Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance Formulations for Military Operations (2001) / Chapter Skim
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6 Special Considerations
6 Special Considerations
Pages 67-78
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From page 67... ...
could be developed using parametric analysis to take into account differences in state and trait variations in individual sensitivity to caffeine. Such a scale could be applied to determine more quantitatively the amount of caffeine that should be administered to individuals in specific contexts for improvements in cognitive function with minimal side effects based on individual differences in preexisting trait sensitivity as well as state variability factors.
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From page 68... ...
LABELING Any nontraditional product that is used as a vehicle for providing caffeine to military personnel (particularly if it could possibly reach civilian hands) should be prominently labeled, including on the principal display panel, that the product contains added caffeine and is intended for use only during sustained or special operations.
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From page 69... ...
There is a dose effect for the restorative effects of sleep on cognitive performance (Bonnet, 1999; Bonnet and Arand, 1994a; Bonnet et al., 1995~. Any amount of sleep from as little as a 15-minute nap can restore some degree of function, although the longer the sleep episode, the greater the amount of cognitive function restored (Bonnet et al., 1995~.
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From page 70... ...
However, the quality of sleep differs between prophylactic naps and naps taken during sleep deprivation. Despite the fact that prophylactic naps are associated with longer sleep latencies and less deep sleep than post-deprivation recovery sleep (Bonnet, 1999)
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From page 71... ...
Pemoline significantly improved subject alertness and performance on all tasks except mental arithmetic and first basic reaction time compared with placebo. The first effects of pemoline were observed 4.5 hours after ingestion for the highest dose on digit symbol substitution and sustained attention reaction time.
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From page 72... ...
In addition, it is recommended that liver function tests be conducted prior to the use of pemoline because of potential side effects of the drug. Results published to date on aspects of cognitive performance improved by pemoline are confusing.
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From page 73... ...
was as effective as 20 mg of dextroamphetamine in maintaining both subjective estimates of mood and fatigue and objective measures of reaction time, logical reasoning, and short-term memory when administered three times during 64 hours of sleep deprivation (Pigeau et al., 19959. Effects on recovery sleep were also monitored in this study, and results indicated that the effects of amphetamine on recovery sleep were similar to those reported previously, with increased sleep latency, decreased total sleep time, decreased REM sleep, and reduced sleep efficiency.
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From page 74... ...
Modaf~nil significantly attenuated the effects of sleep deprivation on four of six flight maneuvers: straight and levels, straight descent, left standard-rate turns, and left descending sums, maintaining them at baseline levels. Modafinil also reduced the amount of slow-wave EEG activity (indicative of reduced CNS activation)
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From page 75... ...
The drug was administered 48 hours into the deprivation period, after which sleep latency, behavioral parameters, and cognitive performance were measured. The 20-mg dose returned sleep latency to baseline for 7 hours postadm~nistration.
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From page 76... ...
In contrast to caffeine in food, beverages, chewing gum, and pill or tablet form, most military personnel have little experience with amphetamine pill self-dosing and the hazards and adverse effects of self-dosing might therefore be expected to be greater. For all the armed services it would be preferable if maintenance of cognitive performance can be achieved without such substances.
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From page 77... ...
Alternatives to caffeine for maintaining cognitive performance include use of naps or prescription drugs. The prescription drugs that have been evaluated for use in healthy adults undergoing sleep deprivation are pemoline, amphetamine, and modafinil.
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From page 78... ...
78 CAFFEINE FOR MENTAL TASK PERFORMANCE phetamine, but does not interfere with recovery sleep and has significantly less potential for abuse.
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