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From page 527... ... Index A Access to services, 152 distribution of cancer burden and, 8, 12-13,22,425,433-434 obstacles to cancer screening participation, 225,231-232,243, 410,436 recommendations for improving, 7,8, 423-424,425 Adenomatous polyps, 59,175 Advertising of tobacco products, 4,412 Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research, 99,105 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 10,218,334,335 clinician training programs, 328 Evidence-Based Practice Centers, 384 guidelines development and dissemination, 384-387 Preventive Services Task Force, 10-11, 228,275,333-334,387,428430 Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force, 388 recommendations for, 10-11, 12,428 research activities, 384-388 Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 334,428,429,430 Translating Research into Practice, 387 weight-loss program evaluations, 139, 140t,141t,142,143, 144 Aging of population, 10, 428 cancer risk, 22 implications for provider education and training, 296 See also Elderly patients Alcohol consumption alcohol types, 82-83 associated cancer risk, 82-83, 83t breast cancer and, 84 cancer risk and, 86,403 carcinogenic action, 83-84 colorectal cancer and, 84-85 health effects, 81-82 liver cancer and, 84 lung cancer and, 85 oropharyngeal/laryngeal/esophageal cancer risk, 83-84 potential effectiveness of cancer prevention, 1, 36,400-401 predictive modeling of cancer reduction, 32-33 sociodemographic patterns, 85 tobacco use and, 47,83 page numbers followed by t refer to tables. Page numbers followed by f refer to figures. Read the entire page →
From page 528... ... 528 Alliance, The, 422-423 Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, 79-80 American Academy of Family Physicians, 215 American Association for Cancer Education, 302f, 306 American Association of Health Plans, 329330 American Association of Medical Colleges, 301-303, 302f, 304-305 American Cancer Society, 13,183,306,421 Cancer Prevention Studies, 43f, 45-46, 50,52-53,54 cancer reduction goals, 33, 34-35t clinician training programs, 328-329 research programs, 392,399 screening guidelines, 228,274-275 American College of Physicians, 215 American College of Radiology, 286-287, 288 American Gastroenterological Association, 183 American Legacy Foundation, 330,394395 American Lung Association, 97,317 American Society of Preventive Oncology, 302-303f American Urological Association, 215 Anti-Lung Cancer Action, 277,283 Association of American Medical Colleges, 426 Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine, 302f, 303, 305 B Barium enema, 179 Behavioral interventions conceptual models of change processes, 89-92 effectiveness, 2,87,153-155,407 health care system implementation, 148153 to improve eating habits, 138-145 to improve physical activity, 111, 113120 to improve screening participation, 244250 incentive programs, 132 latency of effects, 39 predictive modeling, 32-33,37,38 INDEX public education campaigns, 11-12,432 risk factor counseling, 345t service delivery strategies, 87-89 smoking cessation programs, 93-101 target behaviors, 2n, 17,401 weight-loss programs, 127-129 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 57 Benzene, 52 Beta-carotene, 69,79-80 Bladder cancer, 44,47-48,54 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 68-69 Body mass index, 65-66 Breast biopsy, 197 Breast cancer alcohol consumption and, 84 carotenoid consumption and, 79 clinician education for early detection, 324-325 dietary fat intake and, 77 epidemiology, 25,26 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 69 incidence, 19 obesity and, 62,402 physical activity and, 58,60,402 potential effectiveness of preventive intervention, 1, 36,37 quality of preventive services, 9 risk factors, 25-26 screening, 6,7,37,158,351-352,403, 424 breast self-examination, 195-196 clinical breast examination, 186-187 cost-effectiveness, 198-199 DCIS detection, 186 effectiveness of early detection, 188194 genetic, 195,197-198 insurance coverage, 6,421 mammography, 403 Medicare coverage, 355 modalities, 186-187 for older women, 194 potential harms, 196-198 practice guidelines, 203-204f, 223 public awareness and understanding, 240-241,242-243,245,246 strategies for improving, 244-250 subjective value judgments in, 199203 utilization, 225-226,238-239 selenium intake and, 80 Read the entire page →
From page 529... ... , 117,137,144 Church-based programs, 119, 147, 247f Clonidine, 98 Cochrane Collaboration, 190, 229,395396,397f Cognitive functioning medical attitudes and beliefs, 230-231, 241 models of behavior change, 89-92 Colonoscopy, 179-180,181,182,183-185, 233,234,237 Colorectal cancer alcohol consumption and, 84-85 clinician education for early detection, 325-326 epidemiology, 26-27 folate intake and, 78-79 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 69-70 glucose metabolism and, 80-81 incidence, 19 obesity and, 62,63,402 Read the entire page →
From page 530... ... Socioeconomic status Dental schools, 316-317 Department of Defense, 13, 390-391 Department of Health and Human Services, 12-13, 352, 383-384, 433 evaluation of federal prevention services, 8, 10-11, 424-425, 428-430 recommendations for, 4, 8, 10-11, 414, 424-425, 428-430 research programs, 371-381 Department of Veterans Affairs, 338, 391392 Dexienfluramine, 131 Diabetes, 17, 58, 66 Diagnostic testing, 156 Diet and nutrition, 86 cancer risk and, 402-403 fiber, 70, 75 fruits and vegetables, 66-72, 81 glucose metabolism, 80-81 . interventions to improve eating . Read the entire page →
From page 531... ... , 186 E Early Lung Cancer Action Project, 277, 287, 288 Education and training of health care providers administrators, 295 in clinical nutrition, 309-312 continuing education, 9, 319-322, 426 dental schools, 316-317 in exercise counseling, 312-313 goals, 295, 298-301 for graduate medical students, 311-313 nonphysician providers, 10, 428 nursing schools, 313-316 opportunities for improving, 330-331 for physical fitness promotion, 114 potential shortage of medical personnel, 10, 296, 297, 311, 428 private resources and programs, 328330 public resources and programs, 322-328 recommendations, 8-10, 425-428 in screening practices, 227-228 in smoking cessation, 307-309 types of providers in need of training, 295-298 undergraduate medical student training, 301-311 Educational attainment cancer screening participation and, 239, 253 diet-related cancer risk and, 81 smoking risk and, 57 Effectiveness of preventive interventions ancillary health benefits, 40 behavioral strategies, 2 531 88-89 community-level interventions, 105, 107-108, 118, 120, 133, 144145 family-based interventions, 135-136 fruit and vegetable consumption, 66-72 goal-setting, 39 group interventions, 97 in health care settings, 151-152 to improve eating habits, 142-145 with minority Populations. Read the entire page →
From page 532... ... .. 1ntormatlon c .lssemmatlon actlvltles, 335-336 research activities, 368, 398-399 role in improving access of underserved populations to medical services, 7, 423-424 smoking cessation strategies, 3-4, 410412 support for community-based programs, see also specific agency; specific program Fenfluramine, 131 Fiber, dietary, 70, 75, 77 Fluorescent bronchoscopy, 285-286 Folate, 78-79, 85 FRAMES, 92 Fruit and vegetable consumption, 81 bladder cancer and, 68-69 breast cancer and, 69 cancer risk and, 66-67, 67t cervical cancer and, 71-72 Read the entire page →
From page 533... ... See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Health care providers access of underserved populations, 7, 423-424 assessment systems, 150-151 in behavior risk reduction, 148-152 in delivery of screening services, 227230, 242, 409 in diet and nutrition management, 149150 in promoting physical fitness, 113, 114, 150 research on clinical practice, 374 in smoking cessation interventions, 94, 96-97, 149, 155 See also Education and training of health care providers 533 Health maintenance organizations, 152153, 154f, 225, 243 quality of care, 379 Health Professional Follow-Up Study, 43f, 49 Health promotion, 28-29 Health Resources and Services Administration, 305 cancer prevention programs, 342-344 clinician training programs, 10, 326328, 428 Health risk appraisals, 151 Health-seeking behaviors, 89-90 cost of care and, 102 dental care, 316 medical attitudes and beliefs, 230-231, 241 See also Participation in cancer screening Healthy People 2010, 12-13, 97, 113, 149, 253, 298f, 332-333, 364, 413f, 430, 433 Helicobacter pylori, 50 Hormonal system, obesity and, 62 Human papilloma virus, 51 screening, 218-219 Hypertension, 66 Immigrant populations, 243 Incentives for change, 132 Incidence of cancer, 19-20, 21t, 31 bladder cancer, 47-48 breast cancer, 25 cervical cancer, 27, 51 colorectal cancer, 26-27 endometrial cancer, 52-53 kidney cancer, 48 leukemia, 52 lung cancer, 25, 45 oropharyngeal cancer, 46 potential effectiveness of preventive intervention, 1, 30, 403 predictive modeling of prevention intervention outcomes, 31-40 prostate cancer, 26, 53 stomach cancer, 50 Indian Health Service, 349-351 Insulin, 63, 80-81 Insulin-like growth factor, 63 Insurance cancer burden distribution and, 12, 433 Read the entire page →
From page 534... ... . dairy product consumption and, 76 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 72 intervention, 1 obesity and, 63,402 red meat consumption and, 74 prognosis, 25,259 screening, 11, 158 L Lactose, 76-77 Laryngeal cancer, 44,46,47 alcohol consumption and, 83-84 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 67 Legislative action cancer screening standards, 226 latency of effects, 39 smoking cessation strategies, 3-4 tobacco control efforts, 103-104f,107- 285-286 108,110-111,411-412 . Read the entire page →
From page 535... ... smo. ring cessation program coverage, 358-359 spending, 354 MESH headings, 368-369 Methionine, 85 Migrant Health Centers, 7,342-344,423, 424 Migrant populations, 31 Minnesota Heart Health Program, 118, 133,145 Mortality and morbidity alcohol consumption effects, 81-82 bladder cancer, 47 breast cancer, 25 screening effectiveness, 187,189194,403 cervical cancer, 27,51,403 colorectal cancer, 27,233,403 distribution by cancer type, 19, l9f,20f, 21t,29 distribution by cause, 18t distribution by sex, 18t effects of screening, 161-167, 256-257, 261-264,265-272,403 esophageal cancer, 46 kidney cancer, 48 laryngeal cancer, 46 535 lung cancer, 25,259,261-264,265272,401 need for screening, 157-158 obesity and, 61,66 oropharyngeal cancer, 46-47 pancreatic cancer, 49 physical activity related to, 58 potential effectiveness of preventive intervention, 1, 400-401,403 predictive modeling of prevention intervention outcomes, 31-40 prostate cancer, 26,53,207 screening effectiveness, 208-209, 213-214 treatment outcomes, 209-211 smoking cessation effects, 44-46,47,48, 401-402,404 smoking-related, 28,42 sociodemographic distribution, 12-13, 20-22, 23t,24t, 433 stomach cancer, 50 trends, 18-20, 19f,20f Motivational interviewing, 92 N National Cancer Institute, 13,46,286-287, 334,364 breast cancer screening guidelines, 200, 203 budget, 371,398 Cancer Education Survey, 306 cancer reduction goals, 33, 34-35t clinician education programs, 322-324 Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation, 105 data collection activities, 336-337,379380 Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, 375, 376f health disparities research, 13,433-434 , . Read the entire page →
From page 536... ... 536 National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 314 National Dialogue on Cancer, 421 National Family Planning Program, 352 Governors Association, 341 Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 64-65 Health Interview Survey, 57, 336337 National National National National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 121, 123, 124-125 National Human Genome Research Institute, 380-381 National Institute of Nursing Research, 380 National Institute on Aging, 380 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 380 National Institutes of Health, 13, 174, 433 breast cancer screening guidelines, 200 201 prostate cancer screening guidelines, 215-216 research activities, 371-381 National Library of Medicine, 368 Ovarian cancer National Lung Screening Study, 286 National Polyp Study, 175 National Technical Assistance Office, 330 National Weight Control Registry, 125 New York Academy of Medicine, 310 Next Step Trial, 142-143 Nicotine replacement therapy, 98-100 North Karelia project, 145 Nortriptyline, 98 Number-needed-to-screen, 167 Number-needed-to-treat, 167 Nurses, 296 cancer prevention activities, 313-314 smoking cessation training, 315-316 training, 313, 314-316, 328-329 Nurses' Health Study, 43f, 49, 78-79 o Obesity, 30, 86 associated cancer risk, 61-62, 61t, 402 breast cancer and, 62, 402 colon cancer and, 63, 402 endometrial cancer and, 62, 402 esophageal cancer and, 64, 402 health risks, 61 kidney cancer and, 63, 402 pharmacological treatments, 130-131 prostate cancer and, 62 INDEX recommendations for cancer prevention strategies, 4, 414-415f, 416-417 research, 372, 436 trends, 37, 64-65, 64f, 405 weight guidelines, 65-66 See also Weight-loss programs Occupational disease, 31-32, 57 Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 4 Office of Family Planning, 352 Office of Management and Budget, 361364 Oral cancer, 44, 46-47, 54 alcohol consumption and, 83-84 dentist role in prevention, 316-317 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 67 smokeless tobacco use and, 54 Orlistat, 131 Oslo Youth Study, 117 Osteoporosis, 17 Outcomes measurement, 165-167, 379380, 391-392 dairy product consumption and, 76-77 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 70 screening, 171, 174 p Pacific Business Group on Health, 422 Pancreatic cancer, 44, 49, 54 fruit and vegetable consumption and, 68 red meat consumption and, 74 Pap smears, 218, 219, 226, 253, 350-351, 353t Participation in cancer screening, 224 breast cancer, 225-226, 238-250 clinician factors, 227-230 colorectal cancer testing, 233-238, 234f community factors, 226-227 health care system characteristics and, 225-227, 410 insurance coverage and, 225-226, 231232 patient factors, 230-233 prostate cancer, 251-252 strategies for improving, 229-230, 252, 254-255, 258, 409-410 breast cancer, 244-250 colorectal cancer, 236-238 Partnering with Employers for Prevention. Read the entire page →
From page 537... ... See Health care providers Planet Health, 137-138 Population attributable risk, 36 Predictive modeling of cancer reduction, 31-40 Prevention Curriculum Assistance Program, 303 Preventive Services Task Force. See Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Preventive Services Task Force Primary prevention, 27-28,29 Project LEAN, 145 PROJECT WALK, 120 Prostaglandins, 59-60 Prostate biopsy, 211-212 Prostate cancer dairy product consumption and, 76 epidemiology, 26 lifetime probability of, 26 mortality, 26 obesity, 62 overdiagnosis, 207 potential effectiveness of preventive intervention, 36 red meat consumption and, 73-74 screening, 37,158,173 antigen testing, 11, 205-208,211, 213,214,251,252 cost-effectiveness, 213,214 decision to implement, 213-217 digital rectal exam, 205,213 effectiveness of early detection, 208211,429 537 insurance coverage, 226 potential harms of, 211-213 practice guidelines, 215-217,216217f,223,252 schedule, 206 utilization, 251-252 selenium intake and, 80 smoking-related, 44,53 surgical complications, 212-213 treatment outcomes, 209-211,214 vitamin E and, 80 Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian study, 286 Protein, dietary, 77 Public awareness and understanding antismoking campaigns, 105,110-111 breast cancer screening, 240-241,242243 cancer risk, 288,289 cancer screening participation and, 230, 245,246 colorectal cancer, 235,236 delivery of behavioral interventions, 88 federal government initiatives, 335-336 lung cancer screening, 287-288 of medical research, 12,431-432 NCI research activities, 376-378 physical fitness programs, 118 prostate cancer, 251,252 recommendations for educational interventions, 11-12,430-432 Public Health Service Act. Read the entire page →
From page 538... ... see Colorectal cancer, screening costs, 169-171,181-182,198-199,220, 222 decision to implement, 171-174,182183 effectiveness of early detection, 161-167, 208-211,222,259 evaluation of effectiveness, 11, 429 false-positive/false-negative results, 168169 genetic risk, 168-169,195,197-198 human papilloma virus, 218-219 insurance coverage, 6,421,422-423 lung cancer. see Lung cancer, screening medical decision-making, 12 Medicare coverage, 355-358, 356t ovarian cancer, 171,174 overdiagnosis, 158,207,274 overuse, 257-258 participation in. Read the entire page →
From page 539... ... . ettlngs tor mterventlons behavioral interventions, 87-89 church-based programs, 119, 147, 247f health care settings, 113-115, 140-141, 148-153 implications for provider education and training, 295-296, 300 nurse employment patterns, 314 screening tests, 247 See also Community-level interventions; School-based programs; Worksite intervention Sexual behavior, 17, 51 Sexually transmitted disease, 27 Sibutramine, 131 Sigmoidoscopy, 178-179, 180, 181, 182183, 233, 234, 235, 237, 296 Skills-training, 92, 93f weight-loss programs, 127 539 Skin cancer, 80 screening, 174 Smoking cessation, 2, 275-276 cancer risk reduction, 45-46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52-53, 401-402 characteristics of successful programs, 93-96, 154f community-level interventions, 105-108 cost-effectiveness of, 105 dentist role in, 316-317 education and training of health care providers for, 307-309 effectiveness of behavioral interventions, 94, 95t, 96-101 federal programs, 8, 425 future demand for services, 297 group interventions, 97 health benefits, 44-45 health care providers involved in, 297 insurance coverage for, 6, 101-102, 421, 423 lay treatment counselors, 317-319 legislative action to encourage, 3-4, 410-412 Medicaid programs, 361 Medicare coverage, 358-359 NCI research, 371-372 nurse training for, 315-316 obstacles to service delivery, 155 pharmacological interventions, 98-99 potential public health benefits, 28 private research initiatives, 393-395, 396 program costs, 102, 411 programs for underserved populations, 108-109 research needs, 435 residential treatment programs, 97-98 role of health care providers, 8, 94, 9697, 149, 425 self-help programs, 96 sociodemographic patterns, 57 stepped treatment, 297-298 telephone counseling programs, 97 trends, 404-405 weight gain and, 45 worksite interventions, 100-101 See also Smoking-related cancer; Tobacco use Smoking-related cancer alcohol consumption and, 47, 83 bladder cancer, 47-48 Read the entire page →
From page 540... ... . c .etermlnants of screemng partlclpatlon, 225-227 effective delivery of prevention services, 9, 426-427 public health infrastructure, 418 public health mission, 419f T Taxation, 3, 39, 111, 410, 412 Telephone counseling to improve eating habits, 145 in promoting physical fitness, 114-115 screening reminders, 245-246, 248-249 for smoking cessation, 97 weight-loss programs, 129-130 Tertiary prevention, 28 Testicular cancer screening, 161-162 Theory of Planned Behavior, 90 Theory of Reasoned Action, 90-91 Thyroid cancer, 71 Title X (Public Health Service Act) Read the entire page →
From page 541... ... See Fruit and vegetable consumption Veterans Health Administration, 344-349 Vitamin A, 79 Vitamin C, 50 Vitamin D, 76 Vitamin E, 80 W Weight-loss programs, 409 behavioral programs, 127-129 commercial, 129 community-based, 133 dietary restriction, 120-125, 136 environmental approaches, 133-134 goals, 120 maintenance of weight loss, 125-127 mediated approaches, 129-130 pharmacological treatments, 130-131 physical activity interventions, 124-127, 136-137 to reach underserved populations, 134135 worksite, 131-132 for young people, 135-138 Weight Watchers program, 129 Wheat, whole-grain, 74-75 Whole-grain foods, 74-75 Women's health cancer risk, 22, 25 oropharyngeal cancer risk, 46 screening programs, 7 underserved populations, 7 Working Well, 142 Worksite intervention CDC programs, 383-384 fitness programs, 4 to improve eating habits, 133-134, 142143 insurance coverage for prevention efforts, 6-7, 422-423 promoting physical fitness, 115, 116t screening, 247f smoking cessation programs, 100-101 state support for, 5 weight-loss programs, 131-132 Read the entire page →
From page 542... ... 542 y Young people access to tobacco, 3, 4 physical fitness, 4, 11 6-11 7, 11 9-120, 136-137, 405-406, 414, 416417 INDEX programs to improve eating habits, 4, 143-144, 414, 417 smoking prevention campaigns, 109-111 tobacco use patterns, 54-55, 56t, 404405 weight-loss interventions, 135-138 Read the entire page →

From page 527...

... Index A Access to services, 152 distribution of cancer burden and, 8, 12-13,22,425,433-434 obstacles to cancer screening participation, 225,231-232,243, 410,436 recommendations for improving, 7,8, 423-424,425 Adenomatous polyps, 59,175 Advertising of tobacco products, 4,412 Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research, 99,105 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 10,218,334,335 clinician training programs, 328 Evidence-Based Practice Centers, 384 guidelines development and dissemination, 384-387 Preventive Services Task Force, 10-11, 228,275,333-334,387,428430 Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force, 388 recommendations for, 10-11, 12,428 research activities, 384-388 Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 334,428,429,430 Translating Research into Practice, 387 weight-loss program evaluations, 139, 140t,141t,142,143, 144 Aging of population, 10, 428 cancer risk, 22 implications for provider education and training, 296 See also Elderly patients Alcohol consumption alcohol types, 82-83 associated cancer risk, 82-83, 83t breast cancer and, 84 cancer risk and, 86,403 carcinogenic action, 83-84 colorectal cancer and, 84-85 health effects, 81-82 liver cancer and, 84 lung cancer and, 85 oropharyngeal/laryngeal/esophageal cancer risk, 83-84 potential effectiveness of cancer prevention, 1, 36,400-401 predictive modeling of cancer reduction, 32-33 sociodemographic patterns, 85 tobacco use and, 47,83 page numbers followed by t refer to tables. Page numbers followed by f refer to figures.

Index Pages 527-542

Index
Pages 527-542