Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter III. Early Research Progress (2001) / Chapter Skim
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1. The Committee's Task and the Particulate-Matter Research Enterprise
1. The Committee's Task and the Particulate-Matter Research Enterprise
Pages 21-36
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The congressional request for this independent NRC study arose from scientific uncertainties in the data used in EPA's July 1997 decision to establish new National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for airborne particulate matter (PM)
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It also directed the EPA administrator to arrange for the NRC to provide independent guidance for planning the research program and monitoring its implementation. Specifically, the committee was charged to assess research priorities, and develop a conceptual research plan, and monitor research progress made over the 5 years ~ 998-2002 toward improved understanding ofthe relationships among airborne PM, its various sources, and its effects on public TABLE 1.1 EPA's Review and Implementation Timetable for Particulate-Maher Standardsa Past Actions 1971 1979-1987 1987 1994-1997 1997 1 999 1998-2000 Planned Actions 1998-2003 EPA issues TSP NMQS Criteria and standards are reviewed EPA issues PM,o NMQS Criteria and standards are reviewed EPA issues PM25 and revised PM'o NMQSs EPA designates areas as "unclassifiable" regarding attainment of NMQS for PM25 PM25 monitors are placed nationwide PM2 5 monitoring data to be collected nationwide 2002 2002-2005 2005-2008 2012-2017 EPA will complete 5-year scientific review of PM2 5 standards, leading to possible revision EPA will designate nonattainment areas for PM2 .5 States will submit implementation plans for meeting PM2 5 standard.
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have shown adverse health effects. The committee's first report, Research PrioritiesforAirborne Particulate Matter: I
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Variation in relationship of ambient particulate-matter concentrations to human exposure by place Variation in contribution of ambient particulate matter to total human exposure over time Covariance of particulate-matter exposures with exposures to other pollutants Relationship between outdoor ambient and personal exposures for particulate matter and copollutants Exposure Dose Relationship between inhaled concentration and dose of particulate matter and constituents at the tissue level in susceptible subjects Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CORD) Heart disease Age: infants and elderly Others Dose Response Mechanisms linking morbidity and mortality to particulate-matter dose to or via the lungs Inflammation Host defenses Neural mechanisms
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The committee's work is intended to provicie advice on the PM research program, which informs the review process. Therefore, the committee was neither charged nor constituted to evaluate the adequacy of the scientific foundation of EPA's ~ 997 decision to issue new PM standards; in addition to scientific information, such a decision involves policy judgments beyond the realm of science.
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has aligned its PM research program to respond to the set of research priorities identified by this committee. The overall research effort involves inhouse studies at EPA laboratories and centers, EPA funding of universitybased research centers and investigator-initiated competitive research grants, and enhanced collaboration with other agencies and organizations.
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Ambient-Air Monitoring The air-quality measurement system now being implemented includes several key elements: an extensive network of PM mass monitors installed on a population-weighted basis and intended primarily to measure compliance of different metropolitan areas with the 1997 NAAQS for PM25; a much smaller number of continuous PM25 monitors in key metropolitan areas; a network of speciation monitors to provide basic and comparable speciation of PM2 5 samples; and the supersites, which involve intensive shorter-term sampling efforts at selected sites around the country.2 To commence the PM supersite program, EPA selected two phase ~ sites: Atlanta, GA and Fresno, CA. Seven phase I!
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Without such management, it is likely that useful and interesting individual research projects will lack synthesis into a coordinated, multidisciplinary program to ensure that key PM research questions are answereci. To accomplish integrated management, the committee recommended, in its second report, that the proposed expansion of the charter of the Air Quality Research Subcommittee ofthe Interagency Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR)
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Specifically, the report recommended that "top EPA research and pokier officials should participate and provide management guidance during all major decision points in planning, managing, implementing, and evaluating the PM research program." EPA has taken several important steps to implement the structure necessary for the success of the PM research effort. Specifically, it has established a formal management structure, led by an ORD PM research program manager; this has enabled the initial development of multiyear research budgets (an important innovation)
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Mechanisms for ensuring better cross-agency implementation of scientific initiatives have been recommended in a recent report ofthe NRC Committee on Research and Peer Review in EPA (NRC, 20001. ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT In the next chapter, the committee discusses its six evaluation criteria and the approach it used for evaluating progress of the PM research program.
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