Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Vaccination
Appendix D: Vaccination
Pages 96-102
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From page 96... ...
Vaccines prepare the immune system to recognize and attack invaders or antigens. Once an organism has been vaccinated, it becomes immune because it contains populations of cells carrying molecules on their surfaces that recognize particular antigen molecules produced by, or part of, an infectious agent.
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From page 97... ...
The cell displays pieces of these viral proteins (as it displays pieces of its own proteins) nestled in a cleft on a particular kind of molecule called HLA class I
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From page 98... ...
Cell-Basecl and Virus-Basecl Vaccines In cell-based vaccines, nondisease-causing cells or viruses are genetically altered to display antigenic molecules, typically antigenic proteins, derived from an infectious organism. The displaying cells can, for example, be beneficial bacteria that usually inhabit the respiratory tract or gut, or even somewhat pathogenic bacteria that cause a mild infection and displace existing flora for a few days.
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From page 99... ...
That is, pieces of vaccinia DNA can be cut out and replaced with other DNA that encodes other antigens. Vaccinia derivatives were produced during the 1980s that could direct the synthesis of foreign proteins based on this principle; one could imagine using vaccinia or other vectors that carry multiple antigens to develop a single vaccine that would confer immunity against multiple infections at a very low cost per dose (e.g., $0.25~.
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From page 100... ...
Stimulating Innate Immunity The complex B-cell and T-cell arms of the immune system enable the organism to become immune to an infectious agent after its immune system is exposed to the agent. Organisms also possess innate immunity, which enables them to respond to infectious bacteria and viruses to which they have not been previously exposed.
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From page 101... ...
Since Army forces are far more likely to be deployed to poorer countries, the Army should identify ongoing developments that it could use to leverage future development of therapeutics against the infectious diseases found in poorer countries. For years, the Army has been one of the main promoters of the development of drugs against diseases endemic to poor 101 countries, including malaria, which is responsible for 1 million to 3 million deaths annually (see Box D-1~.
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