Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance Formulations for Military Operations (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Workshop Agenda and Abstracts
Appendix A: Workshop Agenda and Abstracts
Pages 113-142
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Appendixes
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Robin Kanarek 9:00 9:35 General Overview of Military Interest and Research on Role of Caffeine in Physical and Cognitive Performance COL David Penetar, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA Caffeine and Muscle Metabolism During Prolonged Exercise Dr.
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Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA BREAK Caffeine and Sentry Duty Performance Dr. Richard Johnson, U.S.
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Pharmacology of Caffeine Dr. Gary Kamimori, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 9:35 10:10 10:45 10:55 1 1:30 Caffeine Usage on Submarines Christine Schlichting, Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT Design of a Food Matrix for the Delivery of PerformanceEnhancing Components Dr.
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John Caldwell, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL Effect of Prophylactic Naps and Caffeine on Alertness During Sleep Loss and Nocturnal Work Periods Dr.
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U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA The military's interest in caffeine is manifold and revolves around some of caffeine's basic behavioral effects: those of enhancing alertness, improving cognitive performance, and increasing physical capabilities.
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ingested 1 hour prior to exercise enhance endurance performance in the laboratory at intensities of 70-85 percent of maximal oxygen uptake VO2maX (Costill et al., 1978; Graham and Spriet, 1995; Ivy et al., 1979; Pasman et al., 1995~. Moderate caffeine doses produce urinary caffeine levels well below the allowable limit set by sports governing bodies (12 ~g/mL)
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However, these mechanisms were not involved in the glycogen sparing during exercise at approximately 85 percent VOW,, with caffeine ingestion (Spriet et al., 1992~. Instead, the mechanism for muscle glycogen sparing following caffeine ingestion appeared related to the regulation of glycogen phosphate activity via a more "defended" energy status of the cell.
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In our first caffeine study with the sentry duty model, we tested the effects of the ingestion of 200 mg of caffeine on male soldiers' target detection speed and rifle firing accuracy. Target detection speed under the placebo condition deteriorated with time and was significantly slower after 60-90 minutes on the task.
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Our second caffeine study was sponsored by the Defense Women's Health Research Program and focused on the sentry duty performance of both men and women. Both men's and women's target detection speeds deteriorated with time on sentry duty, and this performance decrement was eliminated by 200 mg of caffeine.
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Eyelid activity also showed no sleep deprivation effect during the mental rotation tests, despite the strong variations measured over the same 40 hours during the vigilance tests. We conclude that the eyelid activity measured by the Nightcap reflects instantaneous arousal levels that correlate at the behavioral level with task performance on a range of cognitive tests.
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Data are presented on the homeostatic and circadian modulation of several neurobehavioral measures, including reaction time and visual vigilance, short-term memory, cognitive throughput, and subjective alertness. CAFFEINE EFFECTS DURING SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND RECOVERY George Bray, M.D., Harris Lieberman, Ph.D., Richard Magill, Ph.D., Donna Ryan, M.D., Steve Smith, M.D., Julia Volaufova, and William Waters Pennington Biomedical Research Center and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of central nervous system-activating substances (d-amphetamine, caffeine, phentermine, tyrosine)
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Amphetamine significantly decreased sleep quantity (decreased total sleep time, decreased sleep efficiency, increased sleep onset latency, increased wakefulness after sleep onset) whereas caffeine had an effect on sleep quantity during recovery similar to placebo.
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Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Supported by AFOSR grant F49620-95-1-0388, and IEPRF This ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lowdose caffeine simulates the effects of sustained operations with and without sleep and caffeine, on a total of 56 male adults in the controlled environment of an isolated laboratory with light not brighter than 50 lux (range 25-45 lux)
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Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA Navy policy precludes stocking or using amphetamines or sedatives to maintain or enhance performance. Due to their widespread acceptance and relative safety, caffeine and nicotine are frequently used to combat the effects of fatigue during sustained military operations.
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Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, G21 Low to moderate doses of caffeine produce many effects in humans and animals that resemble effects produced by low doses of nonxanthine psychomotor stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. For example, they produce positive mood states and increases in wakefulness and motor activity.
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upon termination of chronic or repeated drug administration. There have been more than 10 reports of caffeine withdrawal in laboratory animals, most of which have documented substantial behavioral disruptions following cessation of chronic caffeine dosing (e.g., 50-80 percent reductions in spontaneous locomotor activity; 20-50 percent reductions in operant responding)
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Physiological mechanisms underlying caffeine withdrawal remain uncertain, although some studies suggest that increased blood volume, possibly adenosine-mediated, may be involved with caffeine withdrawal headache. Implications of Caffeine Physical Dependence for Performance Assessment In assessing the effects of caffeine on performance, many previous studies have failed to differentiate between caffeine's restoring performance degraded by caffeine abstinence versus caffeine's enhancing performance.
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Rubin Health Psychology Research Unit, Department of Experimental Psychology University ofBristol, United Kingdom This paper will consider the extent to which differences between caffeinated and decaffeinated conditions reflect the positive effects of caffeine or the negative effects of caffeine withdrawal. The background to this debate is presented and the relevant literature reviewed.
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Method Participants Forty-three regular caffeinated tea and coffee consumers (22 females, 21 males, mean age 21.1 years, range 18-26 years) participated in a study examining the effects of caffeine withdrawal on reporting of headaches.
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Alternatively, those individuals who could identify the nature of the drinks would then be influenced by the expectancy that caffeine withdrawal increases headache frequency. In contrast, those unable to discriminate between caffeinated and decaffeinated conditions would show no difference in headache frequency in these two conditions but should report an increase relative to baseline.
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Conclusion In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that the increased frequency of headaches during caffeine withdrawal reflects participants' detecting they are in that condition and reporting the symptoms they expect to be associated with it. Further research should address the direction of causality between perceptions of caffeine content and withdrawal symptoms.
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The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of current knowledge pertaining to the pharmacokinetic characteristics, efficacy, safety, dynamic effects, and possible formulations for the delivery of caffeine. In addition, we review past and current caffeine research from the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
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During prolonged lowintensity exercise, or prolonged exercise that varies from low to moderate intensity, carbohydrate supplementation improves aerobic endurance by increasing reliance on blood glucose and sparing muscle glycogen. When the exercise is moderately intense (65 to 75 percent, VO2~,aX)
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Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research' Washington' DC With sustained military operations, round-the-clock work schedules often lead to sleep deprivation. It has been well documented that sleep deprivation impairs cognitive performance and alters mood, with a consequent increased threat to safety and productivity in a variety of industrial and military settings.
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The positive effects of dexedrine were noticeable after only 22 hours of sustained wakefulness but were most evident between 0500 and 1200 on both deprivation days (the times at which performance under placebo suffered the most)
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Dayton Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wright State University, and Kettering Medical Center, Dayton, OH This work was performed at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Medical Center and the San Diego Naval Health Research Center and supported by a Merit Review Grant from the Department of Veterans Affairs, the SleepWake Disorders Research Institute, and the Naval Medical Research and Development Command, Department of the Navy, Bethesda, Maryland, under Research Work Unit 61153N MR.
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The results of the second study indicated that the beneficial effects of caffeine and prophylactic naps were additive (i.e., a prophylactic nap followed by nocturnal use of caffeine left nocturnal alertness and performance at daytime baseline levels)
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