Mammography and Beyond Developing Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Glossary
Glossary
Pages 237-248
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 237... ...
Antigen: a substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies that interact specifically with it. Ataxia telangiectasia: an autosomal recessive disorder of the nervous system; affected individuals are sensitive to radiation and have a higher risk of cancer.
|
From page 238... ...
Carcinoma in situ: a lesion characterized by cytological changes similar to those associated with invasive carcinoma, but with the pathological process limited to the lining epithelium and without visible evidence of invasion into adjacent structures. Catheter: a tube passed through the body for evacuating or injecting fluids into body cavities.
|
From page 239... ...
Contrast agent: a substance that enhances the image produced by medical diagnostic equipment such as ultrasound, X ray, magnetic resonance imaging, or nuclear medicine or and imaging-sensitive substance that is ingested or injected intravenously to enhance or increase contrast between anatomical structures. Core-needle biopsy: procedure in which a hollow needle is used to remove small cylinders of tissue from a suspected tumor.
|
From page 240... ...
Electronic palpation: use of pressure sensors to quantitatively measure palpable features of the breast such as the hardness and size of lesions. Endoscopy: inspection of body organs or cavities with a flexible lighted tube called an endoscope.
|
From page 241... ...
Flow cytometry: any technique for sorting, selecting, or counting individual cells in a suspension as they pass through a tube; applied especially to techniques involving the detection of a cell-bound fluorescent label and often used in cancer research as well as in screening for chromosomal abnormalities. Fluorescent in situ hybridization: an experimental procedure for localizing a specific gene or DNA sequence within a chromosome based on binding of a complementary, fluorescently labeled segment of RNA or DNA to it.
|
From page 242... ...
Invasive cancer: cancers capable of growing beyond their site of origin and invading neighboring tissue. Invasive ductal carcinoma: a cancer that starts in the ducts of the breast and then breaks through the duct wall, where it invades the surrounding tissue; it is the most common type of breast cancer and accounts for about 80 percent of breast malignancies.
|
From page 243... ...
Medicaid: jointly funded federal-state health insurance program for certain low-income and needy people. It covers approximately 36 million individuals including children; aged, blind, and/or disabled people; and people who are eligible to receive federally assisted income maintenance payments.
|
From page 244... ...
Northern analysis: an electroblotting technique for detecting a specific RNA molecule, in which RNA is transferred to a filter and is hybridized to radioactively labeled RNA or DNA. Observational study: a clinical study in which information is collected on groups of individuals who have a specific condition or who have chosen a particular course of medical intervention.
|
From page 245... ...
Positive predictive value: a measure of accuracy for a screening or diagnostic test; indicates what portion of those with an abnormal test result actually have the disease. Positron emission tomography: use of radioactive tracers such as labeled glucose to identify regions in the body with altered metabolic activity.
|
From page 246... ...
Screening: systematic testing of an asymptomatic population to determine the presence of a particular disease or certain risk factors known to be associated with the disease. Screening mammography: X-ray-based breast imaging in an asymptomatic population with the goal of detecting breast tumors at an early stage.
|
From page 247... ...
Tissue array: small cylinders of tissue punched from 1,000 individual tumor biopsy specimens embedded in paraffin. These cylinders are then arrayed in a large paraffin block, from which 200 consecutive tissue sections can be cut, allowing rapid analysis of multiple arrayed samples by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.