The Future of Personal Transport in China Summary of a Symposium, January 12, 2001 (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Section II: Advances in Automotive and Other Transport Technologies
Section II: Advances in Automotive and Other Transport Technologies
Pages 11-19
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From page 11... ...
selling cars; it changes the entire economic and employment structure of the nation.
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From page 12... ...
Access to health care facilitated by the automobile is one of the most important variables for increasing life expectancy. But air pollution caused by exhaust emissions and water pollution caused by runoff from roads have had a negative effect, and disposal of old automobiles, tires, parts and motor of} cause additional environmental problems.
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From page 13... ...
, lowest drag designs · For the power train: hybrids (engine plus energy storage) and fuel cells (hydrogen fueled, or liquid fueled with reformer)
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1. Sizeable improvements in internal combustion engine performance and efficiency are feasible, on the order of one percent per year, over the next two decades.
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The major areas of development were hybrid electric systems, fuel cell-electric powertrains, energy storage by flywheel and battery, light weight material, drag reduction, and lower rolling resistant tires. it was soon realized that the gasoline engine and the electric vehicle programs would be unable to meet the timetables.
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From page 16... ...
that for the long term, the fuel cell hybrid is promising. Problems inclucle the cost, size, and weight of energy converters with reformer, the start-up time and transit response, overall efficiency with the reformer, low vehicle range with stored hydrogen, and the availability of a hydrogen fuel infrastructure.
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Greenbaum said that concerns about ambient air pollution and public health first rose to broad public attention in the 1950's, following significant air pollution episodes in London, England, Donorra, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, that were linked to noticeable increases in hospitalization and premature mortality. These incidents, which involved air pollution largely from industrial sources and home heating, presaged public policy action for the past four decades to reduce air pollution and improve public health.
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From page 18... ...
While, in general, motor vehicles contribute a significant portion, although not the majority, of most air pollutants, there are certain circumstances in which motor vehicles can contribute a substantially higher amount to personal exposure. In particular, in urban centers, along roadsicles, and especially in urban street canyons in crowded business districts, mobile source contributions can contribute 2 to 10 times as much as the general background.
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From page 19... ...
in the United States and Europe in the 199Os found associations of PM with increased mortality and morbidity at ambient levels below then-established national air quality limit values. It is these studies that have been the basis for recent action in both the European Union and the United States to establish more stringent standards for PM.
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