The Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Challenges to the Biomedical Investigator
Challenges to the Biomedical Investigator
Pages 12-26
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 12... ...
For example, the US Geological Survey has been involved in the High-Level Waste Repository Project at Yucca Mountain, and the US Postal Service regulates traffic of radioactive materials through the US mail system. Disposal of radioactive materials is governed by the Code of Federal Regulations 10 CFR 20.2001-20.2006 (USNRC, 1991a)
|
From page 13... ...
A licensee may discharge licensed material into sanitary sewerage if each of Me following conditions is satisfied: (~) The material is readily soluble (or is readily dispersible biological matenal)
|
From page 14... ...
Control transfers of low-level radioactive waste by any waste generator, waste collector, or waste processor licensee, as defined in this part, who ships low-level waste either directly, or indirectly through a waste collector or waste processor, to a licensed low-level waste land disposal facility (as defined in 10 CFR Part 61~; 14
|
From page 15... ...
Supplement existing requirements concerning transfers and record keeping for those wastes. the Anv Rim .~hinnin~ raclic~active waste intended for ultimate disposal at a licensed land disposal facility must document the Information required on US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest and transfer this recorded manifest information to the intended consignee in accordance with Appendix G to 10 CFR Part 20.
|
From page 16... ...
Option b. 1 will apply unless generator specifically elects option b.2 for all of its shipments at the beginning of a f seal year maximum millicurie charge is $ 132.000/shipment from "Disposal Rate Schedule for Non-Atlantic Compact Waste" Non-Atlantic Com act Rate P $ 4.40 per pound $ 4.84 per pound .
|
From page 17... ...
Table 3 shows the rate schedule for the Richland sites. Richland site availability charges are in the range of $20-27/ft3 per year, depending on volume arid radiation levels.
|
From page 18... ...
a Permission was obtained from US Ecology, Inc. to publish the latest site availability charge for Richland facility (personal communication with Arvil Crase, 2000~.
|
From page 19... ...
to publish current charges for biomedical low-level radioactive waste at US Ecology's Richland facility (personal communication with Arvil Crase, 20001.
|
From page 20... ...
The total annual volume of radioactive waste at the Hershey Center is 33,270 lb. Thus, the annual cost for radioactive waste management is $3.37/pound.
|
From page 21... ...
Access to Disposal Legal Framework In the early 1970s, six commercial LLRW disposal sites in the United States handled the needs of industrial, utility, medical, and research waste producers. By 197S, three had closed, and the governors of the three states with remaining operating sites, Nevada, South Carolina, and Washington, put the rest of the country on notice that they wanted the other states to take responsibility for their own waste.
|
From page 22... ...
With these changes, it was possible to maintain the research effort. Smaller institutions, such as smaller colleges and pharmaceutical companies, have eliminated the use of nonessential radioactive materials; such as for teaching purposes, but lack of sufficient storage space is a problem for them (BRER staff personal communication with Thor Strong, Michigan representative to LLRW Forum, 1998~.
|
From page 23... ...
The Un~versity's branches cannot use Chapel Hill's storage facility, because Chapel Hill is not licensed as a waste processor and disposal facility, so storage-to-decay poses a problem for them. They also have fewer personnel to handle the waste (BRER staff personal communication with Bob Wilson, Director, Radiation Safety, 1998)
|
From page 24... ...
Barnwell Disposal Site Closure: 1994-1995 When the Barnwell facility was closed to all out-of-compact states from July 1, 1994, to July 1, 1995, an estimated 3,000 companies and institutions that were using radioactive materials and generating LLRW in 31 states were affected. Organizations United, a radioactive-matenals users organization, sponsored a survey to ascertain the likely consequences if new facilities were not opened to replace the Barnwell facility (Organizations United Report, 1996~.
|
From page 25... ...
Changes - BarnweR arid Envirocare Two recent developments will affect access to disposal sites for states not in the Northwest Compact states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Alaska, and Hawaii; the Rocky Mountain Compact states of Nevada, Colorado, and New Mexico; or the Atlantic Compact states of South Carolina, New Jersey, and Connecticut. South Carolina recently passed legislation that established the three-state Atiantic Compact and would eventually close the Barnwell facility to all out-of-compact states except New Jersey and Connecticut, formerly the Northeast Compact (South Carolina Compact Law - A357, R376, S!
|
From page 26... ...
Although it is certain that there will be no access to Barnwell for most states in the near future, it is not certain that the Envirocare facility will become available or acceptable to all LLRW generators. That uncertainty makes long-term planning for LLRW disposal difficult.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.