Opportunities to Improve the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program (2002) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A Extracts from Study-Unit Design Guidelines for Cycle II of the Naitonal Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA)
Appendix A Extracts from Study-Unit Design Guidelines for Cycle II of the Naitonal Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA)
Pages 215-233
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~2 NAWQA CYCLE II IMPLEMENTATION TEAM DRAFT FOR INTERNAL REVIEW 11/22/20003 Ken Bencala Carol A Couch Lehn Franke Dennis Helsel Wayne W
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NATIONAL TREND NETWORKS Overview Themes and Objectives Approach and Emphasis Implementation Strategy Trend Network for Streams Types of Stream Sites Overview of Sampling Strategy Site Allocation and Selection Trend Network for Contaminants in Sediment Overview of Sampling Strategy Types of Reservoir and Lake Sites Cycle I Studies of Lake-Sediment Cores Site Allocation and Selection Trend Network for Ground Water Types of Ground-Water Studies Overview of Sampling Strategy Study Allocation and Selection Sub-Unit Surveys Agricultural Land-Use Studies Urban Land-Use Studies Factors Still to Be Considered That May Change Final Selections for All Land-Use Studies in the Trends Network Analysis of Reference Conditions near Land-Use Studies APPENDIX A
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SPATIAL STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF LAND-USE CHANGE ON WATER QUALITY Overview Themes and Objectives Approach and Allocation of Effort Streams Objectives for Streams Study Design for Streams Ground Water Study Design for Ground Water V TARGETED STUDIES OF FACTORS THAT GOVERN WATER QUALITY Overview Themes and Objectives Implementation Strategy Targeted Water-Quality Studies Selection and Prioritization of Topics for Targeted Studies Topical Study Teams Hydrologic Systems Analysis and Modeling Hydrologic Systems Team Modeling and Analysis Tools Modeling and Analysis Resources
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Analysis of Ground Water Networks INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A Cycle II of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)
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Response to agricultural How has water quality changed in response to long-term changes in management practices agricultural management practices such as tillage methods, chemical use, and crop patterns? Understanding Themes Sources of contaminants Identify and quantify the natural and anthropogenic sources of contaminants to surface and ground waters.
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Certainly other organizational frameworks for the Cycle II themes are relevant, such as by land use, drinking water and ecological effects, surface water and ground water, and so forth. There is, in fact, no single framework that can incorporate all of the different water-quality issues and scientific problems that arise.
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Scope of Cycle II Design Guidelines The Cycle II design guidelines described in this report are intended as a national framework for designing study unit investigations and related national synthesis activities. Study designs for status and trend assessment are mainly based on the application of relatively standardized sampling components that were developed and tested during Cycle I
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II. National Trend Networks: National sampling networks designed to assess long-term trends for streams, ground water, and sediment contaminants are comprised of sites distributed among a wide range of environmental settings of the nation, which are systematically sampled over time to evaluate trends and change.
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The approach taken in the Cycle II design is to focus studies of governing factors on a limited set of the most important water quality topics within the scope of the priority themes, and to link these studies closely to related studies and data that will be collected for other parts of the Cycle II design. These carefully targeted studies will be designed and executed by topical teams formed from national synthesis teams, study units, and other scientists.
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In addition to addressing trend assessment goals, the intensive, long-term data collection at the sites and study areas of the trend networks form the foundation for spatial studies of the effects of land-use change on water quality and for targeted studies of factors that govern water quality, which are a major emphasis of Cycle II. Because of this foundational role that the trend networks play in the Cycle II design, the requirements for these related studies are an important consideration in design of the trend networks.
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Objective (T5) Determine the effects of long-term changes in agricultural management practices on the concentrations and distributions of NAWQA target constituents in ground water.
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Characterize the concentrations of NAWQA target constituents in downgradient shallow ground water and streams for: (a) residential/ commercial development in large metropolitan areas, and (b)
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Although the trend networks are the only approach in the NAWQA design to assessing trends in major aquifers and rivers, they only partially address trend issues related to changes in urban and agricultural areas. In particular, effects of urban and agricultural land use on aquatic biota and stream ecosystems are not possible to adequately assess, and interpretive analysis of the causes of water-quality trends in urban and agricultural settings is generally not possible from results of the trend network alone.
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Transport processes: Contaminant movement from land surface to ground water What is the relative importance of biogeochemical and physical processes in influencing the transport and transformation of surface- and in-situ derived contaminants in the unsaturated zone and ground water as they are transported from land surface to shallow ground water to underlying aquifers? Objective (U5)
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Objective (U10) Small scale ground-water/surface-water interactions: Evaluate the effects of the riparian zone, including near-stream wetlands, various land uses/land covers, and land-management practices, on exchanges of water and associated chemicals in all directions between the land surface, shallow ground water, hyporheic zone, and streams.
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Objective (U16) Evaluation of deterministic extrapolation and forecasting models: Systematically evaluate and test selected existing simulation models for their potential value in extrapolation and forecasting of water quality in streams and ground water.
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U.S. Geological Survey Open-~He Repay 99-470.
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