Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards (2002) / Chapter Skim
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31 3 Technologies for Improving the Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks This chapter examines a variety of technologies that could be applied to improve the fuel economy of future passenger vehicles. It assesses their fuel economy potential, recognizing the constraints imposed by vehicle performance, functionality, safety, cost, and exhaust emissions regulations.
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32 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS tance, and accessory load)
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 33 structural strength (e.g., aluminum or plastic for steel)
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34 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS regulations, exhaust emission standards, consumer preferences, and consumer-acceptable costs must be traded off.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 35 that will be available in 2006 (EPA, 2000b) , has delayed production decisions.
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36 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS provement in fuel consumption of 1 to 5 percent is considered possible, depending on the state of the baseline engine.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 37 tinue to accelerate. As a result, electromechanical IVT is advancing to the point where BMW has announced the introduction of its so-called Valvetronic concept.
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38 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS ments of 30 to 40 percent or more are possible compared with conventional two-valve gasoline engines.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 39 • Advanced CVT. Continued advances in methods for high-efficiency, high-torque transfer capability of CVTs are being pursued.
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40 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS powering either or both a mechanical drive train and an electric motor/generator serving as additional propulsion to recharge the battery)
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 41 percent increase in vehicle weight associated with safety-enhancing features.
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42 T A B L E 3 -1 F ue l C on su m pt io n T ec hn ol og y M at ri x -- P as se ng er C ar s R et ai l P ri ce F ue l E qu iv al en t ( R P E )
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43 T A B L E 3 -2 F ue l C on su m pt io n T ec hn ol og y M at ri x -- S U V s an d M in iv an s R et ai l P ri ce B as el in e (s m al l S U V )
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44 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS TABLE 3-3 Fuel Consumption Technology Matrix -- Pickup Trucks Retail Price Baseline: 2-valve, fixed timing, roller finger follower.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 45 TABLE 3-4 Estimated Fuel Consumption (FC) , Fuel Economy (FE)
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46 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS $$500.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00 $2,000.00 $2,500.00 2.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.403.60 Fuel Consumption (Gallons/100 Miles)
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 47 FIGURE 3-6 Midsize cars. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.
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48 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS FIGURE 3-9 Midsize SUVs.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 49 FIGURE 3-10 Large SUVs. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.
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50 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS FIGURE 3-13 Large pickups.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 51 HYBRID VEHICLES The concept of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is not new, but the technology for application in vehicles advanced significantly in the last decade.
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52 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS TABLE 3-5 Published Data for Some Hybrid Vehicles Power Engine Engine Motor TransWeight Plant Size Power Battery Peak mission CAFE 0–60 Data HEV Vehicle Type Status (lb)
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 53 cost, but it will achieve fuel economy similar to its V6, twowheel-drive equivalent. Advanced HEVs cost much more than more conventional vehicles.
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54 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS the very lean flammability limit of hydrogen, the NOx concentration will be much lower than when using normal hydrocarbon fuels.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 55 combustion engine will continue to advance as the fuel cell is being developed. An additional issue that must be addressed is the reduced efficiency at higher loads, as shown in Figure 3-18.
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56 Measuring the fuel economy of vehicles in miles per gallon (mpg) alone does not provide sufficient information to evaluate a vehicle's efficiency in performing its intended function.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 57 of the same weight may differ in the efficiency of their drive trains or rolling resistance or aerodynamic drag (and thus in the number of gallons used to travel a given distance)
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58 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS sand MY 2000 and 2001 vehicles.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 59 0.25 10mpg x 40Ton 1.1 10 mpg x 10 Ton 0.5 5 mpg x 40 Ton10 mpg x 4Ton 2.5 Heavy-Duty Vehicles Light-Duty Vehicles PNGV 8.3 24 mpg x 0.5Ton 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Payload, tons F ue l E co no m y, m pg LSFC, gallons/Payload Ton -100 miles y = 0.001x + 0.6132 R2 = 0.804 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 Payload/lb F C , g al lo ns / 1 00 m ile s Premium Small Comp VAN Entry Small Comp PU Midsize STD PU Near Luxury Midsize Small SUV Luxury Midsize Comp SUV Large Luxury Comp SUV Luxury Large Large SUV CAFE Standard for Cars CAFE Standard for Trucks Cars Trucks FIGURE 3A-6 Fuel consumption versus payload. FIGURE 3A-5 LSFC versus payload for a variety of vehicles.
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60 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 Weight, lb LS F C , g al lo ns / 1 00 m ile s - T on s of P as se ng er s pl us C ar go Premium Small Comp VAN Entry Small Comp PU Midsize STD PU Near Luxury Midsize Small SUV Luxury Midsize Comp SUV Large Luxury Comp SUV Luxury Large Large SUV Average Cars Trucks E nt ry S m al l P re m iu m S m al l M id si ze S m al l S U V C om p P U N ea r Lu xu ry M id si ze Lu xu ry M id si ze La rg e C om p V A N Lu xu ry L ar ge C om p S U V S T D P U Lu xu ry C om p S U V La rg e S U V y = 51.59x + 821.64 R2 = 0.4757 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 P ay lo ad , l b In order of increasing average weight FIGURE 3A-7 Payload versus LSFC.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUEL ECONOMY OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 61 38 mpg x 1Ton 2.6 2.1 22 mpg x 2Ton 2.3 24 mpg x 2Ton 3.1 32 mpg x 1Ton 27 mpg x 2Ton 3.8 A ve P re m iu m S m al l A ve E nt ry S m al l A ve N ea r Lu xu ry M id si ze A ve L ar ge A ve L ux ur y La rg e A ve M id si ze A ve L ux ur y M id si ze A ve C om p V A N A ve C om p P U A ve S T D P U A ve S m al l S U V A ve L ux ur y C om p S U V A ve C om p S U V A ve L ar ge S U V 1.9 26 mpg x 1Ton 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 Weight, lb F ue l E co no m y, m pg Cars Premium Small Entry Small Midsize Near Luxury Midsize Luxury Midsize Large Luxury Large Trucks Comp VAN Comp PU STD PU Small SUV Comp SUV Luxury Comp SUV Large SUV WSFC, gallons/Ton of Vehicle Weight -100 miles 3A-8. Using LSFC, however, would encourage manufacturers to consider all aspects of vehicle design, including materials, accessory power consumption, body design, and engine and transmission efficiency.
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62 EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS load, they are below the average LSFC line in Figure 3A-8, indicating they are well designed for their intended use.
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