Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
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A short scenario in the first chapter describes several prospective applications for biotechnology developments. The second chapter provides background information on the science and history of the biotechnology industry.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AREAS The committee organized its discussion of biotechnology development areas into five broad categories: sensors; electronics and computing; materials; logistics; and therapeutics. The following areas in each category were then identified as providing significant opportunities for the Army: · sensors: assay analysis; detection methods; chip architectures · electronics and computing: protein-based devices; biocomputing; biomolecular hybrid devices TABLE ES-1 Prospective Army Applications OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE ARMY APPLICATIONS · materials: tissue engineering; biologically inspired materials and processes; hybrid materials · logistics: miniaturization of biological devices; functional foods; biological energy sources; renewable resources · therapeutics: genomics end proteomics; drugs and vaccines; drug delivery systems Although not all areas associated with biotechnology could be covered, the scope of the report reflects the committee's best judgment on the most important technology developments to the Army, and in many cases to the other military services, in the next 25 years.
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In short, this cadre of experts would monitor developments, enable the Army to identify new opportunities, publicize Army requirements, evaluate alternative biotechnologies, and otherwise influence the course of developments beyond traditional medical applications to future nonmedical applications. Recommendation 2b.
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The committee recommended a "high" investment priority if the technology applications are likely to fill a perceived void for the Army on future battlefields, if the biotechnology appears to offer the most promising avenue toward solving an Army problem, and if the biotechnology is not likely to be developed by industry. A "medium" investment priority was recommended in areas where an Army-sponsored research activity can be used to help open windows on commercial developments; such activities might be conducted as in-house basic research or in the context of cooperative agreements with academia or industry.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE ES-2 Biotechnology Development Areas s Development Investment Time Commercial Area Biotechnology Priority Frame Interest Essay Analysis Microfabrication/microfluidics medium midterm high Affinity reagents medium midterm high Detection Methods Optical detectors low midterm high Detector arrays of affinity molecules; DNA chips; medium midterm high protein chips Protein-Based Devices Optical-holographic high-density memories low midterm medium Three-dimensional volumetric memories high midterm low Associative memories end processors medium midterm medium Artificial retinas low midterm low Pattern-recognition systems medium midterm low Spatial light modulators low near term low Biocomputing Biological models medium far term low DNA computers low far term low Biomolecular Hybrid Devices DNA-based optical-signal processing low midterm medium Biomolecular diodes low midterm low Tissue Engineering Cartilage repair end replacement medium midterm high Neural bridging low far term medium Self-replicating systems high far term medium Stem cells medium far term high Synthetic biomaterials low far term medium Portable, artificial, assisting devices low far term high Bioinspired end Hybrid Materiels Biologically produced materials medium far term medium Biomineralization: organic/inorganic nanocomposites low far term medium Hierarchical systems; biocomposites medium midterm medium Miniaturization Technologies Microreaction technologies low midterm high MEMS-based microfluidic systems medium midterm high Biochip architectures low midterm high Biological nanotechnology medium far term high Functional Foods Genetically engineered foods low near term high Edible vaccines medium midterm medium Biological Sources of Energy Biologicalphotovoltaics medium midterm medium Renewable Resources Renewable fuels medium midterm high Nonmedical specialty products based on engineered low near term medium organisms Ecologicallife-support systems low midterm low Genomics end Proteomics Genomics data-gathering techniques medium midterm high Gene-expression monitoring medium midterm high Protein profiling low midterm medium Biospectroscopic instruments; terahertz spectroscopy and low midterm high analysis Vaccine stratification by genomics end toxicogenomics high midterm high Therapeutic Drugs end vaccines Small-scale vaccine production high midterm low Small-molecule end protein therapeutics low midterm high Genomics-based vaccine developments high midterm high Shock therapeutics high midterm medium Drug Delivery Biocapsules low midterm high Implantable antidotes medium midterm medium Somatic gene therapy low far term high
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The Army should define and petition the government to certify special processes for rapid development and approval of biotechnology applications that meet exceptional Army and other defense needs. The Army and the Department of Defense must have the ability to identify exceptional requirements and expedite the development of products that could potentially benefit soldiers confronted with an urgent threat or special need.
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