Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines (2001) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 10-18
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identifying and examining possible tactics, technologies, and operational concepts that could provide tactical advantages similar to those provided by APL by 2006; (2) suggesting a near-term alternative technology, weapon system, or combination of systems that could be derived from known, available systems or that could provide a short-term solution ~ The National Research Council is the operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
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Mines were used during the Korean Conflict to cover withdrawals and to reinforce defenses. However, United Nations forces did not always mark and record minefields, which sometimes resulted in casualties to friendly forces crossing unmarked minefields.
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North Vietnamese Army units used mines in generally the same way as their Viet Cong counterparts. By most accounts, this use of mines and booby traps inflicted a much higher percentage of casualties in Vietnam than it did in World War II or Korea and had even more significant psychological effects.5 In the limited wars of the 1970s and 1980s, landmines continued to be used, sometimes effectively and sometimes not.
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In 1899, and again in 1907, the Hague Peace Conferences reaffirmed the laws and customs governing land warfare. As warfare was extended to the air, concerns about the treatment of civilians in enemy territory increased, and in 1949 the international community addressed the issue of the safety of noncombatants in the Geneva Convention (IVJ Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (ICRC, 1949~.
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it did not cover long-lived APL (Matheson, 1999~. After an extensive review of the CCW, an amended landmine Protocol was issued in Mav 1996 addressing these ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO REPLACE ANTIPERSONNEL LANDMINES six nongovernmental organizations (Handicap International, Human Rights Watch, Medico International, Mines Advi sory Group, Physicians for Human Rights, and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation)
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. The Humanitarian Demining Program was created in 1993 to establish self-sustaining, indigenous demining programs, reduce civilian casualties, facilitate the return of refugees, enhance the stability of affected nations, and encourage international cooperation and participation.
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An array of 74 refined ideas were gradually reduced to 22 idea categories, then 17 initial concepts, nine combined concepts, and eventually seven final concepts, three of which are undergoing concept exploration by industry (and are considered proprietary)
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Therefore, in creating the Committee on Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines, the National Research Council (the operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences) selected committee members representing a broad spectrum of backgrounds, expertise, and interests.
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Therefore, the committee spent a considerable amount of time clarifying and defining the framework of the treaty and included complying with the Ottawa Convention as a criterion for evaluating alternatives. REPORT ROAD MAP Chapter 2 characterizes the current and future national security environments and describes how the functions served by landmines might change with technological advances in weaponry Chapter 3 describes the current uses of ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO REPLACE ANTIPERSONNEL LANDMINES landmines~ Chapter 4 explains the committee's selection criteria and methodology for analyzing alternatives Chapter 5 analyzes currently available technologies that might provide the same capabilities as APL Chapter 6 evaluates technologies and alternatives that should be available by 2006~ Chapter 7 analyzes technologies and proposes alternatives that might be available after 2006~ Chapter 8 is a complete list of conclusions and recommendations Appendix A contains the biographies of committee members Appendix B lists meetings of the full committee, site visits, and meetings of subcommittees Appendix C gives a description of current types of landmines~ Appendix D provides information about how minefields can be breached and discusses the value of APL in protecting minefields from breaching The texts of the CCW Amended Protocol II and the Ottawa Convention are reprinted in Appendix En Appendix F lists the countries that have signed and/or ratified the Ottawa Convention and any work on alternatives to APL by other countries of which the committee was aware Appendix G provides copies of DOD's mission need statements for APL alternatives.
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