Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace Low Back and Upper Extremities (2001) / Chapter Skim
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From page 471... ...
, 58. 153, 157, 351, 364 age factors, 51 back disorders, 53-54, 97, 123, 143, 147, 153, 154, 157 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 50, 51, 52 epidemiologic studies, 97, 98, 435 preventive interventions, 305-306, 316317, 319, 326, 327 surveillance, 305-306 upper extremity disorders, 98, 110, 183, 315-317 workers' compensation and, 28-29, 58 Adenosine triphosphate, 202 Administrative controls, 8, 304, 307, 368, 437 see also Ergonomic interventions back disorders, 8, 309, 311, 312, 313 rest breaks, 111-112, 160, 161, 162, 174, 181, 183, 263, 274, 320 upper extremity disorders, 183, 315316, 322 African Americans, see Race/ethnicity Age factors, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 10, 32, 89, 90, 330, 336, 347, 365, 373, 433 see also Elderly persons absenteeism, 51 back disorders, 7, 39, 40, 43, 44, 51, 55, 151 471 carpal tunnel syndrome, 51, 56, 286, 360, 442, 447-448 databases, 39, 40, 43, 44, 4647, 48, 366 ergonomic interventions, 304 gender and, 39, 42, 51, 337 hand disorders, 54-55 muscle contraction, 203 peripheral nerve, 217-218 psychosocial factors, 141, 151 skeletal muscle, 209, 210, 217-218 tendinitis, 51 tendons, other, 198-199 upper extremity disorders, 7, 51, 55, 56, 183, 286, 360, 433 vertebral bone and disc, 188, 189-190, 193-194, 217-218, 433 Agricultural workers, see Farm workers Alcohol consumption, 75-76, 442 Allodynia, 186-187 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 57 American National Standards Institute, 307 Animal models, 5, 22, 65, 66, 67, 184, 216 peripheral nerve, 213, 216 skeletal muscle, 207-208, 216 spinal discs, 193, 194, 216 tendons, 197-199, 216-217 Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 44-45, 49, 60-61
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From page 472... ...
, 265-266, 270-281 (passim) individual factors, 33, 35 lifting, 225, 236, 237-239, 244, 246, 250251 loading, 3, 5, 6-7, 33, 34, 35, 81, 95 neck, 253 pain, 373 back, 235-241, 246-248, 250-253, 287, 357-358 upper extremities, 279-284, 286, 287, 360 pinch force/strength, 254, 256, 260, 262, 268, 270, 276, 277, 280, 282, 284, 285-286, 317, 448 posture, 221, 257-258, 259, 266-268, 270, 279, 280, 281, 284, 286, 359-360 preventive interventions, 304 prospective research, 237 psychosocial factors, 234, 237, 275-279, 297, 373 repetitive motion, 221, 224, 225, 253257 (passim)
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From page 473... ...
, 230, 231, 233, 254, 255-256, 258, 260-264, 268, 270-273, 274, 276, 277-278, 280, 281-283, 286 wrist, 255, 257-258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265-267, 268, 270, 274, 275-279, 282, 284, 360, 363 Biophysical model, 293 Biostatistics, 68, 74 Blood flow/pressure, 76,198, 205, 210, 212, 214, 233, 269, 274, 293, 297, 299, 448 Body weight, see Weight factors, body Bone, 22,101, 251-252, 372 see also Skeletal muscle; Vertebra cellular healing processes, 193 Bracial arteriography, 135 Bradford Hill criteria, causality, 20, 21, 28, 66, 72-79, 87, 108, 144 tissue mechanobiology, 184 Brain neurobiology, 186 pain, 25-26, 185 psychological stress, 290, 291 Breaks, see Rest breaks 473 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , xiv, 10, 58,64 absenteeism, 50, 51, 52 Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 44-45, 4951, 60-61 databases, 22-23, 44-45, 4647, 48-52, 60-61, 351-352, 366, 435436 Bursitis, 48 C Cadaver studies, 22, 66,184, 253, 261, 266 spinal discs, 191,192 tendinosis, 197 tissue mechanobiology, 22, 66,184 Caffeine, 442 Canada, 30, 31, 121 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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, 138, 160161, 166, 182, 340-341 Confidentiality, 45, 56, 60 Confounding, 6, 68, 73-74, 75-76, 89-91, 100, 114, 145, 447 Connective tissue see also Tendons and ligaments biomechanics, 227-228 muscle contraction, 202 Construction workers, 55, 91-92, 334 back disorders, 53, 54, 55, 118, 119, 120, 352 gender factors, 54 incidence and prevalence, 50, 53, 352, 436 upper extremity disorders, 129, 134, 135, 139, 172, 322-323 Contraction, muscles, 199-210, 217, 226, 232-233, 242-243, 296 age factors, 203 cocontraction, 231-232, 249, 292, 296 motor neurons/units, 186, 199-209 (passim) , 233, 275, 297 psychosocial stress, 292, 296, 297, 298 spasms, 186, 291 Coping mechanisms, 2, 4, 23, 31, 32, 33, 35, 107, 108, 187, 189, 302, 374, 435 Cortisol, 290, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299 Cost factors, 1, 8-9, 11, 12, 17, 50, 57-59, 63-64, 150, 338, 343, 364, 368 see also Absenteeism back disorders, 150 databases, 47, 150 e-commerce, 343 interventions, 302, 319, 324-327 medical, 62, 63, 326 research, 70 somatization, 26-27 surveillance, 304-305 wages, loss of, 1, 8-9, 17, 58, 63 whole person approach, 26
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From page 475... ...
, 61 pain, 44, 49 racial factors, 43, 46-47, 48 repetitive motion, 48, 49 risk factors, 45, 86 self-report surveys, 38 time factors, 4647 Decision latitude see also Monotonous work back disorders, 105, 106, 109, 143, 144, 365 epidemiology, upper extremity disorders, 96, 110, 111, 112, 160, 161, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 177, 178, 183, 435 upper extremity disorders, other, 298, 435 Definitional issues, 11, 19-20, 36-37, 62, 367, 371, 440, 445, 458459 see also Standards attributable risk, 87-88 case definitions, 371 diagnosis, 11, 18 elastic materials, 185 ergonomics, 303, 452 fatigue, 185 load tolerance, 219 OSHA reporting requirements, 47 relative risk, 87 repetitive stress, 451 risk, 31-32, 440 stiffness, 185 strength, 185 workers' compensation, 36 work-related conditions, 1, 20(n.3) , 37, 440 Demographic factors, 6, 10, 39, 44, 61, 64, 330, 331, 336-337, 366 see also Age factors; Gender factors; Race/ethnicity; Sectoral/ occupational breakdowns; specific sectors and occupational categories educational attainment, 90, 149, 151, 342 marital status, 90 socioeconomic status, 90 Department of Defense, 307
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From page 476... ...
476 Department of Labor see also Bureau of Labor Statistics; Mine Safety and Health Administration Workers' Compensation Programs, 45, 56-57 Department of Transportation, 45 Depression, 158,159, 289, 435 back disorders, 107,109,148,149,150, 154, 156, 157, 287 somatization, 27, 149 upper extremity disorders, 180, 287 Diabetes, 434 Diagnosis, 18, 98, 321, 326 back disorders, 44, 432 definitional issues, 11,18 insurance claims data, 56-57, 96, 98, 141, 142, 151 medical records, 56-57, 63,142,183, 304-305, 351 radiographs, 19, 24, 25, 98, 192, 217, 431, 432, 438 upper extremity disorders, 431432, 441, 445-446 whole person approach, 24, 25 Disability, 3, 5,17, 19, 35, 36, 150,152 attitudes about pain/functional limitations, 23, 33, 59,145 defined, 36 Distress, see Anxiety; Depression Dose-response relationships, 6, 31, 75, 77, 78, 93, 103, 184, 185, 308, 356, 360, 361, 370-371, 372, 440 see also Load-response relationships Dupuytren's contracture, 129 Duty cycle, 207, 208, 238, 274, 345-346, 372 see also Rest breaks Dynamic load, 21, 198, 228, 230, 241, 243, 245, 257, 331, 333 Dynamometers, 284, 285 E Ecological model, 293-295 Economic factors, 1, 22, 28, 29, 330, 338 see also Cost factors; Funding; Insurance; Wages and salaries; Workers' compensation downsizing, 343-344 globalization, 331, 341-343, 344-345, 347 preventive interventions, 303 INDEX profitability, 30 socioeconomic status, 90 Edema, 7 peripheral nerve, 210-212, 213 spinal, 214, 217 tendons, 196,197-198, 216 Educational interventions, 8, 324, 326, 327, 344-345 back disorders, 301, 309, 310, 311, 313 upper extremity disorders, 316, 317, 318, 323 Educational workers back disorders, 54 upper extremity disorders, 56, 171 Education of professionals, 12,13, 368 Effective Workplace Practices and Programs Conference, 310 Elbows, 20, 27, 297, 436, 446, 450 biomechanics, 253, 269, 277, 278 epidemiology, 110,111,125,172, 173, 175, 177, 182 tissue mechanobiology, 186,196 Elderly persons, 336, 347, 351, 360, 365, 433 back disorders, 39, 44, 433 skeletal muscle, 209 Electrophysical measurements, 24, 93, 208, 225, 230, 231-232, 233, 243, 257-258, 259, 260, 263-264, 268269, 271, 274, 275, 278, 291-292, 297, 360, 440449 (passim) Embase, 187 Emotionally stressful work, 106, 147 Engineering controls, 8, 303, 321, 322, 345, 355, 437 see also Ergonomic interventions back belts, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 436 upper extremity disorders, 315, 320, 322, 459 Epicondylitis, 19,133,134,180,196, 197, 216, 431 Epidemiology, 3, 5, 19, 20, 22, 27, 34, 85183, 361, 362, 373-374, 432, 434, 439 see also Attributable risk; Incidence and prevalence; Relative risk; Reporting; Surveillance absenteeism, 97, 98, 435
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INDEX back disorders, 6, 31, 65, 66, 67-70, 73, 81, 97, 98-101, 104-108, 109, 118124, 141-159, 252, 352, 354-355, 356 biomechanics and, 252, 253, 459 carpal tunnel syndrome, 101-102, 103, 118-124, 435-436, 440443, 459460 incidence and prevalence, 39, 40, 41, 43, 49, 50, 51, 56, 176, 352, 435-436, 440443, 448449 causal associations, criteria for, 77, 78, 79, 352, 361-362, 446 comorbidity, 2, 90, 304, 374 confounding, 6, 68, 73, 89-91,100,114, 145, 447 cultural factors, 31 decision latitude, back disorders, 105,106,109,143, 144 upper extremity disorders, 96,110, 111, 112, 160, 161, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 177, 178, 183, 435 definitional issues, 11 elbow disorders, 110,111,125,172, 173, 175, 177, 182 forearm disorders, 111,173,175 hand disorders, 20, 94-95,101,102, 125,138,161,172,173,174,175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 incidence and prevalence, 43, 53, 54-55, 57, 174, 175, 181, 436, 440441 see also "carpal tunnel syndrome" supra literature review, methodology, 85-98 neck disorders, 85,101,103-104,110, 138, 150, 153, 158, 160, 161, 173, 178, 179, 180, 182 observational, methodology, 65, 66, 67-70, 73, 77, 78, 81, 91, 93-95, 432 psychosocial factors, 104-113,141-183, 370-371, 373 shoulder disorders, 101,103-104,110, 111, 138, 139, 140, 150, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182 spinal disc disorders, 42, 44, 123, 124, 142, 153 477 standards for data collection, 45, 46, 4849, 61, 64, 304-305, 321, 366, 367, 371 typing-related disorders, 103,138 upper extremity disorders, 7, 94-95, 96, 97, 98, 101-104, 109-113, 125140, 160-183, 253, 314, 358, 359, 458, 459 pain, 110,127,128,129-131, 138, 139, 161-183, 352 posture, 138, 139 repetitive motion, 102,103,114-115, 125-127, 131, 133, 134, 140, 358 vibration, 101,102,103,114, 125131, 134-137, 139, 140, 314 see also specific disorders and extremities supra wrists, 20,102,111,125, 126, 138,172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182; see also "carpal tunnel syndrome" supra Epinephrine/norepinephrine, 290, 298-299 Ergonomic interventions, 2,10, 33, 303329, 344, 365-366 see also Administrative controls; Engineering controls; Modifier interventions; Workstations age factors, 304 back disorders, 8, 9, 308-314, 438 chairs, 318, 359 defined, 303, 452 gender factors, 304 job analysis, 93-95, 238, 304, 305, 306307, 330, 331, 365 psychosocial factors, 9-10, 27, 304 upper extremity disorders, 7, 9, 314320, 439-440, 451452 Ergoweb, 86 Error of measurement, 76-77 Ethics, research, 70,184 Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity Event data, 10, 11, 23, 27, 47, 48, 49, 53, 219, 248, 250, 289, 368 Exercise, 8 see also Physical therapy back disorders, 309 carpal tunnel syndrome, 267 skeletal muscle, 206 tendons, 197, 198-199 upper extremity disorders, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320
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, 163, 170, 173, 178, 179, 183, 298 relative risk, 53 upper extremity disorders, 7, 51, 134, 163, 170, 173, 178, 179, 183, 258, 277, 284, 433 Genetic factors, 2, 289, 433 see also Race/ethnicity Globalization, 331, 341-343, 344-345, 347 Gloves, 274, 280, 282, 284, 285 Government workers, 8, 46, 56, 60, 332, 333 public utility, 51, 322 Grip, 208, 441, 451 biomechanics, 231, 233, 258, 259, 268, 274, 275-276, 279-285 (passim) , 360 pinch grip, 267, 276, 279, 448 preventive interventions, 315 see also Power hand tools H HAL (hand activity level)
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From page 479... ...
, 127, 130, 131, 135, 136, 137 work stations, hand tools, 222, 259 Health and Retirement Survey, 38, 40, 5859 Health care workers, 148,160, 333-334, 436 see also Nurses; Physicians back disorders, 53, 54, 72,106,148, 312 carpal tunnel syndrome, 55 hand disorders, 54-55 physical therapists, disorders among, 333-334 upper extremity disorders, 56,163164, 181, 318-318, 436 Hearing disorders, 48 see also Noise Height, 90 Hispanics, 336 Historical perspectives, 78; 330, 335, 345 absenteeism, surveillance, 306 distribution of workers, 331-334 incidence and prevalence, 49, 50, 57, 64 organizational factors, 30 preventive interventions, 308-310 479 Holistic approach, see Whole person approach Hormones, 90, 290, 298 Hours worked, 46, 48, 136, 138, 139, 303, 344, 346-347 overtime, 161,183, 303, 344 HSELINE, 86 Hypothyroidism, 434 I Immigrants, 336-337 Immune response, 186 see also Inflammatory response psychological stress, 198, 290, 295, 299, 300 Incidence and prevalence, 19, 20, 21, 4064 (passim) , 79, 87, 435436, 438 see also Databases back disorders, general, 41, 42, 43-44, 53-54, 55, 352, 435 carpal tunnel, 39, 40, 41, 43, 49, 50, 51, 56, 176, 352, 435-436, 440443, 448449 construction workers, 50, 53, 352, 436 farm workers, 46-47, 50-51, 426 general population vs workers, 2, 9, 18, 20, 38-39, 55, 59-60, 64, 85, 351, 354, 435 historical perspectives, 49, 50, 57, 64 manufacturing workers, 7, 22, 50-51, 53, 55-57, 351-352, 435-436 mine workers, 45, 47, 50-51, 436 patterns of evidence, 5, 6-8, 25, 27, 56, 81-82, 351-363 research methodology, 79, 87 sciatica, 42, 44 service workers, 50, 53, 177, 352 specific industries, 18 specific occupational groups, 18 spinal disk injuries, 42, 44 sprains, strains, and tears, 49, 50, 352, 435436 tendinitis, 40, 49, 53, 54, 352, 436 time-series analysis, 70 transportation workers, 50, 51, 53, 436 upper extremity disorders, general, 40, 42, 43, 54-55, 136, 137, 160164,166,169,173,174,177,181, 182, 435-436
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13, 21, 32, 64, 114, 286, 301-329 see also Administrative controls; Best practice interventions; Clinical interventions; Educational interventions; Engineering controls; Ergonomic interventions; Exercise; Medical care; Modifier interventions; Physical therapy; Preventive interventions attributable risk, 88 back belts, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 436 back disorders, 8, 9-10,109, 235, 308314, 355-356, 362-363 cost factors, 302, 319, 324-327 databases, 4546 definitional issues, 11 education, professional, 12,13, 368 evaluation methodology, 8, 13, 65, 66, 69-71, 77, 79-82, 80-81, 235, 301, 308-329, 352, 358, 371, 374 job satisfaction, 305, 347 light duty, 310, 312, 320, 322, 323, 355 organizational factors, 9-10, 302, 303304, 305, 327, 328 psychosocial factors, 27, 109, 355, 356 randomized controlled trials, 69-71, 79, 80-81 upper extremity disorders, 7, 9-10, 112, 314-320, 359, 361 Ischemia, 197, 204, 207 Job analysis, 93-95, 238, 304, 305, 306-307, 330, 331, 365 Job Content Questionnaire, 96 Job rotation, 7,10, 320
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From page 481... ...
INDEX Job satisfaction, 20, 96, 104, 148-149, 156, 157, 326, 340, 347 see also Decision latitude; Monotonous work back disorders, 9, 105, 106, 141-147, 149, 151, 365, 434 interventions, 305, 347 upper extremity disorders, 111-112, 169, 170, 176, 177, 178, 287 K Keyboard work, see Typing L Labor unions, 13, 30, 172 Lifting, 334, 335, 346, 347, 365, 434 back belts, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 436 back disorders, general, 98, 99, 100, 118-124, 236, 237-239, 244, 246, 250-251, 292, 312, 362-363, 364365, 438 biomechanics, 225, 236, 237-239, 244, 246, 250-251 lift index, back disorders, 94 psychosocial factors, 292 repetitive, back disorders, 9, 53, 66, 67-74, 81, 119 upper extremity disorders, 139, 275 Ligaments and tendons, see Tendons and ligaments Light duty, 310, 312, 320, 322, 323, 355 Litigation, 29, 31 Livermore National Laboratories, xiv Load-response relationships, 6, 19, 21, 98, 99, 100-101, 133-134, 138-140, 184, 220, 364 see also Lifting biomechanics, 3, 5, 6-7, 33, 34, 35, 81, 95 spinal disc effects, 190-193 Load tolerance, 219-235, 247-249 Log and Summary of Occupational Injury and Illnesses, 48 481 Longitudinal studies, 88, 98, 158, 373 see also Prospective research back disorders, 97, 98, 100, 141, 145, 146, 147 upper extremity disorders, 97, 448-449 Lungs, see Respiratory diseases M Maintenance workers, 91, 118, 127-128, 285, 331, 333, 442 Males, see Gender factors Manufacturing workers, 54, 91, 331, 332, 333, 334, 338, 345-346 see also Food processing workers automobile manufacturing workers, 22, 23, 56-57, 180-181, 238, 239, 275, 307 back disorders, 53, 54, 120, 146, 237239, 312-313, 355 biomechanical studies, 237-239 downsizing, 343-344 exposure determinations, 91 incidence and prevalence, 7, 22, 50-51, 53, 55-57, 351-352, 435-436 organizational factors, 30 preventive interventions, 305-306, 318319, 322, 355 psychosocial factors, 141, 146, 165, 340 surveillance, 305-306 technological innovation, 338-340 upper extremity disorders, 7, 55-57, 125, 126, 131, 134, 136, 137, 139, 165,167-169,171,175,176,179, 180, 318-319, 322, 340, 352, 435436, 448-449 Marital status, 90 Mechanical factors, 3, 29 see also Biomechanics; Tissue mechanobiology Medical care, 1, 301-302, 326, 327 see also Health care workers; Nurses; Physical therapy, Physicians back disorders, 312, 313 upper extremity disorders, 294, 323 Medical records, 56-57, 63, 142, 183, 304305, 351 MEDLINE, 86, 187 Men, see Gender factors
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From page 482... ...
, 2, 4 National Occupational Exposure Survey, 11, 57, 63, 79, 366-367 INDEX Neck disorders, 19, 44, 50, 56, 58, 446 biomechanics, 253 epidemiology, 85, 101, 103-104, 110, 138, 150, 153, 158, 160, 161, 173, 178, 179, 180, 182 preventive interventions, 317-322 (passim) , 340 Necrosis skeletal muscle, 204, 206, 217 tendons, 197 Nerve entrapment, 231, 234, 266-268, 443 see also Carpal tunnel syndrome Netherlands, 121 NIOSHTIC, 86 Noise, 57, 329 see also Hearing disorders Nonwork risk factors, 19, 38-39, 59, 62, 63, 89, 90, 91, 293, 335-337, 351, 432, 433 see also Demographic factors family factors, 108, 159 general population vs workers, 2, 9, 18, 20, 38-39, 55, 59-60, 64, 85, 351, 435 psychosocial, 7, 102, 104, 108, 110-113 (passim)
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From page 483... ...
INDEX Organizational factors, 3, 8, 20, 21, 30, 3132, 33, 34, 220, 330, 331, 343346, 353, 365 see also Administrative controls; Labor unions downsizing, 343-344 interventions, 9-10, 302, 303-304, 305, 327, 328 modified work after injury, 30 upper extremity disorders, 183, 294, 314 work-related conditions, defined, 1 Osteoarthritis, 54, 125, 438 Osteoporosis, 433 p Pain, 1, 3, 17, 21, 34, 35, 98, 158, 351, 353, 365 back disorders, 6-7, 8, 19, 20, 25, 44, 49, 53-54, 67, 431, 433434, 436 biomechanics, 235-241, 246-248, 250-253, 287, 357-358 epidemiology, 107, 108, 109, 118124, 141-159, 352 interventions, 308-314 preventive interventions, 301, 309, 310, 311, 312-313 psychosocial stress, 190, 291-292 sciatica, 19, 44, 145, 247, 431 biomechanics, 235-241, 246-248, 250253, 279-284, 286, 287, 357-358, 373 databases, 44, 49 medical interventions, 302 muscle spasms, 186, 291 nonspecific, 19, 20, 101, 102, 371, 431 peripheral nerve, 185-187 personal responses, 2, 23, 33, 59, 108, 145, 287, 291, 365 self reports, 96, 97, 98 skeletal muscle, 199, 205 somatization, 26, 288 spinal nerve root, 215 stiffness, 185, 195, 198 upper extremity disorders, 433 see also Carpal tunnel syndrome biomechanics, 279-284, 286, 287, 360 epidemiology, 110, 127, 128, 129131, 138, 139, 161-183, 352 483 preventive interventions, 315, 316, 319, 439-440 psychosocial stress, 295-299 (passim) vertebra, 217 whole person approach, 23, 24, 25-26 Passive stretch injury, 207-208 Patterns of evidence, 5, 6-8, 25, 27, 56, 8182, 351-363 back disorders, 6-7, 8, 351, 354-358, 361-363 causal inference, criteria for, 20, 21, 28, 66,72-79,87,108,144,184,352, 361-362, 446 upper extremity disorders, 7, 358-363 Peripheral nerve, 12, 25, 185-187, 210-213, 230-231, 291, 360, 372 age factors, 217-218 animal models, 213, 216 cellular processes, 12, 25, 185-187, 210213 compression, 211-212, 217, 230-231 edema, 210-212, 213 gender factors, 212-213 pain, 185-187 temperature factors, 186, 230 time factors, 212 vibration, 212-213, 230, 231 wrist, 212-213, see also Carpal tunnel syndrome Peritendinitis, 133, 196, 197-198 Physical therapy see also Exercise back disorders, 8, 311 employed in sector, 333-334 upper extremity disorders, 161, 162 Physicians, 98 back disorders, 20, 32, 44 number of visits to, 1, 20 upper extremity disorders, 181 whole person approach, 24, 25 wrist, 20 Pinch force/strength, 254, 256, 260, 262, 268, 270, 276, 277, 280, 282, 284, 285-286, 317, 448 posture, 254, 256, 262, 268 Postal workers back pain, 54, 120 biomechanics, 221 upper extremity disorders, 140
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From page 484... ...
484 Posture, 6, 8, 20, 57, 365, 434 see also Bending; Static postural loads; Twisting back disorders, 118, 119, 121, 251 biomechanics, 221, 257-258, 259, 266268, 270, 279, 280, 281, 284, 286, 359-360 chairs, 318, 359 hammering, 85, 257, 278, 279, 281, 284 pinch force, 254, 256, 262, 268 preventive interventions, 315, 317, 359 psychosocial factors, 295 standing, prolonged, 120, 122, 269 time study, 94 upper extremity disorders, 7, 20, 94, 295 epidemiology, 138, 139 interventions, 315, 317, 359 Power hand tools, 85, 219, 222, 255, 258, 259,263,268,274,276,277-279, 280, 282, 315, 438 Pre-Medline, 187 Prevalence, see Incidence and prevalence Preventive interventions, 10, 12, 28, 114, 286, 301-329, 365-366, 374, 436438, 439 see also Administrative controls; Clinical interventions; Educational interventions; Engineering controls; Ergonomic interventions; Exercise; Medical care; Modifier interventions absenteeism, 305-306, 316-317, 319, 326, 327 age factors, 304 back belts, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 436 back disorders, other, 8, 9, 301, 308314, 355-356, 434 pain, 301, 309, 310, 311, 312-313 best practice interventions, xiii, 13, 310-313, 320, 322-323, 369, 437, 439 biomechanics, 304 carpal tunnel syndrome, 267, 301, 318, 439-442, 450, 459 computer users, 315, 316, 317, 318-319, 340-341, 452 cost factors, 302, 319, 324-327 databases, 4546 INDEX evaluation methodology, 8, 13, 65, 66, 69-71, 77, 79-82, 235, 301, 308329, 352, 358, 371, 374 forearms, 315, 317, 318, 319 gender factors, 304 hands, 315, 319, 439-440 historical perspectives, 308-310 individual risk factors, 8, 21, 302 job satisfaction, 305, 347 light duty, 310, 312, 320, 322, 323, 355 manufacturing workers, 305-306, 318319, 322, 355 neck, 317-322 (passim) , 340 office workers, 318-319, 322-323 organizational factors, 9-10, 302, 303304, 305, 327, 328; see also Administrative controls posture, general, 315, 317, 359 psychosocial factors, 27, 109, 301-302, 316, 326, 355, 356, 436437 safety culture, 4, 314, 327 shoulders, 317, 319 standards, 304-305, 307, 321, 328-329, 374; see also "best practice interventions" supra stretching, 319, 320, 322 surveillance and, 304-306, 320-321 time factors, 319, 325, 326 typing, 315, 439440, 450 upper extremity disorders, 7, 9, 314320, 359, 439-440; see also specific disorders and extremities infra and supra vibration, 314-315 wages and salaries, 303, 326 worker compensation, 303 workstations, 7, 8, 302, 314, 317, 318, 320, 359, 361, 452 wrist, 319, 451 Privacy, see Confidentiality Prognostic research, 374 back disorders, 141, 142, 149, 153, 157, 159 Prospective research, 22, 69, 73, 77, 79, 80, 141-159, 370-371 see also Randomized controlled trials back pain, 86, 106, 107-108, 141-159, 153, 237 biomechanics, 237 randomized controlled trials, 69-71, 79, 80-81, 308-309, 327 upper extremity disorders, 112-113
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From page 485... ...
, 252, 291-292, 355, 365 pain, 190, 291-292 biomechanics and, 234, 237, 275-279, 297, 373 brain neurobiology, 290, 291 carpal tunnel syndrome, 299 computer users, 7, 347 coping mechanisms, 2, 4, 23, 31, 32, 33, 35, 107, 108, 187, 189, 302, 374, 435 downsizing, 341 emotionally stressful work, 106, 147 epidemiology, 104-113, 141-183, 370371, 373 ergonomics, 9-10, 27, 304 evaluation of individual workers, 27 family factors, 108,159 forearms, 297 gender factors, 141-159 (passim) , 163, 170, 173, 178, 179, 183, 277, 298 immune response, 198, 290, 295, 299, 300 individual response, 2, 21, 26-27, 3132, 97, 104, 106-108, 294, 297, 374; see also "coping mechanisms" supra 485 inflammatory response, 290, 299 international perspectives, measurement, 96 lifting, 292 manufacturing workers, 141, 146, 165, 340 monotonous work, 6, 9, 96,105,109, 141, 143, 145, 147, 170, 182, 287, 298, 303, 365, 434, 437 muscle contractions, 292, 296, 297, 298 nonwork risk factors, 7, 102, 104, 108, 110-113 (passim)
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error of measurement, 76-77 ethical issues, 70,184 funding, 13, 367-368, 369 general population vs workers, 2, 20, 435 levels of analysis, general, 27-28 literature reviews, 85-98, 187, 253, 308310, 439-460 preventive interventions, evaluation of, 8, 13, 65, 66, 69-71, 77, 79-82, 80-81, 235, 301, 308-329, 352, 358, 371, 374 prognostic studies, 141,142,149,153, 157, 159, 374 time-series analysis, 70, 334-335 Research recommendations, 4, 8,10-13, 19, 365-367, 370-374 Respiratory diseases, 48 Rest breaks, 111-112, 160, 161, 162, 174, 181, 183, 263, 274, 320 Retail workers, 123, 332.
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, 38, 39-42, 43, 52-56, 43, 45, 46-47, 52-55, 61-62, 441 pain, 96, 97, 98 psychosocial factors, 95-96, 141-145, 149, 164-174 standards, 95, 96, 98 time factors, 92, 95 upper extremity disorders, 101, 164174, 181, 436, 441 Serotonin, 299 Service workers, 330, 331-333, 345-346, 452 back pain, 53, 54 carpal tunnel syndrome, 50, 435436 gender factors, 53 globalization, 331, 341-343, 344-345, 347 incidence and prevalence, 50, 53, 177, 352 upper extremity disorders, 50, 166, 167, 177, 183, 352, 435436 Sex differences, see Gender factors Shear loading, 292 biomechanics, 221, 227-228, 230, 232, 239-251 (passim) , 265, 268 skeletal muscle, 206, 232, 242 tendons, 194 vertebra and discs, 191, 192, 239-251 (passim)
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, 178, 287, 323, 434 work-related conditions, defined, 1 INDEX Social Security Insurance Disability, 40 Socioeconomic status, 90 Somatization, 26-27, 108, 149, 175, 288 Spinal discs, 188-194, 217, 372, 373, 432, 433-434, 437 see also Vertebra age factors, 188, 189-190, 193-194, 217218, 433 animal models, 193, 194, 216 bending, 190, 192, 249-250 biomechanics, 229-230, 239, 247-250, 252, 373 cellular processes, 188, 189-190, 192193, 362 compression, 73, 186, 188, 191, 193, 248, 249-250 epidemiologic studies, 123, 124, 142, 153 prevalence, 42, 44 fatigue, 191-192 inflammatory response, 186, 190, 247 psychosocial factors, 291 repetitive lifting, 9, 53, 66, 67-74, 81 shear loads, 191, 192, 239-251 (passim) tissue mechanobiology, 187-194, 217 twisting, 190, 191, 192, 249-250 vibration, 191-192 Spinal loading, 81, 93, 190-193 (passim)
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From page 489... ...
. enamels age factors, 51, 198-199
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490 animal models, 197-199, 216-217 biomechanics, 222, 227-228, 239, 247, 250-252, 265-266, 268, 373 cellular processes, 194, 196-197, 199 compression, 194, 197 cyclical loading, 196, 199, 216, 266 edema, 196, 197-198, 216 epicondylitis, 133, 134, 180, 196, 197, 216, 431 exercise, 197, 198-199 fatigue, 216 inflammation, general, 196, 198 muscle contraction, 202 muscle-tendon syndrome, 128, 133 necrosis, 197 nociceptors, 186 peritendinitis, 133, 196, 197-198 psychological stress, 298 repetitive motion, 197-198, 199, 216, 217 shear loading, 194 temperature factors, 194, 197, 198 tendinosis, 196-198 tenosynovitis, 19, 48, 133, 134, 196, 216, 431 tenovaginitis, 196 tissue mechanobiology, 185, 186, 194199 vertebral bone and discs, 189 Tenosynovitis, 19, 48, 133, 134, 196, 216, 431 Tenovaginitis, 196 Thermal factors, see Temperature factors Time factors, 2, 91, 92, 94 see also Absenteeism; Historical perspectives back disorders, general, 44, 104, 105, 108, 365 biomechanics, 224, 225, 226, 258, 280, 281-284, 286, 373 bone fracture repair, 193 causal inference, criteria for, 72-73, 7475,77,79,108,114,184,446 databases, 4647 deadlines, see "stress, time pressure" i. tnJra duty cycle, 207, 208, 238, 274, 345-346, 372 fatigue testing, 216 force, time study, 94 INDEX gripping, 280 hand activity levels, 95 hours worked, 46, 48, 136, 138, 139, 303, 344, 346-347; see also "overtime" infra job analysis, 93-95, 238, 304, 305, 306307, 331 job,timeon,l0,11, 30,48, 91, 92, 94, 136, 138, 176, 366 ligament damage recovery, 251 litigation, 30 National Occupational Exposure Survey, 11 overtime, 161, 183, 303, 344 peripheral nerve compression, 212 preventive interventions, 319, 325, 326 psychosocial factors, 95, 347 rest breaks, 111-112, 160, 161, 162, 174, 181, 183, 263, 274, 320 self-reports, 92, 95 skeletal muscle damage, 203-204, 208, 226 spinal loading, 193 spinal nerve root, 215-216 stress, time pressure, 32, 96, 104, 105, 109, 171, 181, 183, 298-299, 365 temperature extremes, 127, 134, 224 tendons, repetitive stress, 197-198, 216-217 upper extremity disorders, 96, 109, 110, 111-112, 136, 138, 161, 162, 171, 174, 258, 280, 360, 446, 450 workers' compensation, 28-29, 450 Time-series analysis, 70, 334-335 Tissue mechanobiology, 5, 21, 22, 33, 184218, 372-373 see also Cellular processes; Peripheral nerve; Spinal nerve roots animal models, 5, 22, 65, 66, 67, 184 back disorders, 6, 187-198, 213-216, 357 cadaver studies, 22, 66, 184 collagen, 188, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 213, 217 elbows, 186, 196 repetitive motion, 185, 372-373 skeletal muscle, 200-210, 217-218, 372373 tendons, 185, 186, 194-199 ultrastructural responses, 199, 207208, 216, 372, 373
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.wlstmg Torso, 6, 227, 246, 251, 278, 357, 362 Torts, see Litigation Toxic agents, 48, 329 respiratory diseases, 48 Training, see Educational interventions; Education of professionals Transportation workers, 332, 334 back disorders, 53, 118, 119, 352, 433434, 438 incidence and prevalence, 50, 51, 53, 436 railroad workers, 45, 136 sprains, strains, and tears, 51 upper extremity disorders, 164, 178, 436 Trigger finger, 19, 133, 431 Twisting, 9 back disorders, attributable risk, 88, 119, 120, 124, 354 back disorders, other, 98, 99-100, 119, 120, 124, 239, 244, 251, 364 biomechanics, 55, 239, 244, 270, 271, 275-276, 278 hand disorders, 55 muscle cocontraction, 232 spinal discs, 190, 191, 192, 249-250 upper extremity disorders, general, 270, 271, 278, 281, 285 wrist disorders, 55, 275-276 Typing, 51, 337, 340, 341, 439440 biomechanics, 231, 254, 256, 257, 260, 263, 264, 268-269, 278, 280, 281 epidemiology, 103, 138 preventive interventions, 315, 439440, 450 U Ulnar deviation, 231, 257, 265, 274, 276, 279,284,448 Ultrastructural responses, 199, 207-208, 216, 372, 373 Unions, see Labor unions United Auto Workers, xiv, 56 491 Upper arm, 101, 111, 186, 253, 278, 253 see also Shoulders V Vertebra see also Spinal discs age factors, 188, 189-190, 193-194, 217218, 433 biomechanics, 229-230, 250, 252 cellular processes, 188, 189-190, 192193, 362 compression, 186, 188, 191, 192 cyclical loading, 192, 216 shear loading, 191, 192, 239-251 (passim) tissue mechanobiology, 187-194, 217 Vertebral endplates, 188, 190, 193, 248-249 Vibration, 57, 93, 219, 434 back disorders, 9, 98, 99, 118-122, 433434 biomechanics, 221-226 (passim)
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From page 492... ...
492 W Wages and salaries job satisfaction, 146 loss of, 1, 8-9, 17, 58, 63 preventive interventions, 303, 326 Washington State, workers' compensation, 45, 46-47, 55-56, 57-58, 62 Weight factors, body, 2, 4, 9, 32, 89, 304, 365, 374, 433 upper extremity disorders, 7, 359, 360, 442, 447-448 Weight factors, object handled upper extremity disorders, 254, 272 Whiplash, cultural factors, 31 Whole person approach, 9, 23-27, 216, 234-235 Wisconsin, workers' compensation, 57-58 Women, see Gender factors Workers' compensation, 28-29, 55-56, 5758,64,90,155 absenteeism and, 28-29, 58 back disorders, 55, 144, 149 cultural factors, 31, 449 defined, 36 preventive interventions, 303 somatization, 26-27 upper extremity disorders, 55, 449-450 Washington State, 45, 4647, 55-56, 5758, 62 Workers' Compensation Programs, Department of Labor, 45, 56-57 INDEX Workstations, 259, 275-276, 278, 298, 339, 346 see also Computer users; Typing chairs, 318, 359 hand tools, 222, 259 preventive interventions, 7, 8, 302, 314, 317, 318, 320, 359, 361, 452 Work style model, 295-296 World Health Organization, 1, 89 World Wide Web, see Internet Wrists, 340, 431 see also Carpal tunnel syndrome biomechanics, 255, 257-258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265-267, 268, 270, 274, 275-279, 282, 284, 360, 363 epidemiology, 20, 102,111,125, 126, 138,172,174,175,177,178,180, 181, 182 incidence and prevalence, 43, 51, 54, 57, 181, 436, 440441 nonspecific, 19 peripheral nerve, 212-213 physician visits, 20 preventive interventions, 319, 451 tissue mechanobiology, 196 twisting, 55, 275-276 X X rays, see Radiographs
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