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From page 343... ... , 16-17 Aid to the Blind, Alley running, 227 Allowance rate, 330 Ambulatory mobility effects of vision function, 153-161 adaptation to changing light levels, 159-160 binocular vision, 160 contrast sensitivity, 158-159 in controlled environments, 157 direct measures of O&M performance, 156-157 glare sensitivity, 160 recommendations, 161 theories of O&M, 154-155 travel needs of blind and partially sighted individuals, 155-156 in uncontrolled environments, 157-158 visual acuity, 158 visual fields, 159 visuocognitive factors, 160-161 AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration American Medical Association (AMA) Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... See also Evaluation; Tests of disability, 3-4 of job analysis databases, 128 Assessment of the disability determination process for visual impairment, 11-50 characterizing the visual requirements of work, 12 context of social security, 29-40 new ways of estimating visual disability, 12 prevalence and significance of visual impairments, 15-29 procedures for determining disability, 31-35 social model of disability, 40-49 testing capacity to work, 11 updating current criteria, 12-15 visual demands of everyday tasks, 11 Automated static perimetry, 6, 120, 221-224 Bailey-Lovie chart, 65, 212-214 BAT. See Brightness Acuity Tester Beneficiaries, 331 Berkeley Glare Test, 110 Best-corrected acuity, 36 Binocular function testing, 6, 46, 100-103 evaluation, 102-103 need to evaluate acuity, 60 recommendations, 103 summation test, 100 Binocularity, 8-9, 103, 122 effect on reading, 149 and O&M, 160, 165-166 Blind individuals, travel needs of, 155-156 Blindness, 36 legal, 74 Braille, 133 Brightness Acuity Tester (BAT) Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... , 23, 186, 18S, 191, 194-195 Occupational information Network system, 188 DT. See Disability Tnsurance; Social Security Disability Tnsurance Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 33 Diplopia, 101 Disability, 42-44, 331-332 Disability criteria, 35-39, 117-118 central visual acuity, 36-37 contrast sensitivity, 118 Toss of visual efficiency, 37-39 measurement of visual acuity, l lS measurement of visual fields, l lS statutory blindness, 36 visual efficiency, 118 visual fields, 37 Disability decision flow, 32, 34 Disability Determination Services (DDS) Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... method, 132 ETDRS (Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study) "Chart 1" acuity chart, 62, 65 Evaluation of binocular function testing, 102-103 potential value as a practical measure, 102 quantifying performance, 102103 why the measure might be useful, 102 Evaluation of color vision testing, 96-99 potential value as a practical measure, 97 quality of information available, 99 quantifying performance, 97-98 relation to other measures, 99 why the measure might be useful, 96-97 Evaluation of contrast sensitivity testing, 83-92, 147-148 and mobility, 87-88 Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test, 8, 84 potential value as a practical measure, 89 quality of information available, 92 quantifying performance, 89-91 and reading, 86-87 relation to other measures, 91-92 and social participation and tool use/manipulation, 88 why the measure might be useful, 83-88 Evaluation of reading testing, 143150 allowing magnifiers, 145-146 cause of the reading disability, 143-144 ferreting out subject's manipulation, 146 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... See Visual fields Fixation and following, 205 Forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) , 206-208 Foveal vision, 71 347 Glare and light/dark adaptation testing, 106-111 adaptation to rapidly changing light conditions, 108-109 glare disability, 109-110 recommendations, 8, 111 vision at low light levels, 106-107 Glare disability, 109-110 Glare sensitivity, and O&M,160, 166 Glasgow acuity cards, 210-211 Goldmann perimetry, 76, 81, 220-221 Goldmann-Weekers Adaptometer, 108 GRE test, 136 Guide to the Evaluation of Perrrlarlerlt �mpairrrlerlt: Visiorl, 41, 67 HRRteSt,96 Handicaps, 43-44 Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... , 41 Interrlatiorlal CIassificatiorl of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap (TCTDH) , 4l, 42n, 44n Tnterocular difference in vision, effect on reading, 149 Tntraventricular hemorrhage, 219 TshThara test, 96 Tsopters, 75 Job analysis using labor databases, 4, 186-193 Department of Labor, 188 importance of vision to job performance, 192-193 importance to the job of aspects of vision, 191 Position Analysis Questionnaire, 187 tote performance abilities, testing of visual functions as a predictor of, 127-128 �andoTt rings, 52, 61 Lang stereo test, 102 Lea symbols chart, 210-21l, 214, 227 Light levels, adaptation to changing, 108-109, 159-160 Literacy rates, 130 Log constrast sensitivity score, 8, 63, 65, 83-95, Il4 LogMAR values, 65, 113, 141, 211213 MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability, 175 Macular region, 69. Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... , 17, 21, 23, 4S, 276321 Coding Manual, 283 National Tnstitute for Literacy, 143 National institutes of Health Collaborative initial Glaucoma Treatment Study, 181, 183 Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, 181 NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics Near visual acuity, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 65-66 349 NET VFQ. Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... , 23, 130, 187 usability of, 188-193 Preferred retinal locus, 148 Preschool-age children, 25, 202 Procedures for determining disability, 31-35 adults, 31-34 children, 34-35 criteria for children, 39-40 current disability criteria for vision, 35-39 Program participation, 306-307 Public forum, on visual disability determination methods and issues, 49, 322-329 Purdue Pegboard test, 175 Quantifying visual acuity performance, 58-60 need to evaluate binocular acuity, 60 need to specify conditions for testing, 59 need to specify testing procedures, 60 need to standardize chart design, 58-59 Quantifying visual field performance, 74-79 need for an automated static perimeter, 77-78 need for standardized "deviation from average normal" values, 78-79 plotting of an isopter for visual field determination, 75 Questionnaires, for measuring reading, 137 Randot stereo test, 102-103 Reading, 3, 71, 129-153 clinical tests, 138-141 evaluation, 86-87, 143-150 including in disability determination, 129-131 MNREAD Reading Acuity Chart, 139 range of reading tasks, 131-134 real-world, 142 recommendations, 151-153 standardizing testing procedures, 141-143 stimulus properties and the "reading envelope," 150-151 Reading measurement, 134-137, 196-197 accuracy, 136 comprehension, 136-137 critical print size, 134-135 endurance, 136 eye movements, 137 questionnaires, 137 reading acuity, 134, 152 reading speed, 135-136, 152 Recognition acuity, 204 Refractive error, 36 Resolution acuity, 204 Retinal disparity, 103 Ross Pediatric Lipid Study, 207 Route memory, 154 RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) method, 132 Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... See Social Security Disability Insurance SSI. See Supplemental Security Income Standardizing testing procedures, for reading, 141-143 Standardizing visual acuity measurement, 60-66 chart design, 60-61 ETDRS "Chart 1" acuity chart, 62 near visual acuity, 65-66 observation conditions, 61-63 scoring method, 65-66 testing conditions, 63-65 Static perimetry, 218 Statutory blindness, 36 Stereoacuity, 102 Stereopsis, 101 Stimulus properties, and the "reading envelope," 150-151 Strabismus, 101 Substantial gainful activity (SGA) Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... See Concepts and terms Testing conditions, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 63-65 Testing procedures, need to specify, 60 Test-retest reliability, 7, 77, 120 Tests adequacy of current, 11, 13-14 of capacity to work, 11 of infants and children, 4-5, 10, 214-215 Tests of visual functions, 2, 5-9, 51125 binocular function, 100-103 binocularity, 8-9, 103, 122 color vision, 8-9, 95-99, 122 contrast sensitivity, 7-8, 83-95, 121-122, 229 disability criteria, 117-118 glare and light/dark adaptation, 106-111 recommendations, 8-9, 118-125 visual acuity, 5-6, 52-69, 119, 214-215 visual efficiency, 111-117 visual fields, 6-7, 69-83, 120-121, 224 visual search, 8-9, 103-105, 122 Tests of visual task performance, 196-198 HRQOL, 198 mobility, 197 reading, 196-197 social participation, 198 too! use and manipulation, 197 TNO stereo test, 102-103 Toddlers, 25 Too! Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... See also Perimetry evaluation, 70-80 isopters, 75 mean deviation methods, IS, 114 orientation/mobility, 71-73 reading, 71 recommendations, 81-82 social participation, 73 too! use/manipulation, 74 why the measure is useful, 70-74 Visual functions, 42, 45-46, 117 binocular function, 46 color vision, 46 contrast sensitivity, 46 visual acuity, 46 visual fields, 46 visual search, 46 Visual functions having little effect on reading, 149-150 binocular vision, 149 color deficits, 149 in evaluation of reading, 149-150 interocular difference in vision, 149 search capacity, 150 Visual impairments, prevalence and significance of, 15-29 Visual search and attention, 8-9, 46, 105, 122 and O&M, 164-165 Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... , 334 Weber contrast ratio, 85n White size TTT Goldmann target, 6, 77, 120 White sphere kinetic perimetry, 217-218 Work other, 333 past relevant, 33 Work skills and visual functioning, 185-195 job analysis using labor databases, 186-193 recommendations, 193-195 Workplace predicting performance in, 13 visual limitations in, 20-23 Worst distance acuity, 6, 119 Read the entire page →

From page 343...

... , 16-17 Aid to the Blind, Alley running, 227 Allowance rate, 330 Ambulatory mobility effects of vision function, 153-161 adaptation to changing light levels, 159-160 binocular vision, 160 contrast sensitivity, 158-159 in controlled environments, 157 direct measures of O&M performance, 156-157 glare sensitivity, 160 recommendations, 161 theories of O&M, 154-155 travel needs of blind and partially sighted individuals, 155-156 in uncontrolled environments, 157-158 visual acuity, 158 visual fields, 159 visuocognitive factors, 160-161 AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration American Medical Association (AMA)

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From page 344...

... See also Evaluation; Tests of disability, 3-4 of job analysis databases, 128 Assessment of the disability determination process for visual impairment, 11-50 characterizing the visual requirements of work, 12 context of social security, 29-40 new ways of estimating visual disability, 12 prevalence and significance of visual impairments, 15-29 procedures for determining disability, 31-35 social model of disability, 40-49 testing capacity to work, 11 updating current criteria, 12-15 visual demands of everyday tasks, 11 Automated static perimetry, 6, 120, 221-224 Bailey-Lovie chart, 65, 212-214 BAT. See Brightness Acuity Tester Beneficiaries, 331 Berkeley Glare Test, 110 Best-corrected acuity, 36 Binocular function testing, 6, 46, 100-103 evaluation, 102-103 need to evaluate acuity, 60 recommendations, 103 summation test, 100 Binocularity, 8-9, 103, 122 effect on reading, 149 and O&M, 160, 165-166 Blind individuals, travel needs of, 155-156 Blindness, 36 legal, 74 Braille, 133 Brightness Acuity Tester (BAT)

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From page 345...

... , 23, 186, 18S, 191, 194-195 Occupational information Network system, 188 DT. See Disability Tnsurance; Social Security Disability Tnsurance Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 33 Diplopia, 101 Disability, 42-44, 331-332 Disability criteria, 35-39, 117-118 central visual acuity, 36-37 contrast sensitivity, 118 Toss of visual efficiency, 37-39 measurement of visual acuity, l lS measurement of visual fields, l lS statutory blindness, 36 visual efficiency, 118 visual fields, 37 Disability decision flow, 32, 34 Disability Determination Services (DDS)

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From page 346...

... method, 132 ETDRS (Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study) "Chart 1" acuity chart, 62, 65 Evaluation of binocular function testing, 102-103 potential value as a practical measure, 102 quantifying performance, 102103 why the measure might be useful, 102 Evaluation of color vision testing, 96-99 potential value as a practical measure, 97 quality of information available, 99 quantifying performance, 97-98 relation to other measures, 99 why the measure might be useful, 96-97 Evaluation of contrast sensitivity testing, 83-92, 147-148 and mobility, 87-88 Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test, 8, 84 potential value as a practical measure, 89 quality of information available, 92 quantifying performance, 89-91 and reading, 86-87 relation to other measures, 91-92 and social participation and tool use/manipulation, 88 why the measure might be useful, 83-88 Evaluation of reading testing, 143150 allowing magnifiers, 145-146 cause of the reading disability, 143-144 ferreting out subject's manipulation, 146

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From page 347...

... See Visual fields Fixation and following, 205 Forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) , 206-208 Foveal vision, 71 347 Glare and light/dark adaptation testing, 106-111 adaptation to rapidly changing light conditions, 108-109 glare disability, 109-110 recommendations, 8, 111 vision at low light levels, 106-107 Glare disability, 109-110 Glare sensitivity, and O&M,160, 166 Glasgow acuity cards, 210-211 Goldmann perimetry, 76, 81, 220-221 Goldmann-Weekers Adaptometer, 108 GRE test, 136 Guide to the Evaluation of Perrrlarlerlt �mpairrrlerlt: Visiorl, 41, 67 HRRteSt,96 Handicaps, 43-44 Health-related quality of life (HRQOL)

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From page 348...

... , 41 Interrlatiorlal CIassificatiorl of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap (TCTDH) , 4l, 42n, 44n Tnterocular difference in vision, effect on reading, 149 Tntraventricular hemorrhage, 219 TshThara test, 96 Tsopters, 75 Job analysis using labor databases, 4, 186-193 Department of Labor, 188 importance of vision to job performance, 192-193 importance to the job of aspects of vision, 191 Position Analysis Questionnaire, 187 tote performance abilities, testing of visual functions as a predictor of, 127-128 �andoTt rings, 52, 61 Lang stereo test, 102 Lea symbols chart, 210-21l, 214, 227 Light levels, adaptation to changing, 108-109, 159-160 Literacy rates, 130 Log constrast sensitivity score, 8, 63, 65, 83-95, Il4 LogMAR values, 65, 113, 141, 211213 MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability, 175 Macular region, 69.

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From page 349...

... , 17, 21, 23, 4S, 276321 Coding Manual, 283 National Tnstitute for Literacy, 143 National institutes of Health Collaborative initial Glaucoma Treatment Study, 181, 183 Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, 181 NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics Near visual acuity, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 65-66 349 NET VFQ.

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From page 350...

... , 23, 130, 187 usability of, 188-193 Preferred retinal locus, 148 Preschool-age children, 25, 202 Procedures for determining disability, 31-35 adults, 31-34 children, 34-35 criteria for children, 39-40 current disability criteria for vision, 35-39 Program participation, 306-307 Public forum, on visual disability determination methods and issues, 49, 322-329 Purdue Pegboard test, 175 Quantifying visual acuity performance, 58-60 need to evaluate binocular acuity, 60 need to specify conditions for testing, 59 need to specify testing procedures, 60 need to standardize chart design, 58-59 Quantifying visual field performance, 74-79 need for an automated static perimeter, 77-78 need for standardized "deviation from average normal" values, 78-79 plotting of an isopter for visual field determination, 75 Questionnaires, for measuring reading, 137 Randot stereo test, 102-103 Reading, 3, 71, 129-153 clinical tests, 138-141 evaluation, 86-87, 143-150 including in disability determination, 129-131 MNREAD Reading Acuity Chart, 139 range of reading tasks, 131-134 real-world, 142 recommendations, 151-153 standardizing testing procedures, 141-143 stimulus properties and the "reading envelope," 150-151 Reading measurement, 134-137, 196-197 accuracy, 136 comprehension, 136-137 critical print size, 134-135 endurance, 136 eye movements, 137 questionnaires, 137 reading acuity, 134, 152 reading speed, 135-136, 152 Recognition acuity, 204 Refractive error, 36 Resolution acuity, 204 Retinal disparity, 103 Ross Pediatric Lipid Study, 207 Route memory, 154 RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) method, 132

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From page 351...

... See Social Security Disability Insurance SSI. See Supplemental Security Income Standardizing testing procedures, for reading, 141-143 Standardizing visual acuity measurement, 60-66 chart design, 60-61 ETDRS "Chart 1" acuity chart, 62 near visual acuity, 65-66 observation conditions, 61-63 scoring method, 65-66 testing conditions, 63-65 Static perimetry, 218 Statutory blindness, 36 Stereoacuity, 102 Stereopsis, 101 Stimulus properties, and the "reading envelope," 150-151 Strabismus, 101 Substantial gainful activity (SGA)

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From page 352...

... See Concepts and terms Testing conditions, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 63-65 Testing procedures, need to specify, 60 Test-retest reliability, 7, 77, 120 Tests adequacy of current, 11, 13-14 of capacity to work, 11 of infants and children, 4-5, 10, 214-215 Tests of visual functions, 2, 5-9, 51125 binocular function, 100-103 binocularity, 8-9, 103, 122 color vision, 8-9, 95-99, 122 contrast sensitivity, 7-8, 83-95, 121-122, 229 disability criteria, 117-118 glare and light/dark adaptation, 106-111 recommendations, 8-9, 118-125 visual acuity, 5-6, 52-69, 119, 214-215 visual efficiency, 111-117 visual fields, 6-7, 69-83, 120-121, 224 visual search, 8-9, 103-105, 122 Tests of visual task performance, 196-198 HRQOL, 198 mobility, 197 reading, 196-197 social participation, 198 too! use and manipulation, 197 TNO stereo test, 102-103 Toddlers, 25 Too!

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From page 353...

... See also Perimetry evaluation, 70-80 isopters, 75 mean deviation methods, IS, 114 orientation/mobility, 71-73 reading, 71 recommendations, 81-82 social participation, 73 too! use/manipulation, 74 why the measure is useful, 70-74 Visual functions, 42, 45-46, 117 binocular function, 46 color vision, 46 contrast sensitivity, 46 visual acuity, 46 visual fields, 46 visual search, 46 Visual functions having little effect on reading, 149-150 binocular vision, 149 color deficits, 149 in evaluation of reading, 149-150 interocular difference in vision, 149 search capacity, 150 Visual impairments, prevalence and significance of, 15-29 Visual search and attention, 8-9, 46, 105, 122 and O&M, 164-165

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From page 354...

... , 334 Weber contrast ratio, 85n White size TTT Goldmann target, 6, 77, 120 White sphere kinetic perimetry, 217-218 Work other, 333 past relevant, 33 Work skills and visual functioning, 185-195 job analysis using labor databases, 186-193 recommendations, 193-195 Workplace predicting performance in, 13 visual limitations in, 20-23 Worst distance acuity, 6, 119

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Index Pages 343-354

Index
Pages 343-354