From Scarcity to Visibility Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers: Summary (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 2-10
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From page 2... ...
Women remain less likely to be employed although seeking employment, their careers are apt not to develop as fully, and they remain significantly less well paid.1 In 1986, partly in response to that report, the Office of Science and Engineering Personnel set out to monitor women's progress in science and engineering to ensure that an appropriate share of the best and the brightest people, regardless of gender, choose careers in science and engineering. From Scarcity to Visibility employs enhanced statistical methods of analysis to allow more flexible comparisons among cohorts of Ph.D.s.
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From page 3... ...
In the world of academic science, career delay is tantamount to lost opportunity and diminished achievement.2 Among doctoral scientists and engineers, women's participation has grown much closer to parity in the life and social sciences, but lags far behind in engineering and the physical sciences. The participation of women in the labor force has improved impressively.
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From page 4... ...
· In the physical sciences, the percentage of women rose from 4% to 14% in chemistry and from 1.3% to 5% in physics. The study also showed that between 1975 and 1995, 10% of the potential professional workforce of female S&E doctorates has been less than fully employed in S&E.
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From page 5... ...
Grad students with research assistantships are most likely to complete dissertations. Those with teaching assistantships gain practice in teaching, but lose research time and opportunities to work with an advisor.
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From page 6... ...
Among S&Es who are married and have children, men show higher rates of fulltime employment than women, although the negative effect for women has declined over time. A statistical model predicts that single women are sin Women and the scientific professions: The M.I.T.
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From page 7... ...
From 1973 to 1995, the proportion of women doctoral S&Es employed in academia shrank, as did that of men, even as women's representation in full-time academic employment rose from 8% to 23%. The greatest increase in both new Ph.D.s and in academic positions was seen in the life sciences and social/behavioral sciences.
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From page 9... ...
Men hold a 14% advantage in tenure-track positions at a time when these positions are declining as a percentage of academic jobs. It is possible that women's representation will grow over time; a logit analysis reveals that much of the difference is due to the lower career age of women.
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From page 10... ...
When one controls for the above factors by regression analysis, the gender gap in salaries in 1995 diminishes from 21% to 6%, with the largest effects resulting from career age and field. These effects vary by survey year and are smallest in the early survey years, suggesting greater gender discrimination then.
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