Carbon Management Implications for R&D in the Chemical Sciences and Technology (2001) / Chapter Skim
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10. Increasing Efficiencies for Hydrocarbon Activation
10. Increasing Efficiencies for Hydrocarbon Activation
Pages 159-165
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From page 159... ...
When not used in combustion to generate power and heat, fossil fuels are refined in various petrochemical transformation processes into purer and higher-valued products. This chapter continues the discussion by Leo Manzer to address opportunities for research in chemical sciences to reduce carbon (dioxide)
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From page 160... ...
Unfortunately, at present, there is insufficient information on the nature of the active sites in mixed oxide catalysts reported for this reaction to permit designing such an active site. One difficulty in attempts to elucidate the nature of active sites in mixed oxide catalysts for selective oxidation in general is the poorly crystalline state of the solid at the active site because of the facile motion of oxygen ions under reaction conditions.
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From page 161... ...
1 by molecular oxygen catalyzed by cobaltcontaining aluminum phosphate molecular sieves. Molecular modeling suggests that the hexane molecule is adsorbed in the pores of the molecular sieve in such a configuration that the two end carbons are close to the cobalt ions in the framework, enabling selective activation of the terminal C–H bonds.
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From page 162... ...
The carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid using rhodium complex catalysts is a commercial process, although -- as discussed next -- improvement is possible. REDUCING ENERGY NEED In addition to the energy needed for endothermic reactions, there is substantial energy consumption in the various separation and purification steps in a chemical transformation process.
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From page 163... ...
HYDROCARBON ACTIVATION FOR FUEL CELLS Fuel cells are rather efficient energy conversion devices. Currently, the transportation industry is seriously investigating the use of fuel cells as the power source for automobiles to replace the internal combustion engine.
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From page 164... ...
There is also a need to learn to beneficially use the interaction of the nonreacting portion of a reactant molecule with atoms in the catalyst away from the active site as a means of controlling the configuration of the reactant molecule at the active site and, thus, the reaction selectivity. These goals can be accomplished by developing new insitu characterization techniques and more powerful computational methods to understand existing catalytic systems better.
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From page 165... ...
Tobin Marks, Northwestern University: This issue concerns available funding for topic A or B Funding for academic research in the catalytic area in the United States is not very large, and the funding that is there has been shrinking.
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