Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications (2001) / Chapter Skim
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4. Electronics and Computing
4. Electronics and Computing
Pages 25-33
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From page 25... ...
Because natural selection processes have solved problems similar to those that must be solved in harnessing organic compounds, and because self-assembly and genetic engineering provide sophisticated control and manipulation of large molecules, biomolecular electronics is a very promising field. iTn a more limited context, the term bioelectronics has been used for electronics intended for medical applications.
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From page 26... ...
The excellent holographic properties of bacteriorhodopsin derive from the large change in refractive index that occurs following light activation. Furthermore, bacteriorhodopsin converts light into a refractive index change with remarkable efficiency (approximately 65 percent)
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From page 27... ...
Selected components are labeled as follows: AMLC SLM = active matrix liquid crystal spatial light modulator; CCD = charge-coupled device. Source: Reprinted with permission from Birge et al., 1999.
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From page 28... ...
Because many scientists believe that the human brain operates in a neural, associative mode, it is possible that only large-capacity, high-speed associative memories will be capable of leading to genuine artificial intelligence. Researchers have implemented the neural computer memory designed by Pack and Psaltis (1987)
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From page 29... ...
This memory can also work on binary data by using redundant binary logic, and a small segment of data can be used to find the page with the closest largest association with the input segment. Selected components are labeled as follows: AMSLM = active matrix spatial light modulator; CCD = charge-coupled device; FL = Fourier lens; EVA = Fresnel variable attenuator; H1 and H2 = protein-based holographic films; PHA = computer-reconfigurable pinhole array; SF = spatial filter; SP = beam stop.
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From page 30... ...
Spatial Light Moclulators Spatial light modulators are available in many forms, from threshold devices, which are very simple, to complex optical systems, which impose data on a beam of light. Bacteriorhodopsin has long been used as the photoactive element in spatial light modulators; in fact, this is one of the most successful commercial applications of this protein (Birge, 1992; Birge et al., 1990; Brauchle et al., 1991; Oesterhelt et al., 1991; Vsevolodov, 1998~.
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From page 31... ...
, DNA computation, DNA self-assembly, cellular and DNA logic gates, computer immune systems for combating computer viruses, artificial life (Alife) , artificial neural nets, and genetic and evolutionary algorithms.
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From page 32... ...
Artificial life, or Alife, is a new discipline that studies "natural" life by attempting to recreate biological phenomena from scratch using computers and other artificial media. Just as synthetic chemistry enables scientists to create chemicals not found in nature, the goal of Alife research is to create biological phenomena in nonliving media.
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From page 33... ...
The extent to which bioelectronic components are inherently insensitive to radiation has not yet been fully explored. Because none of the mechanisms responsible for electromagnetic-induced catastrophic failures of semiconductor devices would be active in biomolecular electronic devices, logic 33 would suggest that these devices would exhibit high tolerance.
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