, 5,9,98,99,132-133 HOPE VI program, 276 How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition, 338 Human Services Reauthorization Act, 279-280 I immigrants, 79,111,336-337 see also Hispanics Improving Intergroup Relations Among YoutI7: Summary of a Research VDorksI7op, 338 Improving Social Awareness-Social Problem Solving, 156,170 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 276-277 Institute for Youth Development, 293

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From page 401...

... Index Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop, 338-339 Interdisciplinary research, 309 funding, 17 Intermediary organizations, 10, 11, 18, 141-142, 229, 255, 259-261, 294, 295, 304, 313-314 International perspectives, 125 bullying prevention, 152, 170, 173 discretionary time, 28 puberty, 54 school-to-work programs, 23 Internet, 18, 37 J Job Corps, 277 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants, 275 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program, 275 K Kids Learning in Computer Klubhouses, 271 Know Your Body, 156 L Leadership, 8 Legislation child labor laws, 339-340 Human Services Reauthorization Act, 279-280 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 276-277 Public Health Services Act, 278-279 Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, 277 Social Security Act, 278 21st Century Learning Centers, 271 Workforce Investment Act, 272-273 Younger Americans Act, 127, 279-280 401 Life skills, 6, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 85, 106, 107-108, 110, 136, 142, 248, 301, 302 employment, adolescents, 2, 6, 48, 51, 65, 74, 82-83, 91, 104-105, 106, 127, 136, 163, 174-175, 185, 192193, 269, 273-274, 277-278 school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273-274, 277 funding, 274 meta-analyses of programs, 150-165 (passim) , 168, 172, 173, 178, 192 model program evaluations, 185 self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103-104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169-170, 177, 182, 248 Life Skills Training program, 157, 173 Local government and organizations, 294 see also Neighborhood factors administrative data, 226, 232, 234-240 funding, 20, 268, 280-286, 294-295, 296, 304 surveys, 262, 312 Longitudinal studies, 12, 13, 69, 72, 83, 85, 229,245-246,300,305,306,339 efficacy and mastery, 105 Monitoring the Future, 246, 248-251 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26 National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 246-247, 248-251 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 27, 28, 55, 246, 248-251 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 30, 246 parental support, 95 psychological and emotional development, 79, 80, 81 social development, 81 time-series designs, 214-216, 221 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262

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From page 402...

... , 168, 172, 173, 178, 192 mental illness, 148, 149, 150-172, 179 mentors, 150, 151, 161, 165 parents, 150-165 (passim) , 168, 173, 174, 193 peers, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169-170, 177 pregnancy, 148, 154, 164, 174-175 religious affiliation, 154, 176 safety and security, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 164, 193-194 school programs, 149-173 (passim)

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From page 403...

... 294 Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 27, 28, 246, 248-251 sexual behavior, 55 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 30, 124, 246, 248-251 National Neighborhood Data System, 261 National Neighborhood Indicators Project, 247, 260-261 National School Age Child Care Alliance. 293 National Training Institute for Community Youth Work, 294 National Youth Administration, 267 National Youth Development Information Center, 260 Native Americans, see American Indians Neighborhood factors, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 17, 31, 38, 93, 239, 247, 289, 341 see also Local government and National National N~tion~1 National National organizations academic achievement, 26 administrative data, 233 geographic information systems, 247, 263 high-risk, programs for,22,29,184-186 Nonexperimental studies, 16, 42, 120, 122-123, 204-205, 206, 221, 227, 311 see also Longitudinal studies; Qualitative evaluations

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From page 404...

... , 240, 251,323-324 single-parent households, 28,188, 239,298-299 supervision by, appropriate level of, 5, 92-93,96,250 survey data, 240,248,250,251 teen pregnancy and parental relations, 61 working, 1, 33,133,283,297 Parents United for Child Care, 283-284 Peers and friends, 7,8,9,32,46,47,49, 58-60,64,79,107,117,145, 272,302,338 age factors, 47,49,50,54,60,102103 belongingness' 97,98-99 bullying, 5,9,152,170,173 communication skills, 50

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From page 405...

... Index counseling, 127 crime, 60; see also "gangs" below deviant behaviors, 48,102 gangs, 23-24,29,32,33,45, 55, 59, 82,89,91 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154,159,160,161,162,164, 168,169-170,177 norms, 100-101,102-103,133,191, 250 parental involvement in programs, 110-111 puberty onset, age at, 54 structured activities involving, 30 survey data, 236,237,248,250 tutoring, 109,161,164,165,185 unstructured activities, general, 92 Penn Prevention Project, 159,169-170, 171 Physical activity see also Sports and athletics adventure programs, 179 alcohol and drug abuse and, 109 dance, 121,124,133,136,303 high school physical education, 27 nutrition and, 75-76 survey data, 237,244,249 well-being, general, 73-74 Piaget, Jean, 56,321,322 Positive Youth Development Program, 159 Poverty, 2,5,11,28,72,114-115,116117,298-299 Boys and Girls Clubs, 107 compensatory education, 276 computer training, 271 cost of programs for parents, 268 funding of programs, 268,272,276, 279,280,281 housing, 202,276 Medicaid, 279 model program evaluations, 188 obesity, 75 racism, 112 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 273-274,281-282 welfare-to-work strategies, 273-274 405 Pregnancy, 2,48, 55, 101,306,336 see also Contraception and contraceptives funding for programs, 274,278-279 historical perspectives, 25-26 meta-analyses of program evaluations, 148,154,164,174-175 model program evaluations, 181-184 parental relations and teen pregnancy, 61 qualitative program evaluations, 258 social indicator data, 230 survey data, 237,238,244 Private/Public Ventures, 138,254,256, 258 Private sector, 3,4,10,11,13,18,122, 125,127 Process evaluation, 140,188,189,198, 202-203,206,208,209,210211,262-263 Profiles of Student Life: Attitudes and Behaviors, 235-242,252,262 Project ALERT, 160 Project Northland, 160 Protecting YoutI7 at Work: HealtI7, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in tile United States, 339-340 Puberty onset, 46,51,53,54, 55, 316, 335-336 Public Health Services Act, 278-279 Public opinion after-school programs, 20-21 funding to enhance, 287 Q Qualitative evaluations, 4-5,147,188189,203,206,222-223,257259 case studies, 16,206,212,217-219 defined, 204 ethnographic/anthropological, 68,87, 88,97,123-124,206,210-211, 257,300,320,325-326

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From page 406...

... belongingness and, 97 decision making by adolescents, 46-47, 335 immigrants, 337 neighborhoods, 22, 29, 184-186 Risks and Opportunities: Synthesis of Studies on Adolescence, 340 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 285 Rural areas, 2, 126, 133, 272, 299 S Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, 277 SafeFutures, 276 Safety and security, 1, 7, 9, 43, 70, 89-91, 113, 117, 129-130, 301 see also Violence child abuse and neglect, 188, 238-239, 249, 278, 281, 340-341 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 164, 193-194 occupational safety and health, 339340 survey data, 238-239, 249, 251 Save the Children, 123, 126, 131, 135 School-Based Community Centers, 140141 School-To-Work Programs, 277 School Transitional Environment Project, 162, 170-171

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From page 407...

... , 240, 251, 323-324 physical education, 27 puberty onset, 54 school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273-274, 277 survey data, 236-240, 241, 243-244, 249, 250, 251 transitions, 62-64, 156, 162, 170-171, 299-300, 339 violence, 23-24, 25, 162, 237 bullying, 5, 89, 152, 170, 173 guns in, 2, 23-24, 25, 162, 299 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262 Search Institute, 30, 71, 116, 241, 292293 Security, see Safety and security Self-efficacy, 7, 8, 9, 32, 43, 61, 70, 75, 79, 80, 81, 84, 90, 103-106, 117, 134-135, 192 see also Mastery cultural factors, 105-106, 108 407 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 155, 160, 161, 164, 176, 177 survey data, 240, 241-242, 248, 251 Self-esteem, 54, 58-59, 62, 72, 75, 76-77, 80, 84, 95, 96, 103, 114, 130131, 248 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 153, 163, 164, 179 Self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169-170, 177, 182, 248 Sexual activity, 2, 9, 55-56, 101, 299 see also Contraception and contraceptives; Pregnancy belongingness, 97 child abuse, 188, 249 cultural pressure, 33 educational interventions, 109 funding for programs, 274, 278-279 gay/lesbian, 5, 9, 98, 99, 132-133 harassment, 5, 9 historical perspectives, 25, 26-27, 47 identity, 8, 64, 90, 99, 132 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154, 163, 174-175, 177, 192 model program evaluations, 181-184, 188 puberty onset, 46, 51, 54, 55, 316 qualitative program evaluations, 258 school transitions, 64 survey data, 238, 241, 244, 245, 249 unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29, 30 Sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 27, 55, 238, 249, 299 AIDS/HIV, 2, 27, 192 Single-parent households, 28, 188, 239, 298-299 Smoking, 2, 27, 30, 101, 109, 299, 337338 litigation settlement funds, 285 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 156, 157, 158, 160 survey data, 236-240, 242-243, 249, 262 tax on tobacco, 282

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From page 408...

... , 170, 172, 174, 176, 179 model program evaluations, 182, 191 norms, 8, 9, 11, 43, 53, 64, 67, 68, 77, 78-79, 81-82, 90, 91, 100103, 112, 113, 117, 127, 133, 191, 239, 250, 301 meta-analyses of prevention programs, 153-165 (passim) , 172, 176 peers, 100-101, 102-103, 133, 191, 250 school grading practices, 109 school transitions, 62-63 structured supervision, 9, 30, 90, 9194, 117, 130, 193-194, 238, 250, 301 parental, 5, 92-93, 96, 250 unstructured/unsupervised time, 5, 20, 28-29, 30-31, 38, 92, 299 well-being, general, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 81 -82 Social Security Act, 278 Socioeconomic status,29,114-115,116-117 see also Educational attainment; Employment; Poverty Index academic achievement, 26 census data, 233 comprehensive evaluations, 220 racism, 111-112 Special needs children, 3, 5, 38, 132, 220, 299 Sports and athletics, 3, 19, 32, 53, 58, 59, 93, 95, 101-102, 107, 109-110, 127, 133, 135, 303 adventure programs, 179 gender factors, 101-102, 109 survey data, 237, 240, 241, 251 State-level studies and programs, 253-264 funding, 20, 139, 252, 270, 274, 278, 280-286, 293, 294-295, 296 block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277-278, 279, 280 Medicaid, 279 United Way, 269-270 surveys, 234-244, 262, 312 Student Survey of Risk and Protective Factors, and Prevalence of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use, 236-241, 242-243, 262 Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Suicide, 27, 153, 236, 249 Summative evaluations, see Outcome assessment Summer programs, 127, 163, 165, 270, 274, 282, 286 Summer Training and Education Program (STEP)

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From page 409...

... , 179, 180 model program evaluations, 183, 185 parent-child relations, 61 positive use of time, 71 program activities, time spent in, 124, 149-172 (passim) , 179, 180, 183, 185, 211-212, 255 qualitative evaluations, 259 television, 28, 31, 236, 244 unsupervised/unstructured, 5, 20, 2829, 30-31, 38, 299 Time-series designs, 214-216, 221 Tobacco use, see Smoking Tutoring, 57, 64, 77, 109, 121, 127, 135 peer, 109, 161, 164, 165, 185 21st Century Learning Centers, 20, 31, 270-271, 280, 281-282, 287, 288, 295

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From page 410...

... Grant Foundation, 287-288 Women, see Gender factors

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From page 411...

... Index Woodrock Youth Development Project, 165 Workforce Investment Act, 272-273 World Wide Web, see Internet y Younger Americans Act, 127, 279-280 Youth Corps, 274 YoutI7 Development and NeigI7borI7ood Influences: Challenges and O p portunities, 341 411 Youth Development Block Grants, 279 Youth Development Mobilization Initiative, 260 Youth Incentive Entitlement Projects, 175 Youth National Outcome Work Groups, 245, 259 Youth Opportunity Grants, 273 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236-240, 243-244, 252, 262

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Index Pages 393-411

Index
Pages 393-411