Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective A Summary of a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Emerging Infections in Latin America
Emerging Infections in Latin America
Pages 35-51
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Cooperative actions and solutions for infectious disease surveillance and response among government health agencies and between countries are key elements needed to address the common problems of emerging infections in Latin America.
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The immediate response involved vaccination of horses with the TC83 vaccine. An international research project that involved a collaboration between the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, the Instituto Nacional de Higiene of Venezuela, and the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS)
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aegypti spread horizontally throughout lowland areas of the country and also spread vertically up the populated cordilleras, a series of parallel mountain ranges, dengue fever is now endemic and causes frequent epidemic peaks. Moreover, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
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This type of episode is especially problematic because of breakdowns in active surveillance and decreased vaccine coverage. Colombia and the rest of Latin America are in the final phases of measles eradication.
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Malbran " (ANLIS MALBRANJ, Ministry of Health Buenos Aires, Argentina Emerging infectious diseases have increasingly been detected in Argentina, starting with epidemic outbreaks of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) in the 1950s, human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)
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Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) has been a major public health concern since 1955.
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Research on AHF and development of an effective vaccine demonstrated that a developing country can solve its own infectious disease problems and enhance an initiative through international cooperation. HIV/AIDS The cumulative number of HIV/AIDS cases in Argentina was 15,166 as of July 31, 1999.
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Outbreaks of nosocomial infections of multidrug-resistant Salmonella have been reported for more than 7 years, particularly in hospitals located along the northeastern rivers in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Santa Fe, and Misiones. All isolates produce an extended spectrum p-lactamase and the CTX-M2, as well as aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(3)
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. It is necessary, therefore, to provide training on standardized methods for sensitivity studies, design quality control programs for microbiological diagnosis, and to develop national reference laboratories to verify, characterize, and be alert to the development of new resistance mechanisms.
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During this outbreak, data suggested for the first time the possibility of person-to-person transmission (Enria et al., 1996, Wells et al., 1997~. A retrospective case-control study carried out to identify risk factors associated with HPS showed that people who have had physical contact with an HPS patient or his or her bodily fluids and who shared a room with a patient with HPS were at increased risk of acquiring the disease.
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Argentine Ministry of Health. In preparation for the future, the Ministry of Health is strengthening entomological actions through community-based control programs.
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, the National Public Health Laboratory, the Directorate of Epidemiology, and several disease control programs. This section presents the The author gratefully acknowledges the personnel from the National Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, the National Network of Public Health Laboratories, the Coordination of Epidemiological Surveillance, the Directorate of Epidemiology, and the AIDS National Council for the information provided in preparing the manuscript.
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Later on, samples from patients with a less stringent definition of dengue virus infection were accepted for stronger support of the infectious epidemiology. Leptospirosis Leptospirosis has been documented in Mexico for more than 20 years, according to serological studies.
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Specialized medical services for patient management were recently established in most Mexican states. An independent component of the SSA, called FONSIDA, has been established to provide antiretroviral treatment for infected persons who cannot afford it through specialized medical services.
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This disease has been a public health problem for many years in developing countries and is now considered an emerging infectious disease in some developed countries such as the United States. With the aid of modern diagnostic assays and by asking patients if tapeworm segments are seen in feces or if there are cases of late-onset epilepsy in the family, it is possible to identify tapeworm carriers and provide them with successful treatment.
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RESPONSE OF THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION TO COMBATING EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Francisco Pinheiro, M.D. Advisor on Viral Diseases, Program for Communicable Diseases Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D
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The five syndromes are undifferentiated febrile syndrome, hemorrhagic fever, febrile icteric syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and sudden unexplained death. In view of growing evidence of an alarming increase in the rate of antimicrobial drug resistance in the Americas and other parts of the world, strengthening of surveillance of the antimicrobial resistance of selected enteropathogens, mainly to monitor the patterns of resistance of salmonellae, shigellae, and Vibrio cholerae, has been implemented for the past 3 years in 15 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in collaboration with the Laboratory Centers for Disease Control in Canada.
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