Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) / Chapter Skim
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This report includes a review of the roles that micronutrients are known to play in traditional deficiency diseases and evaluates possible roles in chronic diseases. The overall project is a comprehensive effort undertaken by the Stancling Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (the DRI Committee)
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WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES? Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIsJ are reference values that are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing cliets for apparently healthy people.
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SUMMARY 3 If the stanciarci deviation (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is symmetrically clistributeci, the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR: RDA = EAR + 2 SDEAR.
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The main intencleci use of the AI is as a goal for the nutrient intake of incliviciuals. For example, the AI for young infants, for whom human milk is the recommencleci sole source of food for most nutrients up through the first 4 to 6 months of age, is baseci on the ciaily mean nutrient intake supplied by human milk for apparently healthy, fullterm infants receiving human milk.
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o ;I1 o _ Q ID On ID m _ _ ID c) On o FIGURE S-1 Dietary reference intakes.
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Where ciata about adverse effects are extremely limited, extra caution may be warranted. APPROACH FOR SETTING DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES The scientific data used to develop Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB)
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b RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. The intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97-98 percent)
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C 400 500 210 275 445 630 625 .tion vitamin A in A 210 275 420 485 500 530 550 885 900 300 400 600 900 900 300 400 600 700 700 750 770 1,200 1,300 defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR.
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The observed average or experimentally determined intake by a defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an NUTRIENT FUNCTIONS AND THE INDICATORS USED TO ESTIMATE REQUIREMENTS Vitamin A functions to maintain normal reproduction, vision, and immune function.
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Therefore, an AI was set baseci on estimated intakes of chromium cleriveci from the average amount of chromium/l,OOO kcal of balanceci cliets and average energy intake from NHANES III. The AI is 35 ,ug/ciay for young men and 25 ,ug/ciay for young women.
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AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
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. b The average chromium content in well balanced diets was determined to be 13.4 ,ug/ 1,000 kcal and the average energy intake for adults was obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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b RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. The intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97-98 percent)
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C 200 220 260 260 340 340 340 340 440 440 540 540 700 700 685 685 890 890 et xide 700 700 900 900 700 700 900 900 of copper 785 1,000 per 800 1,000 copper 985 1,000 1,300 1,300 defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR.
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The observed average or experimentally determined intake by a CRITERIA AND PROPOSED VALUES FOR TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS A risk assessment model is used to derive Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
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C 110 130 rage amount 65 65 90 90 65 65 90 90 73 73 120 120 95 95 150 150 95 95 150 150 95 95 150 150 160 220 160 220 209 290 209 290 defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR.
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The observed average or experimentally determined intake by a bility of adverse effects and will employ appropriate safety monitoring of trial subjects. The ULs for vitamin A, boron, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc are baseci on adverse effects of intake from cliet, fortified foocis, anci/or supplements.
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USING DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TO ASSESS NUTRIENT INTAKES OF GROUPS Suggested uses of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB) appear in Box S-2.
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The observed average or experimentally determined intake by a defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment (IOM, 2000)
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. For healthy infants receiving human milk, the AI is the mean intake.
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Data linking intake of vitamin K and chromium with the risk of chronic disease in North America were available but insufficient to set Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
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C 2 3 }0 y n body 13 17 26 33 34 34 13 17 26 33 34 34 17 22 34 43 45 45 17 22 34 43 45 45 40 50 Iy weight 40 50 35 50 Plenum 36 50 defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR.
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b RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. The intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97-98 percent)
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The AI is used if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR. For healthy infants receiving human milk, the AI is the mean intake.
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As intake increases above the RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS Five major types of information gaps were noted: a lack of ciata demonstrating a specific role of some of these micronutrients in human health; a dearth of studies designed specifically to estimate average requirements in presumably healthy humans; a lack of ciata on the micronutrient neecis of infants, children, adolescents, the elderly, and pregnant women; a lack of studies to determine the role of these micronutrients in reducing the risk of certain chronic diseases; and a lack of studies designed to detect adverse effects of chronic high intakes of these many of these micronutrients. Highest priority is thus given to studies that address the following research topics:
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and biochemical endpoints that reflect sufficient and insufficient body stores of vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc; · studies to further identify and quantify the effects of interactions between micronutrients and interactions between micronutrients and other food components, the food matrix, food processing, and life stage on micronutrient (vitamin A, vitamin K, chromium, copper, iron, and zinc) bioavailability and therefore dietary requirement;
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28 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES · studies to further investigate the role of arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, and vanadium in human health; and · studies to investigate the influence of non-nutritional factors (e.g., body mass inclex, glucose intolerance, infection) on the biochemical indicators for micronutrients currently measured by U.S.
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