Scientific Advances in Animal Nutrition Promise for the New Century: Proceedings of a Symposium (2001) / Chapter Skim
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10 The International Aquaculture Market and Global Needs
10 The International Aquaculture Market and Global Needs
Pages 57-71
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From page 57... ...
A likely scenario to expect by the year 2010 will be a deficit of 36 million to 46 million metric tons of seafood for human consumption (Food and Agriculture Organization, 1996~. With capture fisheries seemingly limited to 60 million metric tons per year, aquaculture production must double over the next 15 years simply to keep 57
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From page 58... ...
But in 1997, China produced 20 million metric tons of fish from aquaculture and 15.7 from capture fishery (Fish Farming International, 1998~. China raises a great variety of aquatic animals for human consumption ranging from turtles to crabs to eels.
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From page 59... ...
At about 0.5 million metric tons and approximately $3.5 billion in value, tiger prawn—the most popular shrimp species grown in Asia accounts for about 4 percent of the world's tonnage and over 16 percent of the world crop value. Salmon farming has become a major industry in Norway, Scotland, Chile, and Canada, and today, over 70 percent of the salmon consumed in the world comes from salmon farming, rather than from capture fisheries.
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From page 60... ...
Estimates of some of the losses and economic damage caused by major epizootics are presented in Table 10-1 and losses realized by Thailand and Ecuador are presented in Figure 10-3. Thai Shrimp Production 250 200 150 00 50 O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9 9O 99~ 99~ 99~ 99~995~99 ~99 x99 x99 t (1 000)
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From page 61... ...
Taiwan 1987- Vibrio, virusa 60,000 75% $0.60 1988 China 1992- WSSVb, Vibrio 150,000 7so/O $ 1.20 1994 Ecuador 1992- Vibrio, TSVC 24,406 22% $0.15 1994 Ecuador 1999 WSV4, Vibrio 50,000 38% $0.27 Thailand 1995- WSV, YHVe, 67,500 30% $0.95 1996 Vibrio Total 346,906 $3.17 Suspected or confirmed diseases agents include: White spot virus (suspects; White spot syndrome virus; Ctaura syndrome virus; White spot virus; eyellow head virus. Application of chemicals and antibiotics to aquatic feeds and water are the most commonly used methods to fight diseases, especially in shrimp farming.
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From page 62... ...
The peak of the pyramid represents intensive aquaculture, similar to intensive animal production, such as cattle feedlots or poultry production houses. Feeds used in intensive systems are usually complete in terms of meeting the animal's nutritional requirements throughout the production cycle, and functional with respect to the required physical-chemical characteristics, such as water stability, buoyancy and organoleptic properties.
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From page 63... ...
Traditional Chinese fish production systems are often integrated with farm animal production (e.g., manure from swine pens is used to fertilize fish ponds) , thereby stimulating productivity of the aquatic food chain (Figure 10-5~.
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From page 64... ...
64 SClENTIFICADVANCES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION: PROMISE FOR THE NEW CENTURY FIGURE 10-6. Extensive production system: Harvesting food for fish.
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From page 65... ...
Fresh water prawns are farmed in a similar manner in Thailand and fed supplemental, homemade feeds consisting of sun dried, cold-extruded, noodles made of rice bran and trash fish. In most of Latin America, where approximately 20 percent of the world's shrimp are farmed, production systems are semiintensive; farmers use diesel-powered or electric pump stations to supply water to large ponds, purchase seedstock from hatcheries or from local fishermen, and purchase supplemental author complete pelleted feeds that are commercially manufactured.
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From page 66... ...
For example, in Thailand, shrimp are farmed in small, uniform ponds less than one-hectare in size with heavy mechanical aeration used to maintain adequate concentrations of dissolved oxygen and to circulate water helping to keep organic waste in suspension and aiding its aerobic decomposition (Figure 1010~. Stocking densities are high, with yields of 6 metric tons per hectare per crop or greater.
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From page 67... ...
Feeds for aquatic species now account for over 25 percent of global fish meal production, up from less that 10 percent one decade ago. Given than fish meal production has been stable over the past decade, averaging 6.5 million metric tons per year, expanded production of these species will depend upon the development of alternative sources of protein from sources that can be increased in the future or diverted from other uses.
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From page 68... ...
FIGURE 10-11. Intensive production system: quality product harvesting.
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From page 69... ...
Conventional larval feeds, including dry microcapsules, flakes, and powders, decompose rapidly in water, increasing rates of microbial loading, disease, and mortality of larval shrimp and fish. Liquid feeds, which consist of fully hydrated microcapsules stabilized in a probiotic liquid medium, are a new
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From page 70... ...
Genetic improvements of most aquatic species are needed to help move the industry forward. Advances in nutrition and genetic technologies must be accompanied by similar advances in bio- and other technologies to help control the aquatic microbial environment, especially in shrimp farming.
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From page 71... ...
1998b. FAO Aquaculture production update.
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