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From page 255... ... Index A Acetylsalicylic acid, 74 Adipose tissue/fat, 66, 72, 124, 131-139 (passim) obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 159 Adolescence, see Puberty Adrenal gland, 54, 68-70, 128 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 90-93 immune response, 145 obesity, 136 Adulthood, 72-77 androgen, 72, 73 autoimmunity, 153, 157 calcium requirements, 139 energy requirements, 132 menopause, 72-73, 98-99, 102-103, 136, 139, 140 coronary heart disease, 162, 163, 164 melanoma, 130, 140-142 osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140 pain perception, 108 African Americans, 65-66, 128, 134, 135 coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170 Age factors, 231, 237 see also Adulthood; Developmental factors; Early childhood development; Menopause; Puberty 255 coronary heart disease, 158, 159, 160162,164,167,168,171,172 Food and drug Administration, drug applications, 175 gastric processes, 121, 122 immune response, 153-154, 155 infancy, 64, 70 melanoma, 141 Agenda for Research on Women's Health for the 21st Century, 15, 229, 231 AIDS, 147, 148 Alcohol, 124, 128, 140 Alosetron, 129 Alzheimer's disease, 238 American Indians, 135 American Medical Association Manual of Style, 17-18 Analgesics, 105-109, 110 Androgen, 178-179, 231, 234 adulthood, 72, 73 andropause, bone effects, 73 behavioral effects, 80, 90-94 brain development, 93-94 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 9093 deficiency, 73 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hydropogonadism, 91 immune response, 144 prenatal, 52, 55, 60, 89, 90-94 Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... Body size, 130, 132, 134, 135, 138 height, 20-21, 132, 133 obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159 osteoporosis, 139 Body weight, 18, 49, 72, 132, 137-138, 239 coronary heart disease, 159, 162 birth weight, 49, 70 bone, 131 drug metabolism, 124 muscle mass, 72 obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159 osteoporosis, 139, 140 pregnancy, 131 Bone, 178, 231 andropause, 73 menopause, 72, 73 osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140 pubertal growth spurt, 68 Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... INDEX skeletal dysplasia, 54 weight of, 131 Bowels and bowel diseases, 106, 112, 121, 129, 150, 236 Brain, 6-7, 11, 23, 81-83, 96,102-104,115116, 130 see also Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases; Cognitive factors adulthood, 72 Alzheimer's disease, 238 androgen, 93-94 animal models, 81, 82-83, 109, 111, 112114 cerebellum, 82, 111 hippocampus, 82, 111 hormonal processes, 81-83, 92, 96, 97, 102-104, 112-115 hypothalamus, 62, 64-65, 72, 82-83,145 imaging studies, 102-103,111 neurons, 81-83, 99,107,108,113 pain, 111 psychosexual differentiation, 80 puberty, 71 synapses, 81, 83 testosterone, 82 Breasts, 66, 79 cancer, 180 lactation, 139 menopause, 72 Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences, 182 C Calcium, 73, 139 see also Osteoporosis Cancer, 19, 75,118,119 breast, 180 melanoma, 130, 140-142 National Cancer Institute, 177-178 Cardiovascular disease, see Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases Caucasians, 65-66, 135 coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163, 165-166, 170 osteoporosis, 138 Cell cultures, 38 Cellular biology, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14-15, 16, 21, 28-44, 96, 178-179 see also Genetics; Genomics 257 immune response, 143,144,145,149, 153, 178-179 leukocytes, 114,144,146, 152 Leydig cells, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68 meiosis, 28, 34, 4142, 46, 56, 241 mitosis, 37, 241 mosaicism, 36, 37, 3940 neurons, 81-83, 99,107,108,113 psychosexual differentiation, 80-81 puberty, 64 Sertoli cells, 51, 52, 56, 60 somatic cells, 4, 31, 37, 38, 44 stem cells, 41, 56 testicular organogenesis, 34, 35, 55-56 Central nervous system, 81-82 see also Brain multiple sclerosis, 20, 152 pain perception, 107 Cerebellum, 82, 111 Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, 19-20, 23, 49, 70, 74-75, 128-129, 158-172, 178-179, 231 age factors, 158,159,160-162,164,167, 168, 171, 172 animal models, 112-115 body weight, 159, 162 Chagas's disease, 148,149 diabetes and, 159,166-167,168 drugs, 158,170, 171 environmental factors, 159-160,170,171 estrogen, 107-108,114,164,165, 166 genetic factors, 158,159,170,171 hormones, 114,164,165,166,170, 171, 238 hypertension, 49, 70, 72, 74, 160, 162, 165-166 infectious diseases and, 159,170,171 longitudinal studies, 161-162 menopause, 72, 73,162,163,164 nutrition, 161, 170 pregnancy/prenatal period, 158, 161, 166, 167, 171 race/ethnicity, 161,162,163, 165-166, 170 smoking, 162-163 stress, 161, 165 treatment of, 168-170 Chagas's disease, 148,149 Chemical processes, see Biochemistry; Toxic agents Cholesterol, 49, 114, 145, 158-165 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... 24, 25 Depression, 80, 130 immune response, 145 Developmental factors, ix, 1-2, 14, 15, 45-78, 96-97 see also Adulthood; Age factors; Early childhood development; Menopause; Pregnancy/prenatal period; Puberty; Secondary sex characteristics animal models, 45, 48, 51, 54, 55, 59, 78 infancy, 64, 70 Diabetes mellitus, 70, 122, 166-167 coronary heart disease and, 159, 166167, 168 obesity and, 132-133 Digestion, 120-122, 136 Discrimination based on sex/gender, 9-10, 11, 24-25, 168, 183-184 Diseases and disorders, xix, 2, 34, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16, 40, 44, 117-172, 183 see also Cancer; Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases; Infectious diseases; Mental illness; Pharmaceuticals AIDS, 147, 148 Alzheimer's disease, 238 arthritis, 23, 106, 123, 146, 150-154 (passim) autoimmune diseases, 20, 142-143, 147159, 239; see also specific diseases infra and supra body composition and, 130 bowel, 106, 112, 121, 129, 150, 236 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 9093 defined, 240 dental asymmetry, 48 diabetes, 4849 dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102 dyslipidemia, 70 dysmenorrhea, 111-112 fibromyalgia, 72, 112 filariasis, 149 fungal, 148-149 gonadal dysgenesis, 54 hepatitis, 146 herpes, 147, 148 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hydropogonadism, 91 life expectancy, 7, 74-75, 76 Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... scleroderma, 147, 151 sex determination/differentiation, 54, 63, 83-84, 115 spine bifida, 49 trypanosomiasis, 149 Turner syndrome, 63 X-chromosome inactivation, 39 X-chromosome-linked, 28 DNA, 34, 41 arrays, 32 defined, 240 genomics, 29-35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 240 sex determination and differentiation, 51 transgenics, 43 Dopamine, 82, 128, 233, 238 Dose-response, 118, 119 defined, 240 Drug metabolism, 118, 119, 124, 125, 242 Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals Dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102 Dyslipidemia, 70 Dysmenorrhea, 111-112 E Early childhood development, 50-62, 64-65, 77, 94-95 see also Pregnancy/prenatal period; Puberty body composition, 131 259 brain, 81 calcium requirements, 139 energy requirements, 132 environmental and genetic factors, 50 infancy, 64, 70 Economic factors, xx, 2, 3, 15 cost of brain research, 115 funding, 8, 79 socioeconomic status, 16 Education, see Public education Educational attainment, obesity, 135 Embryos, 22, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 55, 96 Endocrine system, see Hormonal processes Energy storage and metabolism, 7, 117, 118, 120, 130, 131-132, 134, 136, 137, 170 Environmental factors, ix, 3, 6, 14, 20, 46, 117, 174 see also Behavioral factors; Nutrition; Physical activity; Sociological factors; Toxic agents autoimmunity, 150-151 behavioral effects, 79, 80, 94-95, 124, 128, 140 cognitive effects, 79 coronary heart disease, 159-160, 170, 171 early development, 50 height, 21 immune response, 143, 150-151, 155 obesity, 134 osteoporosis, 140 prenatal, 45, 48, 49, 70 sex and gender defined, 18 sex determination and differentiation, 50 toxic agents, xix, 3, 7, 23, 150-151, 159, 170 Enzymatic processes, 62, 176, 233-238 adulthood, 72 coronary heart disease, 165-166 genomics, 31 pain perception, 108 Epidemiology, 15, 182 see also Longitudinal studies coronary heart disease, 161-162 obesity, 134, 135 reading disabilities, 101 Estradiol pregnancy, 146 psychosexual differentiation, 81 puberty, 65, 67-68 Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... , 25, 26, 175, 177, 178 Genetics, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 21, 22, 2846, 183 see also Sex determination and differentiation autosomes, 31, 35, 40, 42, 50, 51, 54, 56, 239 behavior and, 79-116 brain, 82 coronary heart disease, 158, 159, 170, 171 definitions, 240 early development, 50 gender identity, 83, 84 hemizygosity, 40 immune response, 143, 144, 153, 155 imprinting, 28, 40, 44 melanoma, 140-141 mosaicism, 36-40 (passim) , 44, 240, 242 mutations, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51 pubertal growth spurt, 68 transgenics, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154, 156-159 osteoporosis, 140 pain perception, 106-107 protein encoding, 29, 35 pseudoautosomal region, 33, 34, 35, 42 sex and gender defined, 17-18 SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57 transgenic techniques, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154, 156-159 X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37-39, 44 Genomics, 29-35, 39, 40, 43, 44 defined, 240 Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... , 6465 immune response, 143, 144-145, 152, 155, 156-159 insulin, 67, 70, 238 leptin, 66-67, 137 melanoma, 141 menopause, 72-73; see also "hormone treatment" supra obesity, 136, 137 osteoporosis, 130, 139, 140 pain, 107-108, 109 pituitary, 59, 62, 64, 145 pregnancy/prenatal period, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55-56, 58-59, 60, 79-80, 89-95, 146, 152 progesterone, 113-114, 121-122, 136, 235 progestins, 72 prostate gland, 62 psychosexual differentiation, 80-81 puberty, 45, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66-71, 72 sex determination/differentiation, 50, 51, 54, 55-59 social factors, 93 steroids, pain, 107-108 prenatal period, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 5859 stress, 75, 77 testes, organogenesis, 55-56 thyroid gland, 22, 123, 140, 142, 149, 150, 154-155, 156-157, 158 Hyperactivity disorder, 128 Hypertension, 49, 70, 72, 74, 160, 162, 165166 Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... Lyme disease, 148, 151, 152 M Malaria, 149 Mathematical abilities, see Quantitative abilities Measles, 146, 148 Meiosis, 28, 34, 4142, 46 defined, 241 testicular organogenesis, 56 Melanoma, 130, 140-142 Memory, 87, 95, 99, 104 Meningitis, 146 Menstrual cycle, 115, 120, 128, 180, 235 calcium requirements, 139 cognitive effects, 97-98 dysmenorrhea, 111-112 food intake, 131 hypertension, 165 Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... , 131, 134, 137, 231 mass, 72 pain, 106, 110, 111 Mutation, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51 pubertal growth spurt, 68 transgenics, 43, 51 Mycobacteria, 148-149 263 N National Cancer Institute, 177-178 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey, 162 National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 15-16, 25, 26, 127-128, 175, 177, 182, 183184 National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act, 25 Native Americans, see American Indians Neurological factors, 15, 127, 128 see also Brain; Central nervous system; Pain Neurons, 81-83, 99, 107, 108, 113 Nitric oxide, 82 Nociception, 105-108 Nuremberg Code of Ethics, 24 Nutrition see also Body weight; Obesity coronary heart disease, 161, 170 energy storage and metabolism, 7, 117, 118, 120, 130, 131-132, 134, 136, 137, 170 height, 21 menstrual cycle, 131 pain perception and, 107 pregnancy/prenatal environment, 49, 70 o Obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137 coronary heart disease, 159 diabetes, 132-133 osteoporosis, 139 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 237 Oocytes and ova, 37, 40, 41, 42, 55 animal models, sex determination/ differentiation, 47 Opioids, 109 Osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140 Ovaries menopause, 72, 98 polycystic ovary syndrome, 70 prenatal development, 51, 54, 55, 58-59 puberty, 68, 70 Oxytocin, 75 Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... 264 p Pain, 23, 46, 74, 79, 105-112 analgesics, 105-109, 110 animal models, 109, 111 estrogen, 107-108 headache, 106, 112 Parasitic diseases, 148-149 Parental factors, 2-3,16 Perception, 79, 86 see also Pain pregnancy/prenatal period, 48 spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95,104 visual perception, other, 96 Performance, see Physical performance Pertussis, 146 Pharmaceuticals, 25-26,117, 118-130, 231238 see also Drug metabolism; Food and Drug Administration analgesics, 105-109, 110 antihypertensive therapies, 74 bone loss, 140-141 clinical studies, 108, 127,130 coronary heart disease, 158, 170, 171 definitional issues, 118, 242 estrogen replacement therapy, 73, 103, 152, 157, 165 hormone treatment, general, 16 infectious diseases, 148 Pharmacodynamics, 118,119,127, 231 defined, 242 Pharmacokinetics, 118,119,124,125, 127, 231, 237 defined, 242 Phenotypes, 6, 17, 19, 21, 28, 32, 42, 43, 44, 46, 80 see also Sex determination and differentiation behavior and perception, 79-116 defined, 242 inflammation and immunity, 143,144 radios, 29 Physical activity, 132,137-138 immune response, 145 obesity, 134 osteoporosis, 130 Physical performance, 130, 137-138 motor skills, 86, 87-88,128 strength, gross motor, 86,130 Physiological factors, 1, 2, 7,14, 15,19, 233238 INDEX see also Metabolism sex and gender defined, 18 Pituitary gland immune response, 145 prenatal period, 59, 62 puberty, 64 Placenta, 49, 58, 131 Platelets, 74,168, 236 Pneumococcal infection, 146 Polycystic ovary syndrome, 70 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 130 Preeclampsia, 166 Pregnancy/prenatal period, 2-3, 5-6, 16, 24, 25, 45-46, 48-62, 77, 78, 181 androgen, 52, 55, 60, 89, 90-94 animal models, 48 autoimmune diseases, 152 behavioral effects, 79-80, 89-90 body weight, 131 calcium diversion from mother, 139 cognitive development, 79 coronary heart disease, 158, 161, 166, 167, 171 diabetes of, 167 disease and disorders, general, 4849, 79-80 embryos, 22, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 55, 96 environmental factors, 45, 48, 49, 70 hormones, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55-56, 58-59, 60, 79-80, 89-95, 146, 152 hypertension, 166 immune response, 143,144,147,152 melanoma, 141 metabolism, 49 nutrition, 49, 70 ovaries, organogenesis, 51, 54, 55, 58-59 pituitary gland, 59, 62 placenta, 49, 58, 131 postnatal stress, 107 protein binding, 123-124 sex determination/differentiation, 45, 46, 51-55, 95 steroids, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-59 testes, organogenesis, 34, 35, 45-46, 5051, 54, 55-58, 60 testosterone, 48, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60-61, 62, 91-92 Professional education, interdisciplinary, 182 Progesterone, 113-114, 121-122,136, 235 Progestins, 72 Prostate gland, 62 Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... , 17-19,173, 174-176, 231, 240, 242 Sex determination and differentiation, 2, 5, 15, 34, 44, 4647, 50-62, 63, 93, 97, 115, 174, 233-238 see also Secondary sex characteristics abnormal, 50 androgen, 52, 55, 60, 80 animal models, 46, 4748, 51, 54, 59, 8081 autosomes, 50, 51, 54 behavioral factors, 6, 18 body composition, 131 defined, 50 diseases related to, 54, 63, 83-84,115 Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... 266 gender identity, 6, 7, 8, 13(n.2) , 15, 1718, 79, 83-84 hormones, 50, 51, 54, 55-59 prenatal period, 45, 46, 51-55, 95 psychosexual differentiation, 80-83; see also "gender identity" supra secondary sex characteristics, 45, 50, 62, 65,66,67,70,71 SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57 testicular organogenesis, 34, 35, 4546, 55-58 transcription, 51, 53, 55 Sexual activity, exposure to toxins, 142-143 Skeletal system, see Bone Skin, 231 melanoma, 130, 140-142 menopause, 72 pharmaceuticals, 122 scleroderma, 147, 151 toxins, exposure to, 142-143 Sleep, 144, 236 Smoking, 140, 143, 236 coronary heart disease, 162-163 menopause, early, 162 Socioeconomic status, 16 Sociological factors, xx, 2, 3, 14, 15, 21 adulthood, 72 body composition, 130 cultural factors, 80, 84, 147 family relations, 71 parental factors, 2-3, 16 gender identity, 8, 17-18, 94 hormones and, 93 infectious diseases, 147, 148 inflammation and immunity, 143, 144 melanoma, 141 obesity, 134 puberty, 71-72 toxins, exposure to, 143 Somatic cells, 4, 31, 37, 38, 44 Spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104 Spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42 animal models, sex determination/ differentiation, 47 Spina bifida, 49 SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57 Stem cells, 41, 56 Steroids pain, 107-108 prenatal period, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-59 Strength, gross motor, 86, 130 Stress, 75, 77, 107 INDEX coronary heart disease, 161, 165 immune response, 145 Synapses, 81, 83 T Testes organogenesis, 34, 35, 4546, 50-51, 54, 55-58, 60 psychosexual differentiation, 80-81 puberty, 66, 67, 68 spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42,47 Testosterone, 46, 234, 238 adulthood, 73 behavioral effects, 93 brain, 82 pain perception, 107 prenatal period, 48, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60-61, 62, 91-92 puberty, 65, 66, 68, 71 Therapeutic index, 118, 242 Thyroid gland, 22, 123, 140, 142, 149, 150, 154-155, 156-157, 158 Tobacco use, see Smoking Toxic agents, xix, 3, 7, 23, 143, 150-151, 170 coronary heart disease, 159 Transcription, 38 sex determination, 51, 53, 55 X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37-39, 44 Transgenic animals, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154, 156-159 Transmission ratio distortion, 42 Triiodothyronine, 67 Trypanosomiasis, 149 Tuberculosis, 149 Turner syndrome, 63 Twins, 48 V Vaccines, see Immunization Verbal abilities, see Language factors Viral infections, 146, 147, 148 immunization, 23, 145-146, 148, 154-155 Visual perception, 96 spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104 Vitamins, 170 vitamin A, 148 vitamin D, 139 Read the entire page →
From page 267... ... INDEX W Weight, see Body weight; Obesity White persons, see Caucasians Wolffian ducts, 55, 60, 61 Women and Health Research, 182 267 Women's Health: NIH Has Increased Its Efforts to Include Women in Research, 175,177, 178 World Health Organization, 18 X X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37-39, 44 Read the entire page →

From page 255...

... Index A Acetylsalicylic acid, 74 Adipose tissue/fat, 66, 72, 124, 131-139 (passim) obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 159 Adolescence, see Puberty Adrenal gland, 54, 68-70, 128 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 90-93 immune response, 145 obesity, 136 Adulthood, 72-77 androgen, 72, 73 autoimmunity, 153, 157 calcium requirements, 139 energy requirements, 132 menopause, 72-73, 98-99, 102-103, 136, 139, 140 coronary heart disease, 162, 163, 164 melanoma, 130, 140-142 osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140 pain perception, 108 African Americans, 65-66, 128, 134, 135 coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170 Age factors, 231, 237 see also Adulthood; Developmental factors; Early childhood development; Menopause; Puberty 255 coronary heart disease, 158, 159, 160162,164,167,168,171,172 Food and drug Administration, drug applications, 175 gastric processes, 121, 122 immune response, 153-154, 155 infancy, 64, 70 melanoma, 141 Agenda for Research on Women's Health for the 21st Century, 15, 229, 231 AIDS, 147, 148 Alcohol, 124, 128, 140 Alosetron, 129 Alzheimer's disease, 238 American Indians, 135 American Medical Association Manual of Style, 17-18 Analgesics, 105-109, 110 Androgen, 178-179, 231, 234 adulthood, 72, 73 andropause, bone effects, 73 behavioral effects, 80, 90-94 brain development, 93-94 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 9093 deficiency, 73 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hydropogonadism, 91 immune response, 144 prenatal, 52, 55, 60, 89, 90-94

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From page 256...

... Body size, 130, 132, 134, 135, 138 height, 20-21, 132, 133 obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159 osteoporosis, 139 Body weight, 18, 49, 72, 132, 137-138, 239 coronary heart disease, 159, 162 birth weight, 49, 70 bone, 131 drug metabolism, 124 muscle mass, 72 obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159 osteoporosis, 139, 140 pregnancy, 131 Bone, 178, 231 andropause, 73 menopause, 72, 73 osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140 pubertal growth spurt, 68

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From page 257...

... INDEX skeletal dysplasia, 54 weight of, 131 Bowels and bowel diseases, 106, 112, 121, 129, 150, 236 Brain, 6-7, 11, 23, 81-83, 96,102-104,115116, 130 see also Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases; Cognitive factors adulthood, 72 Alzheimer's disease, 238 androgen, 93-94 animal models, 81, 82-83, 109, 111, 112114 cerebellum, 82, 111 hippocampus, 82, 111 hormonal processes, 81-83, 92, 96, 97, 102-104, 112-115 hypothalamus, 62, 64-65, 72, 82-83,145 imaging studies, 102-103,111 neurons, 81-83, 99,107,108,113 pain, 111 psychosexual differentiation, 80 puberty, 71 synapses, 81, 83 testosterone, 82 Breasts, 66, 79 cancer, 180 lactation, 139 menopause, 72 Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences, 182 C Calcium, 73, 139 see also Osteoporosis Cancer, 19, 75,118,119 breast, 180 melanoma, 130, 140-142 National Cancer Institute, 177-178 Cardiovascular disease, see Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases Caucasians, 65-66, 135 coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163, 165-166, 170 osteoporosis, 138 Cell cultures, 38 Cellular biology, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14-15, 16, 21, 28-44, 96, 178-179 see also Genetics; Genomics 257 immune response, 143,144,145,149, 153, 178-179 leukocytes, 114,144,146, 152 Leydig cells, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68 meiosis, 28, 34, 4142, 46, 56, 241 mitosis, 37, 241 mosaicism, 36, 37, 3940 neurons, 81-83, 99,107,108,113 psychosexual differentiation, 80-81 puberty, 64 Sertoli cells, 51, 52, 56, 60 somatic cells, 4, 31, 37, 38, 44 stem cells, 41, 56 testicular organogenesis, 34, 35, 55-56 Central nervous system, 81-82 see also Brain multiple sclerosis, 20, 152 pain perception, 107 Cerebellum, 82, 111 Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, 19-20, 23, 49, 70, 74-75, 128-129, 158-172, 178-179, 231 age factors, 158,159,160-162,164,167, 168, 171, 172 animal models, 112-115 body weight, 159, 162 Chagas's disease, 148,149 diabetes and, 159,166-167,168 drugs, 158,170, 171 environmental factors, 159-160,170,171 estrogen, 107-108,114,164,165, 166 genetic factors, 158,159,170,171 hormones, 114,164,165,166,170, 171, 238 hypertension, 49, 70, 72, 74, 160, 162, 165-166 infectious diseases and, 159,170,171 longitudinal studies, 161-162 menopause, 72, 73,162,163,164 nutrition, 161, 170 pregnancy/prenatal period, 158, 161, 166, 167, 171 race/ethnicity, 161,162,163, 165-166, 170 smoking, 162-163 stress, 161, 165 treatment of, 168-170 Chagas's disease, 148,149 Chemical processes, see Biochemistry; Toxic agents Cholesterol, 49, 114, 145, 158-165 (passim)

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From page 258...

... 24, 25 Depression, 80, 130 immune response, 145 Developmental factors, ix, 1-2, 14, 15, 45-78, 96-97 see also Adulthood; Age factors; Early childhood development; Menopause; Pregnancy/prenatal period; Puberty; Secondary sex characteristics animal models, 45, 48, 51, 54, 55, 59, 78 infancy, 64, 70 Diabetes mellitus, 70, 122, 166-167 coronary heart disease and, 159, 166167, 168 obesity and, 132-133 Digestion, 120-122, 136 Discrimination based on sex/gender, 9-10, 11, 24-25, 168, 183-184 Diseases and disorders, xix, 2, 34, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16, 40, 44, 117-172, 183 see also Cancer; Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases; Infectious diseases; Mental illness; Pharmaceuticals AIDS, 147, 148 Alzheimer's disease, 238 arthritis, 23, 106, 123, 146, 150-154 (passim) autoimmune diseases, 20, 142-143, 147159, 239; see also specific diseases infra and supra body composition and, 130 bowel, 106, 112, 121, 129, 150, 236 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 9093 defined, 240 dental asymmetry, 48 diabetes, 4849 dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102 dyslipidemia, 70 dysmenorrhea, 111-112 fibromyalgia, 72, 112 filariasis, 149 fungal, 148-149 gonadal dysgenesis, 54 hepatitis, 146 herpes, 147, 148 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hydropogonadism, 91 life expectancy, 7, 74-75, 76

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From page 259...

... scleroderma, 147, 151 sex determination/differentiation, 54, 63, 83-84, 115 spine bifida, 49 trypanosomiasis, 149 Turner syndrome, 63 X-chromosome inactivation, 39 X-chromosome-linked, 28 DNA, 34, 41 arrays, 32 defined, 240 genomics, 29-35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 240 sex determination and differentiation, 51 transgenics, 43 Dopamine, 82, 128, 233, 238 Dose-response, 118, 119 defined, 240 Drug metabolism, 118, 119, 124, 125, 242 Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals Dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102 Dyslipidemia, 70 Dysmenorrhea, 111-112 E Early childhood development, 50-62, 64-65, 77, 94-95 see also Pregnancy/prenatal period; Puberty body composition, 131 259 brain, 81 calcium requirements, 139 energy requirements, 132 environmental and genetic factors, 50 infancy, 64, 70 Economic factors, xx, 2, 3, 15 cost of brain research, 115 funding, 8, 79 socioeconomic status, 16 Education, see Public education Educational attainment, obesity, 135 Embryos, 22, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 55, 96 Endocrine system, see Hormonal processes Energy storage and metabolism, 7, 117, 118, 120, 130, 131-132, 134, 136, 137, 170 Environmental factors, ix, 3, 6, 14, 20, 46, 117, 174 see also Behavioral factors; Nutrition; Physical activity; Sociological factors; Toxic agents autoimmunity, 150-151 behavioral effects, 79, 80, 94-95, 124, 128, 140 cognitive effects, 79 coronary heart disease, 159-160, 170, 171 early development, 50 height, 21 immune response, 143, 150-151, 155 obesity, 134 osteoporosis, 140 prenatal, 45, 48, 49, 70 sex and gender defined, 18 sex determination and differentiation, 50 toxic agents, xix, 3, 7, 23, 150-151, 159, 170 Enzymatic processes, 62, 176, 233-238 adulthood, 72 coronary heart disease, 165-166 genomics, 31 pain perception, 108 Epidemiology, 15, 182 see also Longitudinal studies coronary heart disease, 161-162 obesity, 134, 135 reading disabilities, 101 Estradiol pregnancy, 146 psychosexual differentiation, 81 puberty, 65, 67-68

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From page 260...

... , 25, 26, 175, 177, 178 Genetics, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 21, 22, 2846, 183 see also Sex determination and differentiation autosomes, 31, 35, 40, 42, 50, 51, 54, 56, 239 behavior and, 79-116 brain, 82 coronary heart disease, 158, 159, 170, 171 definitions, 240 early development, 50 gender identity, 83, 84 hemizygosity, 40 immune response, 143, 144, 153, 155 imprinting, 28, 40, 44 melanoma, 140-141 mosaicism, 36-40 (passim) , 44, 240, 242 mutations, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51 pubertal growth spurt, 68 transgenics, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154, 156-159 osteoporosis, 140 pain perception, 106-107 protein encoding, 29, 35 pseudoautosomal region, 33, 34, 35, 42 sex and gender defined, 17-18 SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57 transgenic techniques, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154, 156-159 X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37-39, 44 Genomics, 29-35, 39, 40, 43, 44 defined, 240

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From page 261...

... , 6465 immune response, 143, 144-145, 152, 155, 156-159 insulin, 67, 70, 238 leptin, 66-67, 137 melanoma, 141 menopause, 72-73; see also "hormone treatment" supra obesity, 136, 137 osteoporosis, 130, 139, 140 pain, 107-108, 109 pituitary, 59, 62, 64, 145 pregnancy/prenatal period, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55-56, 58-59, 60, 79-80, 89-95, 146, 152 progesterone, 113-114, 121-122, 136, 235 progestins, 72 prostate gland, 62 psychosexual differentiation, 80-81 puberty, 45, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66-71, 72 sex determination/differentiation, 50, 51, 54, 55-59 social factors, 93 steroids, pain, 107-108 prenatal period, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 5859 stress, 75, 77 testes, organogenesis, 55-56 thyroid gland, 22, 123, 140, 142, 149, 150, 154-155, 156-157, 158 Hyperactivity disorder, 128 Hypertension, 49, 70, 72, 74, 160, 162, 165166

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From page 262...

... Lyme disease, 148, 151, 152 M Malaria, 149 Mathematical abilities, see Quantitative abilities Measles, 146, 148 Meiosis, 28, 34, 4142, 46 defined, 241 testicular organogenesis, 56 Melanoma, 130, 140-142 Memory, 87, 95, 99, 104 Meningitis, 146 Menstrual cycle, 115, 120, 128, 180, 235 calcium requirements, 139 cognitive effects, 97-98 dysmenorrhea, 111-112 food intake, 131 hypertension, 165

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From page 263...

... , 131, 134, 137, 231 mass, 72 pain, 106, 110, 111 Mutation, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51 pubertal growth spurt, 68 transgenics, 43, 51 Mycobacteria, 148-149 263 N National Cancer Institute, 177-178 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey, 162 National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 15-16, 25, 26, 127-128, 175, 177, 182, 183184 National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act, 25 Native Americans, see American Indians Neurological factors, 15, 127, 128 see also Brain; Central nervous system; Pain Neurons, 81-83, 99, 107, 108, 113 Nitric oxide, 82 Nociception, 105-108 Nuremberg Code of Ethics, 24 Nutrition see also Body weight; Obesity coronary heart disease, 161, 170 energy storage and metabolism, 7, 117, 118, 120, 130, 131-132, 134, 136, 137, 170 height, 21 menstrual cycle, 131 pain perception and, 107 pregnancy/prenatal environment, 49, 70 o Obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137 coronary heart disease, 159 diabetes, 132-133 osteoporosis, 139 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 237 Oocytes and ova, 37, 40, 41, 42, 55 animal models, sex determination/ differentiation, 47 Opioids, 109 Osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140 Ovaries menopause, 72, 98 polycystic ovary syndrome, 70 prenatal development, 51, 54, 55, 58-59 puberty, 68, 70 Oxytocin, 75

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From page 264...

... 264 p Pain, 23, 46, 74, 79, 105-112 analgesics, 105-109, 110 animal models, 109, 111 estrogen, 107-108 headache, 106, 112 Parasitic diseases, 148-149 Parental factors, 2-3,16 Perception, 79, 86 see also Pain pregnancy/prenatal period, 48 spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95,104 visual perception, other, 96 Performance, see Physical performance Pertussis, 146 Pharmaceuticals, 25-26,117, 118-130, 231238 see also Drug metabolism; Food and Drug Administration analgesics, 105-109, 110 antihypertensive therapies, 74 bone loss, 140-141 clinical studies, 108, 127,130 coronary heart disease, 158, 170, 171 definitional issues, 118, 242 estrogen replacement therapy, 73, 103, 152, 157, 165 hormone treatment, general, 16 infectious diseases, 148 Pharmacodynamics, 118,119,127, 231 defined, 242 Pharmacokinetics, 118,119,124,125, 127, 231, 237 defined, 242 Phenotypes, 6, 17, 19, 21, 28, 32, 42, 43, 44, 46, 80 see also Sex determination and differentiation behavior and perception, 79-116 defined, 242 inflammation and immunity, 143,144 radios, 29 Physical activity, 132,137-138 immune response, 145 obesity, 134 osteoporosis, 130 Physical performance, 130, 137-138 motor skills, 86, 87-88,128 strength, gross motor, 86,130 Physiological factors, 1, 2, 7,14, 15,19, 233238 INDEX see also Metabolism sex and gender defined, 18 Pituitary gland immune response, 145 prenatal period, 59, 62 puberty, 64 Placenta, 49, 58, 131 Platelets, 74,168, 236 Pneumococcal infection, 146 Polycystic ovary syndrome, 70 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 130 Preeclampsia, 166 Pregnancy/prenatal period, 2-3, 5-6, 16, 24, 25, 45-46, 48-62, 77, 78, 181 androgen, 52, 55, 60, 89, 90-94 animal models, 48 autoimmune diseases, 152 behavioral effects, 79-80, 89-90 body weight, 131 calcium diversion from mother, 139 cognitive development, 79 coronary heart disease, 158, 161, 166, 167, 171 diabetes of, 167 disease and disorders, general, 4849, 79-80 embryos, 22, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 55, 96 environmental factors, 45, 48, 49, 70 hormones, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55-56, 58-59, 60, 79-80, 89-95, 146, 152 hypertension, 166 immune response, 143,144,147,152 melanoma, 141 metabolism, 49 nutrition, 49, 70 ovaries, organogenesis, 51, 54, 55, 58-59 pituitary gland, 59, 62 placenta, 49, 58, 131 postnatal stress, 107 protein binding, 123-124 sex determination/differentiation, 45, 46, 51-55, 95 steroids, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-59 testes, organogenesis, 34, 35, 45-46, 5051, 54, 55-58, 60 testosterone, 48, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60-61, 62, 91-92 Professional education, interdisciplinary, 182 Progesterone, 113-114, 121-122,136, 235 Progestins, 72 Prostate gland, 62

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... , 17-19,173, 174-176, 231, 240, 242 Sex determination and differentiation, 2, 5, 15, 34, 44, 4647, 50-62, 63, 93, 97, 115, 174, 233-238 see also Secondary sex characteristics abnormal, 50 androgen, 52, 55, 60, 80 animal models, 46, 4748, 51, 54, 59, 8081 autosomes, 50, 51, 54 behavioral factors, 6, 18 body composition, 131 defined, 50 diseases related to, 54, 63, 83-84,115

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From page 266...

... 266 gender identity, 6, 7, 8, 13(n.2) , 15, 1718, 79, 83-84 hormones, 50, 51, 54, 55-59 prenatal period, 45, 46, 51-55, 95 psychosexual differentiation, 80-83; see also "gender identity" supra secondary sex characteristics, 45, 50, 62, 65,66,67,70,71 SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57 testicular organogenesis, 34, 35, 4546, 55-58 transcription, 51, 53, 55 Sexual activity, exposure to toxins, 142-143 Skeletal system, see Bone Skin, 231 melanoma, 130, 140-142 menopause, 72 pharmaceuticals, 122 scleroderma, 147, 151 toxins, exposure to, 142-143 Sleep, 144, 236 Smoking, 140, 143, 236 coronary heart disease, 162-163 menopause, early, 162 Socioeconomic status, 16 Sociological factors, xx, 2, 3, 14, 15, 21 adulthood, 72 body composition, 130 cultural factors, 80, 84, 147 family relations, 71 parental factors, 2-3, 16 gender identity, 8, 17-18, 94 hormones and, 93 infectious diseases, 147, 148 inflammation and immunity, 143, 144 melanoma, 141 obesity, 134 puberty, 71-72 toxins, exposure to, 143 Somatic cells, 4, 31, 37, 38, 44 Spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104 Spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42 animal models, sex determination/ differentiation, 47 Spina bifida, 49 SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57 Stem cells, 41, 56 Steroids pain, 107-108 prenatal period, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-59 Strength, gross motor, 86, 130 Stress, 75, 77, 107 INDEX coronary heart disease, 161, 165 immune response, 145 Synapses, 81, 83 T Testes organogenesis, 34, 35, 4546, 50-51, 54, 55-58, 60 psychosexual differentiation, 80-81 puberty, 66, 67, 68 spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42,47 Testosterone, 46, 234, 238 adulthood, 73 behavioral effects, 93 brain, 82 pain perception, 107 prenatal period, 48, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60-61, 62, 91-92 puberty, 65, 66, 68, 71 Therapeutic index, 118, 242 Thyroid gland, 22, 123, 140, 142, 149, 150, 154-155, 156-157, 158 Tobacco use, see Smoking Toxic agents, xix, 3, 7, 23, 143, 150-151, 170 coronary heart disease, 159 Transcription, 38 sex determination, 51, 53, 55 X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37-39, 44 Transgenic animals, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154, 156-159 Transmission ratio distortion, 42 Triiodothyronine, 67 Trypanosomiasis, 149 Tuberculosis, 149 Turner syndrome, 63 Twins, 48 V Vaccines, see Immunization Verbal abilities, see Language factors Viral infections, 146, 147, 148 immunization, 23, 145-146, 148, 154-155 Visual perception, 96 spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104 Vitamins, 170 vitamin A, 148 vitamin D, 139

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... INDEX W Weight, see Body weight; Obesity White persons, see Caucasians Wolffian ducts, 55, 60, 61 Women and Health Research, 182 267 Women's Health: NIH Has Increased Its Efforts to Include Women in Research, 175,177, 178 World Health Organization, 18 X X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37-39, 44

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Index Pages 255-267

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Pages 255-267