Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) / Chapter Skim
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6 Chromium
6 Chromium
Pages 197-223
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From page 197... ...
Few serious adverse effects have been associated with excess intake of chromium from food. Therefore, a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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From page 198... ...
iclentifieci chromium as the element that restored glucose tolerance in rats. Impaired glucose tolerance of malnourished infants responcleci to an oral close of chromium chloride (Hopkins and Majaj, 1967; Hopkins et al., 1968~; subsequently, benefits of chromium chloride were reported in a patient receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
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From page 199... ...
. A recent study using 53Cr demonstrated that acute and chronic resistive exercise may increase chromium absorption as cletermineci by the increased urinary excretion of the 53Cr isotope (Rubin et al., 1998~.
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C11inica11 Effects of Inadequate Intake Chromium deficiency has been reported in three patients who clici not receive supplemental chromium in their TPN solutions
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From page 201... ...
The other two patients responcleci similarly to chromium supplementation (Brown et al., 1986; Freunci et al., 1979) Because chromium potentiates the action of insulin and chromium deficiency in TPN patients, impairs glucose utilization, and raises insulin requirements, it has been hypothesized that poor chromium status is a factor contributing to the incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and Type II diabetes.
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From page 202... ...
There was a negative linear relationship between clietary chromium in this range and percent urinary chromium excretion (Anderson and Kozlovsky, 1985~. However, urinary chromium excretion appears to be related to recent chromium intake but has not been useful as a predictor of chromium status (Anderson et al., 1983~.
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From page 203... ...
Glucose and insulin concentrations in response to a glucose loaci were monitored at baseline, 4, 9, and 14 weeks. After adapting to the cliet for 4 weeks, subjects were assigned to placebo or chromium supplementation groups for ~ weeks followoci by a crossover without washout for another ~ weeks Anderson et al., 1991~.
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From page 204... ...
increased urinary chromium excretion in adults (Kozlovsky et al., 1986~. Urinary chromium excretion was found to be related to the insulinogenic properties of carbohydrates (Anderson et al., 1990~.
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These tissue concentrations were generated before chromium measurement techniques were reliable (Anderson, 1987~; nonetheless, the possibility that infants deplete their stores during the early months of life suggests that the AI possibly should not be baseci solely on human milk consumption. There are no specific ciata on the chromium concentration of weaning foocis; this indicates an area of neecleci research.
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From page 206... ...
consumed from weaning foods is estimated to be 5.36 Gay. Therefore the amount of chromium consumed from human milk and complementary foods would be 5.5 Gay (0.15 + 5.36~.
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Children and Adolescents Ages ~ through IS Years Method Used to Set the Adequate Intake No ciata were found on which to base an Estimated Average Requirement for children and adolescents; therefore AIs have been set. In the absence of information on the chromium content of chilciren's flints, AIs for these age groups have been extrapolated from adults, ages 19 through 30 years, with use of the method described in Chapter 2 and rounding to the nearest 1 fig.
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From page 208... ...
Chromium Al Summary, Ages ~ 9 through 50 Years AI for Men 19-30 years 31-50 years AI for Women 19-30 years 31-50 years 351lg/day of chromium 351lg/day of chromium 251lg/day of chromium 251lg/day of chromium Adults Ages 5 ~ Years and Older Method Used to Set the Adequate Intake As cliscusseci for adults 19 through 50 years, the mean chromium content of 22 well-balanceci ciaily cliets, clesigneci by nutritionists, was 13.4 + 1.1 ~g/1,000 kcal (SEM) (range 8.4 to 23.7 ~g/1,000 kcal)
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From page 209... ...
, the decrease with age of chromium concentrations in hair and sweat (Davies et al., 1997) , and the increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance with aging (Harris et al., 1998)
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. Women do not appear to reduce urinary chromium excretion cluring lactation to compensate for increased neecis (Mohamecishah et al., 1998~.
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Consequently clietary chromium intakes cannot be cletermineci from any currently existing databases. The chromium content in foocis may increase or decrease with processing.
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Further research is neecleci to define the contributions of differences in clietary patterns, regional variation in food chromium concentrations, and possible sample contamination in these disparate values. Derivation of clietary intake baseci on duplicate meal analyses assumes that subjects do not change their intakes because of the collection; however, this assumption may underestimate actual food intake (Kim et al., 1984~.
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From page 213... ...
Chronic Renal Failure Chronic interstitial nephritis in humans has been attributed to ingestion of chromium picolinate in two case reports (Cerulli et al., 1998; Wasser et al., 1997~. However, there is no evidence of kidney damage in experimental animals exposed for up to 2 years to oral chromium as chromium chloride, chromium bichloride, chromium picolinate, or chromium acetate (Anderson et al., 1997a; Schroeder et al., 1962)
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. Carcinogenicity There is little evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or animals after oral intake of chromium III.
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However, various chromium III compounds have been stuclieci in mice and rats with respect to their reproductive system toxicity. Chromium chloride (in drinking water)
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· Information on variability in chromium concentration in the food and water supply. · Development and validation of a useful clinical indicator to identify persons with marginal chromium status and investigation of effects of physiological levels of chromium supplementation in these patients.
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1996. Trace element content in human milk during lactation of preterm newborns.
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1992. Chromium content in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas.
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1998. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S.
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1977. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.
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1985. Dietary chromium and effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance of elderly Canadian women.
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1998. Acute and chronic resistive exercise increase urinary chromium excretion in men as measured with an enriched chromium stable isotope.
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From page 223... ...
1997. Chronic renal failure after ingestion of over-the-counter chromium picolinate.
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