Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:

5. Human Reproductive Cloning: Proposed Activities and Regulatory Context
Pages 74-91

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 74...
... WHAT METHODS ARE LIKELY TO BE USED IF ANYONE CARRIES OUT HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING NOW OR IN THE NEAR FUTURE? The methods that might be used now to clone a human would follow the general scheme used to clone other animals.
From page 75...
... WHAT PROTECTIONS SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO HUMAN SUBJECTS WHO PARTICIPATE IN HUMAN CLONING? Any participant in human reproductive cloning would require at least the same protection afforded to a participant in any other kind of research.
From page 76...
... 5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects.
From page 77...
... HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING 77 6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.
From page 78...
... One section is particularly relevant to human reproductive cloning research Subpart B "Additional Protections Pertaining to Research, Development, and Related Activities Involving Fetuses, Pregnant Women,
From page 79...
... . IRB review of research that involves human subjects, such as experiments in human reproductive cloning, is mandatory under federal regulations under either of two conditions: (1)
From page 80...
... [16~. Those proposing human reproductive cloning experiments could claim they are conducting "innovative therapy," and not "research," so that their work would fall outside the human-subjects regulatory framework.
From page 81...
... Can institutional review boards regulate human reproductive cloning research? IRB's can regulate human reproductive cloning research, under some conditions; however, some human reproductive cloning research may fall outside federal oversight.
From page 82...
... Can the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee regulate human reproductive cloning? The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee [26]
From page 83...
... Another mechanism for restricting human reproductive cloning activities is the tort system, using either the existing negligence standard for medical malpractice or a revised strict liability standard for medical malpractice (proposed by Charo [14~. Especially under the latter system, the threat of litigation would act as a strong deterrent to the practice of any procedure that has a great likelihood of failure.
From page 84...
... Alternatives to that bill, such as the bill of Representative lames Greenwood, would ban human reproductive cloning but would permit the use of nuclear transplantation to produce stem cells; the House defeated an amendment to the Weldon bill proposing this alternative. Similar bills are under discussion in the Senate [20~.
From page 85...
... The Council of Europe1 [36] , in a protocol signed by 19 nations, banned human reproductive cloning research defined as "any intervention seeking to create a human being genetically identical to another human being, whether living or dead." The explanatory memorandum to the protocol specifies that human being is to be interpreted according to domestic law; so nuclear transplantation to produce stem cells might be banned in some countries but not others.
From page 86...
... Second, when the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee was established and its guidelines put into place, the vast majority of research biologists in the United States were funded by NIH or the National Science Foundation, so the sanction loss of federal grants was a strong disincentive. A voluntary moratorium is unlikely to work for human reproductive cloning, because reproductive technology is widely accessible in numerous private fertility clinics that are not subject to federal research regulations.
From page 87...
... If human reproductive cloning is ever to be undertaken responsibly, it would need to be done systematically with the intention of creating reliable knowledge. Any responsible efforts toward human reproductive cloning would therefore conform to the federal definition of research.
From page 88...
... 5-5. If a ban on research in human reproductive cloning is reassessed, participants in any such research efforts would need to be afforded human-subjects protection as described in the Nuremberg and Helsinki codes, US law, and the IOM report Preserving Public Trust: Accreditation and Human Participant Protection Programs (2001)
From page 89...
... COMMITTEE ON ASSESSING THE SYSTEM FOR PROTECTING HUMAN RESEARCH SUBJECTS, BOARD ON HEALTH SCIENCES POLICY. Preserving Public Trust: Accreditation and Human Research Participant Protection Programs.
From page 90...
... ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES. AAMC Calls for Voluntary Moratorium on Human Cloning.
From page 91...
... World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Medical Doctora in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects.


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.