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From page 137... ... Index A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 76 Aerosols, 24, 27, 30, 54 Africa, 35 see also Rift Valley fever; West Nile virus cryptosporidiosis, 56 famine, 101-102 malaria, 40, 48 meningitis, 22, 39 Aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73 Agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 85 E1 Nino, 97-98 remote sensing, 78 AIDS, see HIV/AIDS American Association for the Advancement of Science, 16 Asia, 14, 39 cryptosporidiosis, 56 influenza, 40 malaria, 40, 65 Atlantic Ocean, 25 North Atlantic Oscillation, 21 137 B Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 15 Bjerknes, Jacob, 17 Bubonic plague, 12- 13, 78 C Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7,73,74, 108 Cholera, 34, 57-58, 79 drought/famine, 38-39 E1 Nino, 9, 57-58 geographic factors, 16- 17 historical perspectives, 16-17, 58 modeling studies/risk assessment, 70-71 temperature factors, 57-58 Clouds, general circulation models, 27 Coccidioidomycosis, 33, 38 Communication, see Public communication Computer databases, see Databases Computer models, 5, 6, 15-16, 24, 105 seasonal variations, 25 Cost and cost-effectiveness, 105 agricultural planning, E1 Nino, 98 bubonic plague, 13 early warning systems, 4-5, 68, 91 surveillance, 74 Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... 138 Crowding, see Population density Cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57 D Databases, 107 see also Internet E1 Nino, 97 Geographic Information System (GIS) , 4, 7, 76-77, 105, 108 standards for surveillance, 6, 66, 74-75, 107 Definitional issues early warning system, 86 epidemiology, 28-30 glossary, 110- 114 risk assessment terminology, 68-69, 111, 112, 113 weather vs climate, 20-22 Demographic factors, 3, 27, 41-42, 70 see also Population density; Urban areas early warning systems, 90 emerging diseases, 29 SEIR modeling, 33 Dengue virus, 1, 9, 10, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 4548, 74 E1 Nino, 10 humidity, 46, 47, 48 temperature factors, 33, 34, 47-48 urban areas, 42, 85 water, 25, 42, 46, 47 Department of Defense, 73-74 Developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91 Diagnosis dengue virus, 74 epidemics, 13, 28 Disasters, see Extreme weather events Dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111 Drought, 33, 35, 36-37, 38-39 cholera, 38-39 early warning systems, 5, 101-102 risk assessment, 38 Drug resistance, 2, 43 gonorrhea, 40 historical perspectives, 9 malaria, 48 Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals UNDER THE WEATHER EEarly-warning systems, 2, 4-7, 10, 11, 27, 86102, 105-106 committee meetings, 133-134, 135 cost factors, 4-5, 68, 91, 93 defined, 86 demographic factors, 90 drought/famine, 5, 101-102 ecological factors, 5, 86-87, 89-90 fire, 99 funding, 93 historical perspectives, 14- 16 hurricanes, 101 local factors, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93-97, 101, 102, 106, 135 models, 26-27, 88, 89 national-level factors, 14-15, 88, 90, 92, 102 population density, 90 public communication, 89, 91, 95-96, 102, 135 public health services, 5, 88, 90-92, 93 regional factors, 90, 92, 93 risk assessment, 87-88, 89, 90, 94-95 sanitation, 90, 94 sentinel animals, 86, 87, 89 state-level factors, 92 temporal factors, 91, 92 uncertainty, 87 vaccines, 90 waterborne diseases, general, 90, 94, 96 Ecological factors, xi, xii, 9, 10, 11, 35, 36, 75, 80-85, 103, 104, 107-108 aggregation bias, 67 committee study methodology, 2, 134 early warning systems, 5, 86-87, 89-90 emerging diseases, 29, 30 historical perspectives, 17 interdisciplinary studies, 7, 71-72 remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105 SEIR modeling, 33 time-series analysis, 60 Economic factors, 27, 74, 90, 134 see also Cost and cost-effectiveness; Socioeconomic factors developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91 Education, see Internet; Professional education; Public communication Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... Louis encephalitis, 49-50 urban areas, 36 Epidemiology, xii, 4, 5, 6, 10, 28-33, 66, 6768, 73-75, 105-106, 107 see also Early warning systems; Risk assessment; Surveillance systems committee meetings, 134, 135 definitional issues, 28-30 dengue fever, 47-48 extreme weather conditions, 38 historical perspectives, 13, 14, 16- 17, 18, 19 meta-analysis, 67 sanitation and, 16 Error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 82-85 aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73 Experimental studies, 5, 11, 62-63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 83, 107 interdependence with observational and modeling studies, 6, 67 Expert opinion, xi, 10, 62, 66, 99 139 Exposure and exposure assessment, 65, 69-70 cholera, 70, 71 dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111 food and waterborne diseases, 65 hantavirus, 52 housing and, 38 immunity and, 30 vector-borne diseases, 38, 43, 49, 50 Extreme weather events see also Drought flooding, 33, 36-37, 38, 63, 78-79 hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101 monsoons, 14, 81 risk assessment, 38 temporal factors, 36-37 F Famine cholera, 38-39 early warning systems, 5, 101-102 Famine Early Warning System, 101-102 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 92 Federal government, 1-2, 7, 73, 107-108 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7, 73, 74, 108 committee meetings, 132 Department of Defense, 73-74 Environmental Protection Agency, 68 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 92 Forest Service, 99 funding, 7, 62, 93 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 6, 107 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 108 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 60, 76, 93 National Weather Service, 15, 87 Fires and fire control, 99 Flooding, 36-37, 78 cryptosporidiosis, 33 meningitis, 33 remote sensing, 78-79 Rift Valley fever, 33, 63 risk assessment, 38 Food, see Famine; Nutrition and malnutrition Food-borne pathogens, 44, 46, 57, 58, 68, 76, 96 Read the entire page →
From page 140... ... 140 Forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99 Forest Service, 99 Funding early warning systems, 93 interdisciplinary studies, 7, 62 G General circulation models, 27 Genetic factors, 3, 35, 36, 105 emerging diseases, 29-30, 73-74, 104 Geographic factors, 1, 3-4, 6 see also Local factors; National-level factors; Regional factors; Spatial factors; State-level factors cholera, 16-17 cryptosporidiosis, 56 historical perspectives, 12, 13, 17 modeling studies, 27, 65, 66 Geographic Information System (GIS) , 4, 7, 76-77, 105, 108 Global Change Research Program, xi-xii, 7, 9, 108 Global climate, general, 2, 17, 81, 82, 104 E1 Nino, 22, 23 surveillance and, 74 Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response Systems, 74 Global warming, 3, 9, 10, 22-24, 27, 37, 81, 82, 104 greenhouse gases, 22, 24, 27 influenza, 55 integrated assessment, 72 mosquito vectors, 9, 49 West Nile virus, 97 Gonorrhea, 40 Greenhouse gases, 22, 24, 27 H Hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94 Hill, Austin Bradford, 17 Historical perspectives, 1, 9-10, 12-19, 99 cholera, 16-17, 58 committee meetings, 132 cryptosporidiosis, 56 early warning systems, 14- 16 E1 Nino, 17, 25 epidemics, 12-13, 36, 38, 49-50 epidemiology, 13, 14, 16-17, 18, 19 UNDER THE WEATHER geographic factors, 12, 13, 17 interdisciplinary approaches, 17 precipitation, 14, 25 public health, 18, 19 regional factors, 12- 13, 14, 17 research methodology, 13- 15, 61 sanitation, 14, 16, 18 seasonal variation, 8, 12, 14, 21, 25 surveillance, 89 time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61 vaccines, 9, 42-43 waterborne diseases and water treatment, 14, 16, 18, 44 HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 90 Housing early warning systems, 90 Lyme disease, 40 regional factors, 3 vector-borne diseases, 38, 40, 42 Humidity, 2, 46 see also Precipitation coccidioidomycosis, 33 cryptosporidiosis, 33, 46 dengue virus, 46, 47, 48 influenza, 55 malaria, 46, 48, 65 meningitis, 33, 39 modeling studies, 65 Rift Valley fever, 33 Hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101 I Immigration, see Migration Immune response, 35-36, 111 - 112 see also Drug resistance; Vaccines cholera, 57 influenza, 54-55 refugees, 37, 40 Rift Valley fever, 51 travelers and migrants, 40 Incidence and prevalence, 6, 9, 10, 70, 74 see also Endemic outbreaks; Epidemics; Surveillance cholera, 57 cryptosporidiosis, 56 defined, 28, 112, 113 dengue fever, 45-46 emerging diseases, 29 influenza, 54 Lyme disease, 10, 52-53 Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... 55, 79, 85, 93-97 141 vegetation, general, 22, 24, 54, 76, 78, 81, 83-84 wetlands, 79 Local factors, 24 early warning systems, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93-97, 101, 102, 106, 135 epidemics, 13 modeling studies, 65 surveillance systems, 73 Lorenz, Edward, 16 Lyme disease, 39-40, 46, 52-54, 78, 79 M Malaria, 1, 8, 43, 46, 48-49, 78, 79, 85, 135 air transport, 41 drug-resistant, 48 global warming, 9 humidity, 46, 48, 65 incidence, 10, 48-49 migrants, 40 modeling studies, 65 precipitation, 46, 48, 65 seasonal variation, 33 temperature, 33, 34, 46, 48 water, standing, 42, 46 wind, 48 Malnutrition, see Nutrition and malnutrition Mass media, 10 Mathematical, 9, 13, 15-16, 63-68, 88, 112 committee meetings, 133 SEIR framework, 31-33, 36, 63, 88 Mechanistic models, 63-64, 65, 106- 107 Meningitis, 1, 22, 33, 39 Meta-analysis, 67, 112 Methodology, see Research methodology Migration, 10, 35, 40-41 see also Travel and tourism refugees, 37, 40 Modeling studies, 5-6, 11, 59, 70, 98, 104105, 106-107 agricultural land uses, 98 animal models, 16-17, 55 cholera, 70-71 climate, 7, 9 computer models, 5, 6, 15-16, 24, 25, 105 disease transmission, 30 dose-response, 68, 69, 71, 111 early warning systems, 26-27, 88, 89 epidemiology, 4, 107 Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... , 60, 93 Outbreaks, see Epidemics p Pacific Ocean, 17, 25, 51 see also E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation: North Atlantic Oscillation Parasitic diseases, 1, 9, 35 see also Malaria cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57 schistosomiasis, 39, 43, 78, 79 Pesticides, 43, 96 historical perspectives, 9 resistance to, 2, 9 Read the entire page →
From page 143... ... INDEX Pharmaceuticals, 3, 9, 36 see also Drug resistance; Vaccines Population density, 3, 35, 37, 41, 46, 55 early warning systems, 90 influenza, 33, 55 see also Urban areas Population factors, other, see Demographic factors; Social factors; Socioeconomic factors Precipitation, 21, 46, 90, 97 see also Drought; Flooding cryptosporidiosis, 1, 46, 56 dengue fever, 46, 47 general circulation models, 27 historical perspectives, 14, 25 malaria, 46, 48, 65 modeling studies, 27, 65 monsoons, 14, 81 Rift Valley fever, 46, 51 seasonal, general, 25 vegetative cover and, 24, 78 Prevalence, see Incidence and prevalence Professional education interdisciplinary, 6, 7, 62 response strategies, 94 Prospective observations, 60-61 Public communication, 89, 91, 95-96, 98, 102, 135 see also Internet Mass media, 10 Public health, 3, 10, 36, 42-43, 68, 135 see also Housing; Sanitation; Vaccines; Waterborne diseases and water treatment bubonic plague, 13 early warning systems, 5, 88, 90-92, 93 emerging diseases, 29 historical perspectives, 18, 19 hurricanes, 100 interdisciplinary studies, 7 modeling studies, 66 quarantine, 13, 36 vector eradication, 36, 43, 46, 49 Public opinion, 10, 91 Q Quantitative risk characterization, 2, 4, 27, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 72, 96, 105 Quarantine, 13, 36 143 R Rain, see Precipitation Regional factors, 3, 21, 22, 24, 61 see also Epidemics developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91 early warning systems, 90, 92, 93 epidemics, 12- 13 general circulation models, 27 global warming, 24 historical perspectives, 12-13, 14, 17 modeling studies, 65, 66 monsoons, 14 precipitation, 24 remote sensing, 73 surveillance systems, 73, 105-106 temperature, general, 24 time-series analysis, 60 Remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105 Reporting bias, 66 Research methodology, 5, 59-79 see also Interdisciplinary approaches; Modeling studies; Observational studies; Uncertainty aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73 causal relations, general, 83-84 committee study at hand, 2, 132- 135 error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 8285 experimental studies, 5, 6, 11, 62-63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 83, 107 expert opinion, xi, 10, 62, 66, 99 historical perspectives, 13-15, 61 meta-analysis, 67, 112 remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105 stochastic processes, 73 time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61 Retrospective analysis of historical trends, 61 Retrospective analysis of natural variation, 59-60 Richardson, Lewis Frye, 15 Rift Valley fever, 33, 35, 42, 46, 50-51, 63, 76, 78, 88 Risk assessment, 59, 68-71 see also Exposure and exposure assessment cholera, 70-71 defined, 113 dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111 Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90 Stochastic processes, 73 Storms, 21 flooding, 33, 36-37, 38, 63, 78-79 hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101 monsoons, 14, 81 Surveillance systems, 4, 5-7, 10, 66, 69, 7375, 89-90, 93, 95, 105-108 see also Early warning systems; Epidemiology; Observational studies committee study methodology, 2, 135 cost factors, 74 influenza, 54 prospective observations, 60 regional factors, 73, 105-106 reporting bias, 66 Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50 West Nile virus, 93-97 V Vaccines, 3, 7, 36, 42-43, 94 early warning systems, 90 historical perspectives, 9, 42-43 Vector-borne diseases, 1, 2, 30, 31, 38, 94 see also Dengue virus; Insects; Lyme disease; Malaria; Mosquitos; Pesticides; Rift Valley fever air transport, 41 bubonic plague, 12-13, 78 committee meetings, 133, 135 control of vectors, 7 definitions, 113-114 eradication of vectors, 36, 43, 46, 49 hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94 housing, 38, 40, 42 land cover, 39-40 migration and travel, 46 modeling studies, 65 St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90 temperature factors, 34, 65 Vegetation, 22, 24, 81, 83-84 agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 78, 85, 97-98 forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99 Lyme disease, 54 remote sensing, 76, 78 Vibrios, 46, 57-58 see also Cholera Viruses, 1 see also Dengue virus hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94 HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 90 Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... 146 St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90 West Nile virus, 90, 93-97 yellow fever, 1, 9, 78 W Waterborne diseases and water treatment, 7, 38, 42, 44, 46, 79 see also Flooding; Sanitation; Vibrios; Wetlands cholera, 16-17, 34, 38-39, 57-58, 70-71, 79 cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57 dengue fever, 25, 42, 46, 47 drought and, 38-39 early warning systems, 90, 94, 96 historical perspectives, 14, 16, 18, 44 UNDER THE WEATHER malaria, 42, 46 response strategies, 90, 94 Rift Valley fever, 42 risk assessment, 38, 68 schistosomiasis, 39 temperature factors, 34 vibrios, other than cholera, 58 West Nile virus, 90, 93-97 Wetlands, 79 Wind, 12, 14, 20, 21, 34, 38, 48 World Health Organization, 9, 43, 54, 73, 134 World Meteorological Organization, 75, 134 World Weather Watch, 75 y Yellow fever, 1, 9, 78 Read the entire page →

From page 137...

... Index A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 76 Aerosols, 24, 27, 30, 54 Africa, 35 see also Rift Valley fever; West Nile virus cryptosporidiosis, 56 famine, 101-102 malaria, 40, 48 meningitis, 22, 39 Aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73 Agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 85 E1 Nino, 97-98 remote sensing, 78 AIDS, see HIV/AIDS American Association for the Advancement of Science, 16 Asia, 14, 39 cryptosporidiosis, 56 influenza, 40 malaria, 40, 65 Atlantic Ocean, 25 North Atlantic Oscillation, 21 137 B Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 15 Bjerknes, Jacob, 17 Bubonic plague, 12- 13, 78 C Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7,73,74, 108 Cholera, 34, 57-58, 79 drought/famine, 38-39 E1 Nino, 9, 57-58 geographic factors, 16- 17 historical perspectives, 16-17, 58 modeling studies/risk assessment, 70-71 temperature factors, 57-58 Clouds, general circulation models, 27 Coccidioidomycosis, 33, 38 Communication, see Public communication Computer databases, see Databases Computer models, 5, 6, 15-16, 24, 105 seasonal variations, 25 Cost and cost-effectiveness, 105 agricultural planning, E1 Nino, 98 bubonic plague, 13 early warning systems, 4-5, 68, 91 surveillance, 74

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From page 138...

... 138 Crowding, see Population density Cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57 D Databases, 107 see also Internet E1 Nino, 97 Geographic Information System (GIS) , 4, 7, 76-77, 105, 108 standards for surveillance, 6, 66, 74-75, 107 Definitional issues early warning system, 86 epidemiology, 28-30 glossary, 110- 114 risk assessment terminology, 68-69, 111, 112, 113 weather vs climate, 20-22 Demographic factors, 3, 27, 41-42, 70 see also Population density; Urban areas early warning systems, 90 emerging diseases, 29 SEIR modeling, 33 Dengue virus, 1, 9, 10, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 4548, 74 E1 Nino, 10 humidity, 46, 47, 48 temperature factors, 33, 34, 47-48 urban areas, 42, 85 water, 25, 42, 46, 47 Department of Defense, 73-74 Developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91 Diagnosis dengue virus, 74 epidemics, 13, 28 Disasters, see Extreme weather events Dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111 Drought, 33, 35, 36-37, 38-39 cholera, 38-39 early warning systems, 5, 101-102 risk assessment, 38 Drug resistance, 2, 43 gonorrhea, 40 historical perspectives, 9 malaria, 48 Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals UNDER THE WEATHER EEarly-warning systems, 2, 4-7, 10, 11, 27, 86102, 105-106 committee meetings, 133-134, 135 cost factors, 4-5, 68, 91, 93 defined, 86 demographic factors, 90 drought/famine, 5, 101-102 ecological factors, 5, 86-87, 89-90 fire, 99 funding, 93 historical perspectives, 14- 16 hurricanes, 101 local factors, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93-97, 101, 102, 106, 135 models, 26-27, 88, 89 national-level factors, 14-15, 88, 90, 92, 102 population density, 90 public communication, 89, 91, 95-96, 102, 135 public health services, 5, 88, 90-92, 93 regional factors, 90, 92, 93 risk assessment, 87-88, 89, 90, 94-95 sanitation, 90, 94 sentinel animals, 86, 87, 89 state-level factors, 92 temporal factors, 91, 92 uncertainty, 87 vaccines, 90 waterborne diseases, general, 90, 94, 96 Ecological factors, xi, xii, 9, 10, 11, 35, 36, 75, 80-85, 103, 104, 107-108 aggregation bias, 67 committee study methodology, 2, 134 early warning systems, 5, 86-87, 89-90 emerging diseases, 29, 30 historical perspectives, 17 interdisciplinary studies, 7, 71-72 remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105 SEIR modeling, 33 time-series analysis, 60 Economic factors, 27, 74, 90, 134 see also Cost and cost-effectiveness; Socioeconomic factors developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91 Education, see Internet; Professional education; Public communication

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From page 139...

... Louis encephalitis, 49-50 urban areas, 36 Epidemiology, xii, 4, 5, 6, 10, 28-33, 66, 6768, 73-75, 105-106, 107 see also Early warning systems; Risk assessment; Surveillance systems committee meetings, 134, 135 definitional issues, 28-30 dengue fever, 47-48 extreme weather conditions, 38 historical perspectives, 13, 14, 16- 17, 18, 19 meta-analysis, 67 sanitation and, 16 Error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 82-85 aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73 Experimental studies, 5, 11, 62-63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 83, 107 interdependence with observational and modeling studies, 6, 67 Expert opinion, xi, 10, 62, 66, 99 139 Exposure and exposure assessment, 65, 69-70 cholera, 70, 71 dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111 food and waterborne diseases, 65 hantavirus, 52 housing and, 38 immunity and, 30 vector-borne diseases, 38, 43, 49, 50 Extreme weather events see also Drought flooding, 33, 36-37, 38, 63, 78-79 hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101 monsoons, 14, 81 risk assessment, 38 temporal factors, 36-37 F Famine cholera, 38-39 early warning systems, 5, 101-102 Famine Early Warning System, 101-102 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 92 Federal government, 1-2, 7, 73, 107-108 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7, 73, 74, 108 committee meetings, 132 Department of Defense, 73-74 Environmental Protection Agency, 68 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 92 Forest Service, 99 funding, 7, 62, 93 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 6, 107 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 108 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 60, 76, 93 National Weather Service, 15, 87 Fires and fire control, 99 Flooding, 36-37, 78 cryptosporidiosis, 33 meningitis, 33 remote sensing, 78-79 Rift Valley fever, 33, 63 risk assessment, 38 Food, see Famine; Nutrition and malnutrition Food-borne pathogens, 44, 46, 57, 58, 68, 76, 96

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From page 140...

... 140 Forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99 Forest Service, 99 Funding early warning systems, 93 interdisciplinary studies, 7, 62 G General circulation models, 27 Genetic factors, 3, 35, 36, 105 emerging diseases, 29-30, 73-74, 104 Geographic factors, 1, 3-4, 6 see also Local factors; National-level factors; Regional factors; Spatial factors; State-level factors cholera, 16-17 cryptosporidiosis, 56 historical perspectives, 12, 13, 17 modeling studies, 27, 65, 66 Geographic Information System (GIS) , 4, 7, 76-77, 105, 108 Global Change Research Program, xi-xii, 7, 9, 108 Global climate, general, 2, 17, 81, 82, 104 E1 Nino, 22, 23 surveillance and, 74 Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response Systems, 74 Global warming, 3, 9, 10, 22-24, 27, 37, 81, 82, 104 greenhouse gases, 22, 24, 27 influenza, 55 integrated assessment, 72 mosquito vectors, 9, 49 West Nile virus, 97 Gonorrhea, 40 Greenhouse gases, 22, 24, 27 H Hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94 Hill, Austin Bradford, 17 Historical perspectives, 1, 9-10, 12-19, 99 cholera, 16-17, 58 committee meetings, 132 cryptosporidiosis, 56 early warning systems, 14- 16 E1 Nino, 17, 25 epidemics, 12-13, 36, 38, 49-50 epidemiology, 13, 14, 16-17, 18, 19 UNDER THE WEATHER geographic factors, 12, 13, 17 interdisciplinary approaches, 17 precipitation, 14, 25 public health, 18, 19 regional factors, 12- 13, 14, 17 research methodology, 13- 15, 61 sanitation, 14, 16, 18 seasonal variation, 8, 12, 14, 21, 25 surveillance, 89 time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61 vaccines, 9, 42-43 waterborne diseases and water treatment, 14, 16, 18, 44 HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 90 Housing early warning systems, 90 Lyme disease, 40 regional factors, 3 vector-borne diseases, 38, 40, 42 Humidity, 2, 46 see also Precipitation coccidioidomycosis, 33 cryptosporidiosis, 33, 46 dengue virus, 46, 47, 48 influenza, 55 malaria, 46, 48, 65 meningitis, 33, 39 modeling studies, 65 Rift Valley fever, 33 Hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101 I Immigration, see Migration Immune response, 35-36, 111 - 112 see also Drug resistance; Vaccines cholera, 57 influenza, 54-55 refugees, 37, 40 Rift Valley fever, 51 travelers and migrants, 40 Incidence and prevalence, 6, 9, 10, 70, 74 see also Endemic outbreaks; Epidemics; Surveillance cholera, 57 cryptosporidiosis, 56 defined, 28, 112, 113 dengue fever, 45-46 emerging diseases, 29 influenza, 54 Lyme disease, 10, 52-53

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From page 141...

... 55, 79, 85, 93-97 141 vegetation, general, 22, 24, 54, 76, 78, 81, 83-84 wetlands, 79 Local factors, 24 early warning systems, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93-97, 101, 102, 106, 135 epidemics, 13 modeling studies, 65 surveillance systems, 73 Lorenz, Edward, 16 Lyme disease, 39-40, 46, 52-54, 78, 79 M Malaria, 1, 8, 43, 46, 48-49, 78, 79, 85, 135 air transport, 41 drug-resistant, 48 global warming, 9 humidity, 46, 48, 65 incidence, 10, 48-49 migrants, 40 modeling studies, 65 precipitation, 46, 48, 65 seasonal variation, 33 temperature, 33, 34, 46, 48 water, standing, 42, 46 wind, 48 Malnutrition, see Nutrition and malnutrition Mass media, 10 Mathematical, 9, 13, 15-16, 63-68, 88, 112 committee meetings, 133 SEIR framework, 31-33, 36, 63, 88 Mechanistic models, 63-64, 65, 106- 107 Meningitis, 1, 22, 33, 39 Meta-analysis, 67, 112 Methodology, see Research methodology Migration, 10, 35, 40-41 see also Travel and tourism refugees, 37, 40 Modeling studies, 5-6, 11, 59, 70, 98, 104105, 106-107 agricultural land uses, 98 animal models, 16-17, 55 cholera, 70-71 climate, 7, 9 computer models, 5, 6, 15-16, 24, 25, 105 disease transmission, 30 dose-response, 68, 69, 71, 111 early warning systems, 26-27, 88, 89 epidemiology, 4, 107

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From page 142...

... , 60, 93 Outbreaks, see Epidemics p Pacific Ocean, 17, 25, 51 see also E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation: North Atlantic Oscillation Parasitic diseases, 1, 9, 35 see also Malaria cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57 schistosomiasis, 39, 43, 78, 79 Pesticides, 43, 96 historical perspectives, 9 resistance to, 2, 9

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From page 143...

... INDEX Pharmaceuticals, 3, 9, 36 see also Drug resistance; Vaccines Population density, 3, 35, 37, 41, 46, 55 early warning systems, 90 influenza, 33, 55 see also Urban areas Population factors, other, see Demographic factors; Social factors; Socioeconomic factors Precipitation, 21, 46, 90, 97 see also Drought; Flooding cryptosporidiosis, 1, 46, 56 dengue fever, 46, 47 general circulation models, 27 historical perspectives, 14, 25 malaria, 46, 48, 65 modeling studies, 27, 65 monsoons, 14, 81 Rift Valley fever, 46, 51 seasonal, general, 25 vegetative cover and, 24, 78 Prevalence, see Incidence and prevalence Professional education interdisciplinary, 6, 7, 62 response strategies, 94 Prospective observations, 60-61 Public communication, 89, 91, 95-96, 98, 102, 135 see also Internet Mass media, 10 Public health, 3, 10, 36, 42-43, 68, 135 see also Housing; Sanitation; Vaccines; Waterborne diseases and water treatment bubonic plague, 13 early warning systems, 5, 88, 90-92, 93 emerging diseases, 29 historical perspectives, 18, 19 hurricanes, 100 interdisciplinary studies, 7 modeling studies, 66 quarantine, 13, 36 vector eradication, 36, 43, 46, 49 Public opinion, 10, 91 Q Quantitative risk characterization, 2, 4, 27, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 72, 96, 105 Quarantine, 13, 36 143 R Rain, see Precipitation Regional factors, 3, 21, 22, 24, 61 see also Epidemics developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91 early warning systems, 90, 92, 93 epidemics, 12- 13 general circulation models, 27 global warming, 24 historical perspectives, 12-13, 14, 17 modeling studies, 65, 66 monsoons, 14 precipitation, 24 remote sensing, 73 surveillance systems, 73, 105-106 temperature, general, 24 time-series analysis, 60 Remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105 Reporting bias, 66 Research methodology, 5, 59-79 see also Interdisciplinary approaches; Modeling studies; Observational studies; Uncertainty aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73 causal relations, general, 83-84 committee study at hand, 2, 132- 135 error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 8285 experimental studies, 5, 6, 11, 62-63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 83, 107 expert opinion, xi, 10, 62, 66, 99 historical perspectives, 13-15, 61 meta-analysis, 67, 112 remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105 stochastic processes, 73 time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61 Retrospective analysis of historical trends, 61 Retrospective analysis of natural variation, 59-60 Richardson, Lewis Frye, 15 Rift Valley fever, 33, 35, 42, 46, 50-51, 63, 76, 78, 88 Risk assessment, 59, 68-71 see also Exposure and exposure assessment cholera, 70-71 defined, 113 dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111

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From page 144...

... Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90 Stochastic processes, 73 Storms, 21 flooding, 33, 36-37, 38, 63, 78-79 hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101 monsoons, 14, 81 Surveillance systems, 4, 5-7, 10, 66, 69, 7375, 89-90, 93, 95, 105-108 see also Early warning systems; Epidemiology; Observational studies committee study methodology, 2, 135 cost factors, 74 influenza, 54 prospective observations, 60 regional factors, 73, 105-106 reporting bias, 66

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From page 145...

... Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50 West Nile virus, 93-97 V Vaccines, 3, 7, 36, 42-43, 94 early warning systems, 90 historical perspectives, 9, 42-43 Vector-borne diseases, 1, 2, 30, 31, 38, 94 see also Dengue virus; Insects; Lyme disease; Malaria; Mosquitos; Pesticides; Rift Valley fever air transport, 41 bubonic plague, 12-13, 78 committee meetings, 133, 135 control of vectors, 7 definitions, 113-114 eradication of vectors, 36, 43, 46, 49 hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94 housing, 38, 40, 42 land cover, 39-40 migration and travel, 46 modeling studies, 65 St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90 temperature factors, 34, 65 Vegetation, 22, 24, 81, 83-84 agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 78, 85, 97-98 forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99 Lyme disease, 54 remote sensing, 76, 78 Vibrios, 46, 57-58 see also Cholera Viruses, 1 see also Dengue virus hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94 HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 90

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From page 146...

... 146 St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90 West Nile virus, 90, 93-97 yellow fever, 1, 9, 78 W Waterborne diseases and water treatment, 7, 38, 42, 44, 46, 79 see also Flooding; Sanitation; Vibrios; Wetlands cholera, 16-17, 34, 38-39, 57-58, 70-71, 79 cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57 dengue fever, 25, 42, 46, 47 drought and, 38-39 early warning systems, 90, 94, 96 historical perspectives, 14, 16, 18, 44 UNDER THE WEATHER malaria, 42, 46 response strategies, 90, 94 Rift Valley fever, 42 risk assessment, 38, 68 schistosomiasis, 39 temperature factors, 34 vibrios, other than cholera, 58 West Nile virus, 90, 93-97 Wetlands, 79 Wind, 12, 14, 20, 21, 34, 38, 48 World Health Organization, 9, 43, 54, 73, 134 World Meteorological Organization, 75, 134 World Weather Watch, 75 y Yellow fever, 1, 9, 78

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Index Pages 137-146

Index
Pages 137-146