Visual Impairments Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits (2002) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Employment and Economic Consequences of Visual Impairment
Appendix A: Employment and Economic Consequences of Visual Impairment
Pages 275-321
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From page 275... ...
There are also dramatic differences in the kinds and levels of disabilities within the working age population with disabilities.2 Those with severe vision impairments are particularly disadvantaged, for they face many barriers in accessing employment. This paper explores the economic experience and program participation of working-age people with chronic vision-related conditions over the past two decades and compares their experience with those of other working-age people with chronic conditions.
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From page 276... ...
Some of these subgroups contain very small numbers of individuals, i.e., very small sample sizes. Smaller sample sizes lead to less precise sample estimates.
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From page 277... ...
The subsample of NHTS participants reporting blindness in the five-sixths sample is a choicebased subsample of those reporting blindness because being in this subsample depends on responses (choices) to the screening questions.5 From this point forward, the term "random sample" refers to the onesixth of the NHTS sample who were directly asked about their condition, and the term "choice-based" sample is used to refer to those who where asked about their condition after having revealed general health/functioning difficulties.
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From page 278... ...
Note: in the NHTS, conditions are determined in two ways. First, participants receive one of six condition lists that ask them if they have a specific condition (this table contains list #2~.
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From page 279... ...
Similarly, employment rates and mean incomes are likely to be higher and program participation rates are likely to be lower among random sample members reporting blindness than among choice-based sample members reporting blindness. Choicebased members reporting blindness have already revealed health and functioning difficulties and are thus less likely to work or earn income and more likely to participate in government programs.6 An the random sample there could be people who say "no" to the direct question about blindness, but say "yes" to the screening question and reveal blindness as the reason they said "yes." This should not occur if respondents answer correctly when asked directly about blindness.
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From page 280... ...
An Example of Probing Questions (These are the probing questions for the first screening question above.)
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From page 281... ...
Using the Nagi framework, this paper distinguishes those with chronic vision-related diseases/disorders, such as cataracts, from those with chronic visual impairments, such as being blind in one eye. Those with cataracts are not necessarily visually impaired.7 This distinction is important in the context of economic experience because impaired function, rather than a specific disease/disorder, is expected to have a greater influence on employment and program participation.
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From page 282... ...
This consolidation is required because of the small sample sizes.
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From page 283... ...
-O Mental retardation includes mental deficiency or retardation, and those describing themselves as can't learn, slow learner. Mental retardation is considered chronic regardless of onset.
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From page 284... ...
Include money from jobs, social security, retirement income, unemployment payments, public assistance, and so forth. Also include income from interest, dividends, net income from businesses, farm, or rent and any other money income received." And then, "[of the income brackets provided]
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From page 285... ...
RESULTS To get an idea of the size of populations with the various chronic conditions used in this study, Annex Table A-1 shows the prevalence rates of these chronic conditions in the working-age population in the United States, by gender and the random and choice samples. Annex Tables A-2a through A-2d show the sample sizes used to generate the economic statistics reported below.
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From page 286... ...
Sample sizes in the random sample are insufficient to accurately measure changes over time. In these tables, asterisks indicate when the difference between 1983-1987 and 1992-1996 is statistically significant.
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From page 287... ...
This suggests that there may be no difference or that the sample sizes are insufficient to identify a difference. Men who are deaf in both ears were about one and a half (~.53)
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NA refers to groups for which sample size is insufficient. a in the NHTS, conditions are determined in two ways.
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From page 289... ...
c The category other includes conjunctivitis, disorders of the lacrimal system, disorders of binocular eye movements, and diseases of the retina. Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 290... ...
with Various Chronic impairments, Diseases, and Disorders, Pooled Over 1983 Through 1996, by Sample and Gender Random Samplea Men Group Mean HHSAT Relative HHSA Tb No visual impairments Visual impairments -Blind in both eyes -Other visual impairments Vision-related diseases/disorders -Glaucoma -Cataracts -Color blindness -Other vision-related diseases/disordersC Other impairments -Hearing impairments Deaf in both ears Other hearing impairments -Mental retardation -Paraplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegic -Cerebral palsy 31,067 29,361 25,503 29,504 31,655 28,978 26,859 32,991 33,155 30,954 28,702 31,070 17,382 20,067 23,614 1.22*
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From page 291... ...
Source: Author's calculations using the National Health Interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 292... ...
with Various Chronic impairments, Diseases, and Disorders, Pooled Over 1983 Through 1996, by Sample and Gender Random Samplea Men Group Percentage Receiving SSDT Relative Recipiencyb No visual impairments Visual impairments -Blind in both eyes -Other visual impairments Vision-related diseases/disorders -Glaucoma -Cataracts -Color blindness -Other vision-related diseases/disordersC Other impairments -Hearing impairments Deaf in both ears Other hearing impairments -Mental retardation -Paraplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegic -Cerebral palsy 1.87 6.61 23.76 5.79 4.32 11.64 9.72 1.97 8.84 4.29 9.80 4.02 37.25 55.05 27.45 0.08*
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From page 293... ...
c The category other includes conjunctivitis, disorders of the lacrimal system, disorders of binocular eye movements, and diseases of the retina. Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 294... ...
with Various Chronic impairments, Diseases, and Disorders, Pooled Over 1990-1992, 1994, and 1995, by Sample and Gender Random Samplea Men Group Percentage Receiving SST Relative Recipiencyb No visual impairments Visual impairments -Blind in both eyes -Other visual impairments Vision-related diseases/disorders -Glaucoma -Cataracts -Color blindness -Other vision-related diseases/disordersC Other impairments -Hearing impairments Deaf in both ears Other hearing impairments -Mental retardation -Paraplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegic -Cerebral palsy 0.99 3.97 24.69 2.97 2.28 9.40 4.97 0.36 5.91 1.86 4.41 1.73 42.73 34.64 31.07 0.04*
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From page 295... ...
c The category other includes conjunctivitis, disorders of the lacrimal system, disorders of binocular eye movements, and diseases of the retina. Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 296... ...
Payments among NoninstitutionaTized Working-Age Civilians (Ages 25 to 61) with Various Chronic impairments, Diseases, and Disorders, Pooled Over 1990-1992, 1994, and 1995, by Sample and Gender Random Samplea Men Group Percentage Receiving SSDT, SST Relative Recipiencyb No visual impairments Visual impairments -Blind in both eyes -Other visual impairments Vision-related diseases/disorders -Glaucoma -Cataracts -Color blindness -Other vision-related diseases/disordersC Other impairments -Hearing impairments Deaf in both ears Other hearing impairments -Mental retardation -Paraplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegic -Cerebral palsy 2.62 9.08 37.38 7.72 5.88 15.56 13.55 2.33 14.75 5.97 14.21 5.57 63.56 79.19 51.34 0.07*
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From page 297... ...
c The category other includes conjunctivitis, disorders of the lacrimal system, disorders of binocular eye movements, and diseases of the retina. Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 298... ...
NA refers to groups where sample size is insufficient. in the NHTS, conditions are determined in two ways.
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From page 299... ...
b The category other includes conjunctivitis, disorders of the lacrimal system, disorders of binocular eye movements, and diseases of the retina. Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 300... ...
NA refers to groups where sample size is insufficient. All dollar values are adjusted for inflation to 1998 dollar values.
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From page 301... ...
Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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. if participants reveal they have health or functioning difficulties, they are then asked what conditions cause these difficulties (see Table A-2, bottom panel)
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From page 303... ...
(1999) National Health interview Survey on Disability, Phase T Pooled over 1983-94a Aged 18 to 64 Have a job or looking for work in the previous two weeks Condition is the main cause of None work and/or activity limitations Blind in Other visual both eyes impairments 30.1 61.0 National Health interview Survey Pooled over 1994-95 Aged 18 to 54 Have a job in the previous two weeks Serious visual impairment even when wearing glassese 59.0 about blindness.
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From page 304... ...
Among the other chronic conditions, the employment rates of women with cerebral palsy, paraplegia/hemiplegia/quadriplegia, and mental retardation are statistically indistinguishable from the employment rates of women who are blind in both eyes. This suggests that there may be no difference or that the sample sizes are insufficient to identify a difference.
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From page 305... ...
Among the other chronic conditions, mean household size-adjusted incomes lower than that of men who are blind in both eyes are found among men with mental retardation and paraplegia/hemiplegia/ quadriplegia. Men with cerebral palsy and men who are deaf in both ears have similar mean household size-adjusted income; the differences are statistically insignificant.
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From page 306... ...
is not statistically significant. Men who are deaf in both ears received SSDT payments at a rate of 9.80 percent and were thus 0.41 times as likely to receive SSDT payments as men who are blind in both eyes, although the difference between the two groups is statisticalIv insignificant.
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From page 307... ...
Tables A-S and A-9 illustrate changes in employment rates and mean household size-adjusted income over time for the choice-based sample. Pooled results from 1983-1987 are compared with pooled results from 1992-1996.
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From page 308... ...
, from 54.5 percent in the period 1983-1987 to 48.5 percent in the period 1992-1996. The changes in the employment rates for all other groups of men are not statistically significantly different from zero, which suggests that there may be little change or the sample sizes are insufficient to identify a change.
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From page 309... ...
(1999) used the National Health interview on Disability pooled over 1994-1995; thus they should find higher rates of labor force attachment than the ones reported here they did not cover the recession of the early 1990s.
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From page 310... ...
This is between the 1983-1996 employment rates of 39.5 and 73.1 percent for those ages 25 to 61 in the random sample who are blind in both eyes and who have other visual impairments, respectively. A Canadian study by Fawcett (1996)
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(19894. Design arid estimation' for the National Health Interview Survey, 1985-1994.
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. if participants reveal they have health or functioning difficulties, they are then asked what conditions cause these difficulties (see Table A-2, bottom panel)
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c The category other includes conjunctivitis, disorders of the lacrimal system, disorders of binocular eye movements, and diseases of the retina. Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 314... ...
First, participants receive one of six condition lists that ask them if they have a specific condition (see Table Am. Second, participants are asked broad questions to reveal general health and functioning (see Table A-2, top panel)
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Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 316... ...
First, participants receive one of six condition lists that ask them if they have a specific condition (see Table Am. Second, participants are asked broad questions to reveal general health and functioning (see Table A-2, top panel)
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Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-96.
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From page 318... ...
First, participants receive one of six condition lists that ask them if they have a specific condition (see Table Am. Second, participants are asked broad questions to reveal general health and functioning (see Table A-2, top panel)
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Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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From page 320... ...
First, participants receive one of six condition lists that ask them if they have a specific condition (see Table Am. Second, participants are asked broad questions to reveal general health and functioning (see Table A-2, top panel)
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From page 321... ...
Source: Author's calculations using the National Health interview Survey, 1983-1996.
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