Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) / Chapter Skim
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10 Manganese
10 Manganese
Pages 394-419
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From page 394... ...
was set baseci on meclian intakes reported from the Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study. The AI for adult men and women is 2.3 and 1.8 mg/day, respectively.
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Therefore, potential risk for manganese toxicity is highest when bile excretion is low, such as in the neonate or in liver disease (Heuser et al., 1994~. Plasma manganese concentrations can be at_ · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~\ rat ~ .
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Neonatal mice were unable to maintain manganese homeostasis until 17 to 18 clays of age (Fechter, 1999~. Clinical Effects of Inadequate Intake Manganese deficiency has been observed in various species of animals with the signs of deficiency, including impaired growth, impaired reproductive function, impaired glucose tolerance, and alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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From page 397... ...
. Balance studies are problematic for investigation of manganese requirement because of the rapid excretion of manganese into bile and because manganese balances during short- and moderate-term studies do not appear to be proportional to manganese intakes (Greger, 1998, 1999~.
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398 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 10-1 Manganese Balance Studies in Adults Balance Data Reference Study Group Duration Diet (mg/d)
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0.6 Serum and Plasma Manganese Concentration Several studies reported that serum or plasma manganese concentrations respond to clietary intake. Serum manganese concentration of women consuming 1.7 mg/ciay of manganese was lower than that of women ingesting 15 mg/day of supplemental manganese for more than 20 clays (Davis and Greger, 1992~.
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Blood Manganese Concentration An advantage of whole blood manganese concentration over plasma or serum manganese concentration as an indicator is that slight hemolysis of samples can markedly increase plasma or serum manganese concentrations. Whole blood manganese seems to be extremely variable, however, which may preclude it as a viable status indicator.
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From page 401... ...
Acicling calcium to human milk significantly recluceci the absorption of 54Mn from 4.9 to 3.0 percent (Davicisson et al., 1991~. Low ferritin concentrations are associateci with increased manganese absorption, therefore having a gender effect on manganese bioavailability (Finley, 1999~.
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aciministereci 54Mn in either a soy-baseci infant formula or a similar clephytinizeci formula to eight men and women. The geometric mean manganese absorption was 0.7 percent for the native formula and 1.6 percent for the clephytinizeci formula.
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. Mean manganese concentrations of human milk at 1 month were approximately 4.0 ~g/L (Aquilio et al., 1996; Casey et al., 1985, 1989)
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Therefore, meclian intake ciata were used to set the AI. Data from the Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study indicate a meclian intake of 1.22 mg/ciay of manganese for children aged 1 through 3 years (Appendix Table Em.
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These varied finclings in adolescent girls may be clue to a variation in iron status given that a significant negative association between manganese absorption and plasma ferritin concentrations has been reported recently (Finley, 1999~. Because of the limitations of balance ciata, as previously cliscusseci, these ciata were not used to set the EAR.
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reported that manganese concentrations in fetal tissues ranged from 0.35 to 9.27 agog dry weight. In animals, manganese deficiency in utero produces ataxia and impaired otolith clevelopment, but these defects have not been reported in humans.
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Manganese Al Summary, Pregnancy AI for Pregnancy 14-18 years 19-30 years 31-50 years 2 mg/day of manganese 2 mg/day of manganese 2 mg/day of manganese Lactation Method Used to Set the Adequate Intake There are no ciata available that directly assess the manganese requirement in lactating women. Approximately 3 ~g/ciay of manganese is secreted in human milk.
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Baseci on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ciata, the meclian supplemental intake of manganese by adults who take supplements was approximately 2.4 mg/ciay, an amount similar to the clietary intake of manganese Appendix Table C-20)
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reported whole blood manganese concentrations of 18.8 to 45 ~g/L in three patients with chronic liver disease, as compared to a normal range of 4.2 to 14.3 HAL. Spahr and coworkers (1996)
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gave male rats 0.1 or 5.0 mg/mL of manganese in drinking water for 8 months and measureci locomotor activity throughout this period. A significant increase in activity cluring the first month was found at both closes.
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found no evidence of toxicity in people living in northern Germany (mean age of 57.5 years) drinking water with a manganese concentration between 300 and 2,160 ~g/L (n = 41~; they were compared with people drinking water with less than 50 ~g/L of manganese.
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At this close, there were significant increases in serum manganese concentrations after 25 clays of supplementation and in lymphocyte manganese-clepenclent superoxicle clismutase activity after 90 clays of supplementation. Uncertainty Assessment.
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There are no ciata showing increased susceptibility of pregnant or lactating women to manganese intake. Therefore, the ULs for pregnant and lactating women are the same as those for the nonpregnant and nonlactating women.
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Intake Assessment Baseci on the Total Diet Study Appendix Table E-6) , the highest dietary manganese intake at the ninety-fifth percentile was 6.3 ma/ clay, which was the level consumed by men age ci 31 to 50 years.
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1989a. Manganese absorption from human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas in humans.
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1991. The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans.
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ed. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed.
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1989. Possible health effects of high manganese concentration in drinking water.
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1984. Manganese intake and serum manganese concentration of human milk-fed and formula-fed infants.
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