Carbon Management Implications for R&D in the Chemical Sciences and Technology (2001) / Chapter Skim
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2. Carbon Dioxide Mitigation: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century
2. Carbon Dioxide Mitigation: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century
Pages 33-43
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From page 33... ...
The twentieth century was characterized by the development of an active environmental agenda that demonstrated society's concerns for clean air and water, minimizing waste and developing recycling, controlling chemical and radioactive emissions, and protecting endangered species. These concerns had dramatic effects on how we live and carry out our business affairs.
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From page 34... ...
BP Solar is the largest manufacturer and marketer of photovoltaic devices for producing electricity from solar radiation.2 BP Energy provides energy management services to diverse businesses worldwide. BP recently sponsored the Hydrogen Interactive -- First Contact as a way to introduce our interest in hydrogen as a fuel source and provide a forum for discussion and debate about the hydrogen economy.3 BP's refining and marketing arm is developing clean fuel technology and innovative marketing concepts that introduce and showcase technologies to the consumer.4 We have worked with Environmental Defense to develop an emission-trading methodology and market within the group as a learning and implementation tool.5 This list of actions and activities is not exhaustive but gives a flavor of the voluntary actions that BP is using to support our group's commitment to its environmental responsibilities.
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From page 35... ...
BP has reviewed many of its operations and continues to do so through an ongoing program of energy Separation and sequestration Total capex New technologies Minimize flaring Methane emission elimination Energy efficiency 0 0 GHG reduction (million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year) FIGURE 2.1 Relative capital expenditures needed for greenhouse gas emission reductions.
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From page 36... ...
• Fired heater tubes can be fouled with certain crude oil components, thus reducing heat transfer efficiency, increasing pressure drop, shortening run times, and increasing operating and maintenance costs. Specially designed springs installed in the tubes increased heat transfer by 50%, reduced fouling by 70%, and doubled run length.
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From page 37... ...
This change gave the business unit an additional 5 million standard cubic feet per day of sales gas. These examples are only a few of those found within BP.
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From page 38... ...
Power generation methods include direct-fired heaters used to heat process fluids, boilers used to generate steam for electricity generation and process heat, and gas turbines used for electricity generation and shaft power. In normal practice, the combustion products (flue gases)
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From page 39... ...
Oxyfuel processes depend on precombustion separation of oxygen from air to produce the necessary high-oxygen-content stream. Research needs in oxyfuel processes include development of advanced materials to handle the higher flame temperatures of direct oxygen firing, development of advanced turbines and fired heaters with recycle capabilities to allow flue gas recycle to combustion control, methods to seal conventional furnaces to minimize mixing of unwanted air with the oxyfuel mixture, and improved methods of oxygen separation from air.
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From page 40... ...
Since CO2 adsorbs more strongly than methane on coal surfaces, there is the potential for increasing methane production from coal bed methane operations. The effectiveness of adsorption processes will depend heavily on the type and permeability of the coal formations.
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From page 41... ...
For an average refinery, it takes 450,000 Btus (British thermal units) to process one barrel of crude oil, which is equal to 5 to 9% of the energy value of the crude oil.
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From page 42... ...
Most of the CO2 reductions being done to generate trading credits resulted from improvements in energy management or process changes. These modest changes are not too expensive and frequently generate additional product or reduced costs.
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From page 43... ...
David Thomas: The best I can say offhand is that approximately 40% of the 6 gigatonnes of anthropogenically emitted carbon annually comes from transportation, around 45% from power generation, and the remaining 15% from all other sources. Glenn Crosby: So there is approximately 30 times as much carbon used for power and transportation than there is actually in the production of chemicals.
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